...Introduction Humans share a mutual ancestors with other organisms. This mutual ancestor that humans share with other organisms including rice that lived about 1.6 billion years ago. Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closet living relative. Researchers were able to come to this conclusion by comparing the genomes of chimpanzees and bonobos to the genome of humans. In this paper I will discuss why all organisms are related to each other, including humans. I will do this by using natural selection as a mechanism for evolution. Natural selection as a mechanism for evolution explains how organisms have changed over time to adapt to their environment. I will also provide the percent of relatedness in terms of nucleotide sequence. I will also discuss the Human genome project and its importance. The benefits of the human genome project extend far beyond determining who our closest ancestor is and how closely humans are related to mice and other organisms. In this paper I will also look at the technology that has been developed to enhance the findings the Human Genome Project. Humans Are Related To Other Organisms Humans share about 99% of our DNA with chimpanzees and bonobos. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) is the molecule that makes up an organism’s genome. DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is found in the nucleoid of prokaryotic cells. DNA consist of genes which are instructions to make molecules called proteins. DNA’s serves a significant purpose...
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...Christopher Bio-365 Grand Canyon University Abstract Over time there has been much curiosity concerning animal behavior and the search to indentify the connection with our animal friends and the human-being. Fifty years ago, a young Englishwoman walking through a rainforest reserve came across a dark figure hunched over a termite nest. She stops to observe a big male chimpanzee actually making a tool to retrieve his food from the termite nest, just as we humans use a spoon or fork. This chimpanzee picks up a twig and strips the leaves from it and bends it to fit inside the little hole (Jane Goodall, 2010). Jane Goodall had witnessed one of the most important scientific observations ever in this chimpanzee. From a child she had always been told that humans and only humans used and made tools. She was amazed with what she had just witnessed with her own eyes, therefore doubting some information she had been told as a child. (Jane Goodall, 2010). This was the beginning of research on the human-chimpanzee relationship. There has also been a lot of research done concerning the elephant. Forty years of research has revealed the elephant also exhibit human like behavior. They communicate within their herds displaying many of the humanistic traits, expressing emotions such as flirting, anger and even some of the same parenting skills displayed in humans (Choi, 2011). The observation of the elephants from a distance, showed they display relationships similar to the human relationship...
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...Jane was born in London on April 3, 1934 to an engineer father and an author mother. Jane grew up in Bouren-mouth, England and lived there until the age of 20. Jane spent as much time outside as she could she would bring worms into the house to observe them, and sit in chicken coops to watch the hens lay. After getting a stuffed gorilla as a gift in her tween years, she decided she wanted to go to Africa and study the primates herself. Jane Goodall has shown us that humans and chimps are very much alike through her research at the Gombe National Reserve in Tanzania. They use facial expressions that look human. Chimps greet one another with similar displays of affection as us, such as kissing. Babies stay with their mothers until adulthood....
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...Under what circumstances is it acceptable to cause animal suffering to prevent human suffering? Her answer, however, remains somewhat unclear. Although Goodall challenges scientists to avoid conducting unnecessary tests on animals, she does not explain the criteria by which scientists should determine necessity. Goodall argues that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall’s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, “gently squeezed [her] hand” when she offered him food (62). Appealing to readers’ emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is “sociable” and “sentient,” or feeling (62). According to Goodall’s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms. When Goodall asserts that scientists shouldn’t mindlessly Lopez 1 Opening summarizes the article’s purpose and notes the author’s credentials. Lopez’s summary helps readers understand her analysis and gives her credibility. Thesis expresses Lopez’s own judgment of Goodall’s article. Lopez summarizes ...
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...The documentary “Clever Monkey” presents a complete picture of monkeys’ lives and how they live in different troops with many adventures, ups and downs. It also shows how they deal with the death of their leader, how they protect their friends and their own group members. The most interesting part of the documentary was when they stand up for each other and never let their enemies destroy their troops’ relationships. The more I watched this film, the more I got closer to these beasts and their life. I saw how a mom cared about her baby and how she support it from their enemies. I also saw when the leader of their troops is killed , the other members of the group mourn for him. They show their sorrow and their feelings for a mother who lost...
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...Platyrrhini | Ceboidea (New World monkeys) | Cebidae | Cebinae (e.g., capuchins, squirrel monkeys) | | | | | Aotinae (e.g., owl monkeys) | | | | | Atelinae (e.g., spider monkeys) | | | | | Alouattinae (e.g., howler monkeys) | | | | | Pithecinae (e.g., saki, uakari) | | | | | Callimiconinae (e.g., callimico) | | | | Callitrichidae (e.g., tamarins, marmosets) | | | Catarrhini | Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) | Cercopithecidae | Cercopithecinae (e.g., macaques, guenons, vervets) | | | | | Colobinae (e.g., colobus, langurs) | | | Hominoidea (apes and humans) | Hylobatidae | Hylobatinae (e.g., gibbons and siamangs) | | | | Pongidae | Ponginae (great apes; e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan) | | | | Hominidae | Homininae (humans | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237906 http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/anthro/programs/csho/Content/Facultycvandinfo/Harrison/2002%20Harrison%20Primates.pdf...
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...“Speciesism is morally objectionable, like other forms of unjust discrimination. Because it is deeply embedded in our society, uprooting it will require radical change.” Briefly before the explanation of the purpose of this statement there needs to be a clarification on what speciesism is. Speciesism is described as the discrimination of an individual simply because they are of another species. This quote is taking the stand of discrimination against beings of a different species other than human is just as morally objectionable as all other discriminations, such as racism or sexism. This quote also claims that speciesism is deeply embedded in our society and only a radical change can uproot the long standing speciesism in our society. This paper attempts to support the claims made by the quote as well as provide a suggestion on how to radically change speciesism in our society. Only a radical change like abolishing factory farming will end the long embedment of speciesism in our society. Factory farming facilitates the idea that animals are present for the use of humans. It perpetuates discrimination against animals so its abolishment will be a step closer to the end of speciesism. Speciesism is just as morally objectionable as all other forms of unjust discrimination. The belief that one species is superior to another is deeply embedded in our society. “Men are such pigs. That women is a cow.” This type of commentary is used in our society often. Comparing humans to an animals...
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...Title Seyfarth, R. and Cheney, D., 202. The evolutionary Origins of Friendship. Annual review of psychology, 63, p.153-177 Topic In the evolutionary origin of friendship, Robert and Dorothy tell us how genetic relatedness affects friendship in Horse, Elephants, Dolphins and Chimpanzees. They present their article in which they share their argument and analyse as biologists. Both authors argue that individual of the same sex could have strong friendship that did not have to do with reproduction, and the relationship between human can affect their happiness and longevity; however, their opinions are based upon their observation among animals, make it weaker. Also Robert and Dorothy writing are complicated due to their technical writing style. Context This critique will establish the legitimacy of Robert and Dorothy’s arguments (the evolutionary origin of friendship). Robert and Dorothy begin their article by stating that the purpose in writing the article, is to provide facts and details on “the evolution and adaptive value of human friendship and to consider how stable, enduring friendship might have evolved” (2012, p.154) In human both authors argue “having a strong social network reduces stress, lower the risk of disease, and increase longevity, and was stated by Beckman and Holt-Lunstad (2004 and 2010). On the other hand, Robert and Dorothy believe that in animals “enduring social bonds can increase individual’s reproduction success. However, among female baboons...
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...Centre Number For Examiner’s Use Candidate Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2009 Mark 1 2 3 Biology Unit 2 BIOL2 4 5 The variety of living organisms 6 Thursday 4 June 2009 1.30 pm to 3.15 pm 7 8 9 For this paper you must have: G a ruler with millimetre measurements. You may use a calculator. TOTAL Time allowed G 1 hour 45 minutes Instructions G G G G G G Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written in margins or on blank pages will not be marked. You may ask for extra paper. Extra paper must be secured to this booklet. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information G G G G The maximum mark for this paper is 85. The marks for questions are shown in brackets. Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in all answers. You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use accurate scientific vocabulary where appropriate. (JUN09BIOL201) APW/Jun09/BIOL2 BIOL2 2 Areas outside the box will not be scanned for marking Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 1 The diagram shows some of the large blood vessels in a...
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...Going “gluten-free” is a very popular mantra lately. No differently than dietary fads of the past, the phrase “gluten free” commonly appears in health magazines, cooking shows and on the shelves in our supermarkets. However, the difference between the present gluten free dietary craze and the fad diets of the past is that losing weight is not the end goal, instead, preventing and warding off disease and illness is. Perhaps for this reason going gluten free has gained global popularity and unparalleled support from the medical community. There are a number of unhealthy side effects that come from consuming gluten that most of us consume in the form of wheat. While research on the issue is still inconclusive we know there is something in the wheat plant that is making many of us sick. This research paper was created to examine how gluten and the wheat grain are affecting humans, the potential causes of the sudden manifestation of gluten related disorders, and what, if anything, can be done to prevent gluten related ailments. By way of background, gluten is the main structural protein found in wheat and other grains such as rye, barley, and oats. Wheat is the most commonly consumed gluten containing grain as it makes up approximately seventy-five percent (75%) of all calories consumed from carbohydrates in the American diet. The gluten proteins found in wheat is what gives dough its elasticity and the ability to rise when combined with yeast. Traditional breads, baked goods, pasta...
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...ASSIGNMENT 10 PROJECT WORK a) Project for primary classroom THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST UNITOVERVIEW This primary unit takes across curricular approach involving language arts, math, science, and social studies. Art, music and movement education activities are also used to develop the concepts in this unit. Students will learn about the rainforest through a variety of activities to complete both on-line and in downloadable format for use in the classroom. In addition there is a resource bank of print and non-print resources included. Each lesson develops a particular focus and may take one class or several classes to complete. Extending activities are also provided as well as assessment and evaluation tools and templates. Foundational Objectives: Knowledge ! Students will increase their knowledge about the rainforest. Skills and habits * Learn about and practice the skills and strategies of effective listeners, speakers, readers, writers and representers. * Speak and write to express thoughts, information, feelings and experiences in a variety of forms for a variety of purposes and audiences. * Read and view a range of grade-level appropriate oral, print, and other media texts in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes. * Assess personal and group strengths...
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...Broken Mirror: The Mirror Neuron System and the Salience Landscape Dysfunction Pamela H. Crittenden University of Maryland University College The Mirror Neuron System and the Salience Landscape Dysfunction This paper will summarized and critique the important points discussed by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Lindsay M. Oberman in the article “The Theory of Autism”. Support and expansion of the ideas presented will be discussed. Several points in the article will be evaluated. Two theories that were prevalent during their studies to help explain and or determine the cause of Autism were the Mirror Neuron Dysfunctions and Disrupted Salience Landscape Theory. To begin it is important to define what is meant by Autism. It is a genetic disorder that plagues a small portion of Americans. Children diagnosed with Autism are unable to carry on normal conversations and tend to remove themselves from any chance of social contact. Although they may experience different types of emotions such as fear and pleasure they also experience poor language, lack of eye contact and social isolation. As stated by the author (Ramachandran and Oberman, 2006) Patricia M. Rodier believes that “susceptibility to autism is inherited” and her theory is based on a “newly discovered class of nerve cells in the brain called Mirror Neurons” (Ramachandran and Oberman, 2006, p.64). These nerve cells take on the same characteristics of an Autistic...
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...Introduction: This research paper is about an emergent disease facing the world. Ebola has affected many countries in the world including United States of America. It has brought about many sociological factors that influenced the world to come together and work together and work together to fight the pandemic disease. United States and Britain come together raised money and funded my research institutions in America and in Africa to fight the disease. Therefore, I will take you into a journey and explain what Ebola is and how it is affected the world according to my research based on this disease. I hope you will learn how it affected the social factors in the society, for example, fatality rates and how the world society was affected in terms of health, financial constraints. This research paper is dedicated to the restless efforts of scientists, and government in the United States and Britain for their great contribution to fight Ebola. To the courageous doctors who flew to Africa and risked their lives in order to help the people in West Africa. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, it is severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is transmitted from wild animals and spreads to human population via direct human transmission. For example, it can also be transmitted through body fluids, objects and fruits from primates Also, Ebola firstly appeared in Sudan, Nzara and in the Republic of Congo in a village near Ebola River...
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...J412 Communicating Nature Case Study 7 December 2010 The Great Ape Project aims to give apes the same basic rights to life that humans have. Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer published a book in 1993 titled, “The Great Ape Project.” The novel is composed of different essays written by advocates of the projects who aim to discuss the ethology and ethics issues between human beings and apes. Cavalieri and Singer argue that we now have “sufficient information about the capacities of chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans to make it clear that the moral boundary we draw between us and them is indefensible.” The novel became instantly popular and eventually led to the creation of the self-titled Great Ape Project. The Great Ape Project was founded in 1994 and put into action six years later in Sorobaca City. The Great Ape Project is an international movement that “aims to defend the rights of the non-human great primates-chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and bonobos, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom.” According to the project, the three main rights his project wants to ensure for apes include, the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture. The Great Ape Project argues that apes deserve the right to live a higher standard of life. Studies have proven that chimpanzee’s are the closest relatives of human beings. Chimpanzees share 98.4% of the same DNA that human’s have. DNA tests also say that gorilla’s share 97.7% of the...
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...graueri), or the eastern lowland gorilla is an extant subspecies of the eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei matschie) endemic to the eastern forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Grauer’s gorilla is biologically significant, in that it is the largest living primate. According to the IUCN (2014), Grauer’s gorilla, like many of it’s great-ape relatives, is an endangered species. When searching for the reason this animal has become endangered we have no further to look than the closest mirror; adult Eastern Lowland gorillas have no natural predators other than humans. This paper presents an analysis of humanity’s contributions from 1991 to present day towards the current endangered status of Grauer’s gorillas. The paper is organized into three main drivers of endangerment: Conflict and instability; Deforestation and environmental degradation; and poaching. The majority of the research in this paper was collected in the Kahuzi-Biega national park located along the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda. Body: Up through the mid 1990’s the population of Grauer’s gorillas was estimated to be around 17,000 individuals. A decade later in 2005, populations were estimated to be around 8,000 individuals or less (IUCN 2014). A reasonable question to ask would be, “How did this happen?” To answer this, we must backtrack to the final decade of the 20th century. In 1991, riots broke out in major cities of the Democratic Republic of Congo, including its capital city...
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