...industry and the firms within it. It is a business measurement tool for understanding market growth and decline. The Munchy’s general environment is grouped into four segments which is political, economic, social and technology. Political Munchy’s have always recognized the important of manufacturing for Halal product since the government of Malaysia was focusing on turning the nation into an international Halal Hub. That is a reason why Munchy’s have a dedicated committee that deals with all Halal things. The committee is made up of representatives from each key section that contributes to the making of the products. Munchy’s is setting its sights on a greater share of the regional pie while the tariff and trade barriers are trimmed with the formation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). In fact of this, Munchy have been opened a new branch offices in ASEAN neighbors. Economic Munchy’s sales in ASEAN have seen is a clear uptrend because of the proactive approach of Munchy’s done in sales and distribution. For instance, the Munchy’s reveals that sales in Singapore have grown by more than 50% since 2003, making the island Munchy’s third largest export market. Besides that, the company has experienced double-digit growth not only within Malaysia but also in Japan, Singapore and other Asian countries. It still, Muchy’s export growth has been broad-based and their exports have been grown by close to 60% within this year. Social According to the Munchy’s products, those...
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...SBI Corporate Card Program Submitted to: Mr. VikasBanga Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry Mr. Vikas Banga Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry New Delhi. Subject: SBI Corporate Card Program for FICCI Dear Sir Greetings of the day, at the outset thank you for your valued time over the phone. We are pleased to attach a brief presentation on SBI Corporate Card Program for Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry. Some highlights of the program are as mentioned hereunder: 1. Customized Card Collateral: FICCI Logo to appear on all SBI Corporate Cards & Statements, at no additional costs. 2. Joint & Several Liability: SBI Corporate Cards to FICCI shall be issued on joint & several liability ensuring lesser follow ups internally for administrative convenience. 3. Fidelity Insurance: SBI Corporate Cards to FICCI shall be issued with a complimentary Fidelity Insurance of 2 Lac INR per card and 20 Lac INR in total for FICCI. 4. Payment Assistance: SBI Corporate Card shall designate dedicated Relationship Manager to assist contact person at FICCI to track individual payments, as required by FICCI. 5. Exclusive Rebate Structure for FICCI For office bearers, SBI Corporate Card Program offers the best in class convenience, some of them being: 1. Complimentary Lounge Access. 2. Complimentary Travel Insurance. 3. Healthcare Offers. 4. Priority Pass. 5. EMV Chip...
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...report by consulting firm KPMG, China has become the top destination for sourcing among multinational companies outside their home country with these companies moving more of their research units close to production bases. However, the investment outlook remained murky as China's overall economic performance in recent months fell short of expectation and pointed to a fragile recovery, analysts said. "China's economic recovery has been softer than expected since March, which may discourage foreign investment in the short term," said Li Maoyu, an economist at Changjiang Securities Co. China's gross domestic product expanded 7.7 percent from a year earlier between January and March, weakening from the pace of 7.9 percent in the final quarter of last year. The World Bank recently lowered its projection of China's growth this year to 8.3 percent from the previous 8.4 percent, citing risks in the property sector, financial system and local government liabilities. During the January-April period, investment from the 27-member EU rose 29.7 percent to US$2.5 billion, while capital from US firms jumped 33.2 percent to US$1.4 billion. China attracted a total of US$38.3 billion foreign investment in the first four months, up 1.21 percent annually. Meanwhile, China's outbound direct investment surged 27 percent to US$29.5 billion in the first four months, indicating Chinese investors' strong enthusiasm for globalizing their businesses. This year's China International Fair...
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...| IMPACT CHINA ASEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (CAFTA) ON INDONESIA ECONOMYWritten by Yuliana (15 Jan 2015)Overview of ASEAN – CHINA Free Trade Agreements In November 2001, ASEAN and China agreed to launch negotiations for an ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA). In the following year, ASEAN and China signed the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between ASEAN and China.The objectives of this Agreement are to: (a) | strengthen and enhance economic, trade and investment co-operation between the Parties; | (b) | progressively liberalise and promote trade in goods and services as well as create a transparent, liberal and facilitative investment regime; | (c) | explore new areas and develop appropriate measures for closer economic co-operation between the Parties; and | (d) | facilitate the more effective economic integration of the newer ASEAN Member States and bridge the development gap among the Parties. | | | | The Agreement on Trade in Goods was signed in 2004 and implemented in 1 July 2005 by the ASEAN countries and 20 July 2005 by China. Under this Agreement, the 6 original ASEAN members and China have to eliminate tariffs on 90% of their products by 2010, while Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam, have until 2015 to do so. | | | | | | The Trade In Services Agreement entered into force in July 2007. Under this agreement, services and services suppliers/providers in the region will enjoy improved market access and national treatment...
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...Introduction to International Business May 6, 2012 Abstract When you talk about international trade and world output, you will be describing the relationship between supply and demand. We will be discussing and providing example which is the specific countries which are the United States and China. International trade is the buying and sale exchange of goods and services between two countries. (Griffin, Pustay 2010) International trade is very important for any country to do business with another country specially in exporting of goods and services and also to import goods and services into a country which the country do not have readily accessible too. Trade between two countries provides good choices for the consumer and jobs for many people in difference country. 1. Explain the relation between international trade and world out. The given quantity of world output within a year will cause some changes in the international trade. When countries slow down on it economic output the international trade in volume will slow down. The same thing will happen when the world output is higher the international trade will be higher. Trade will go up and down do, to the consumer not spending to buy or sale their goods and services. When a recession is in a country the consumer will not buy or sale their goods and services. The exchange rates will cause problem in international trade. When a country currency begin to weaken which will cause the other countries a problem...
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...comparative advantage at 2-digit and 4-digit levels of industrial classification. The paper highlights the problems faced by the footwear industry and identifies the role of entrepreneurship for the progress of the industry. The analysis shows that in recent years, specifically the period from 2003-06, the footwear industry has moved from disadvantage (as compared with China and India) position to comparative advantage. The study indicates that there is potential for higher growth of the industry and it can become a source of export earnings. The study suggests that in the rapidly changing global economic environment and in the face of increasing cost of doing business in Pakistan, there is a need to strengthen the competitiveness of the footwear industry in Pakistan. JEL classification: L67 Keywords: Revealed Comparative Advantage, Footwear, Pakistan. 1. INTRODUCTION The global export patterns are changing fast as a result of reduction in trade barriers and technological advancements that have led to gains in productivity and change in comparative advantage patterns in world economies. Asian economies such as China and India are enjoying a notable growth in changing circumstances across the world. Pakistan also has great potential for higher growth however the political threats, socioeconomic environment and lack of updated technologies are obstruction in the way of progress. Some sectors of Pakistan economy have shown a...
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...Today about China’s Economic Growth Tomorrow Views of the future China vary widely. While some believe that the collapse of China is inevitable, others see the emergence of a new superpower that increasingly poses a threat to the U.S. This paper examines the economic growth prospects of China over the next two decades. Extrapolating past real GDP growth rates into the future, the size of the Chinese economy surpasses that of the U.S. in purchasing power terms between 2012 and 2015; by 2025, China is likely to be the world's largest economic power by almost any measure. The extrapolations are supported by two types of considerations. First, China’s growth patterns of the past 25 years since the beginning of economic reforms match well those identified by standard economic development and trade theories (structural change, catching up, and factor price equalization). Second, decomposing China’s GDP growth into growth of labor and other variables, the near-certain information available today about the quantity and quality of Chinese laborers through 2015, if not several years after, allows inferences about future GDP growth. Short of some cataclysmic event, demographics alone suggests China’s continued economic rise. If talent is randomly distributed in the world population and if agglomeration of talent is important, then the odds are strongly in China’s favor. Introduction The rapid economic growth of China since the beginning of the economic reforms in 1978 has captured...
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...Economics and Management, Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130022, China Tel: +86-135-0445-7191 Email: shengzhijun412@126.com Jing Ma School of Economics and Management, Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130022, China Email: majingdoll@hotmail.com Received: July 22, 2011 Accepted: August 21, 2011 doi:10.5430/rwe.v2n2p21 Abstract Since entering 21st century, the Chinese economy has obtained unprecedented development opportunity, growing rapidly. We emphatically analyze the remarkable performance and the immense changes of the Chinese economy in economic output, foreign trade, foreign investment and enterprise strength, etc. Finally, we point out the reality and potential influence and contribution of emerging China on world economy. Keywords: China’s Economy, Emerging Market, World Economy At the end of 2010, China’s Social Science Institute issued “World economy Yellow Paper” and “International Situation Yellow Paper”, which pointed out China has become the second biggest economy in the world, and has been in the leading position on many aspect. For instance, China ranks second on multinational merger and acquisition and surpasses UK, France and Germany to become the International Monetary Fund's third major stockholder. All the above show since 21st century, China’s economy has enjoyed fast development, and emerging China is more and more influencing world economy tremendously. 1. Performance of Emerging...
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...China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 7, No. 1 (2009) p. 47-59 © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program ISSN: 1653-4212 China-Central Asia Trade Relations: Economic and Social Patterns Sadykzhan Ibraimov* ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to study China’s economic presence in Central Asia and its main involvements in raw materials, transport routes, opening of markets and free economic zones, and small and medium-scale projects. It must be noted that over the years from 1992 to 2007, the highest trading volumes were between China and Kazakhstan, which represented from 80 to 86 percent of all Chinese-Central Asian trade. This growing economic cooperation has a social impact on the development of a Central Asian business diaspora based in Xinjiang. China also demonstrates its capacity to use local corruption schemes and internal Central Asian weaknesses in its own interests: From the earliest years of independence, smuggling with China, especially the export of metals and the import of consumer goods, has proved to be a very profitable venture for Central Asian high-level officials. Keywords • China-Central Asia Trade • Xinjiang • Business Diaspora • Shuttle Trade • Corruption Introduction The main difficulty in the study of economic relationships between China and Central Asia is the lack of reliable or complete information. Many reasons can explain this fact. The Central Asian states, first of all, do not publish information...
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...ACADEMIC PAPERa Longitudinal patterns of comparative advantage in the textile complex – part 1 An aggregate perspective Peter Kilduff and Ting Chi Department of Consumer, Apparel and Retail Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina, USA Abstract Purpose – This paper seeks to present a preliminary investigation into long-term patterns of trade specialization among leading textile- and apparel-exporting nations, assessing patterns of comparative advantage across the textile machinery, man-made fiber, textile and apparel sectors of the textile complex to determine whether these conform with both trade specialization and industry evolution theories. A model of evolutionary change in intra-complex specialization is defined and evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – A revealed comparative advantage index is employed to evaluate international competitiveness for 30 nations over a 42-year period. With repeated measures, ANOVA is used, to determine the significance of the observed patterns across five income-defined groups of nations. Findings – Long-term patterns of specialization broadly reflect expectations of factor proportions theory and industry evolution models. Product and income group characteristics combine to influence comparative advantage. Higher income nations generally remain stronger in more capital-intensive sectors, while lower income countries have emerged to dominate labor-intensive sectors. However, inclusion of a more...
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...China and India have become the most important economic partners of Africa and their footprints are growing by leaps and bounds, transforming Africa's international relations in a dramatic way. Although the overall impact of China and India's engagement in Africa has been positive in the short-term, partly as a result of higher returns from commodity exports fuelled by excessive demands from both countries, little research exists on the actual impact of China and India's growing involvement on Africa's economic transformation. China and India are seeking many of the same goals in the African continent. Due to this there are a number of similarities in their foreign policy. Both use development assistance as means of facilitating trade and investment, as well as helping to secure access to resources. Whilst their project assistance is centered (to an extent) around different areas .China offers its expertise in infrastructure delivery whereas India’s aid programs are more designed around its own relative strengths in IT and services With an emphasis upon mutual respect and sovereignty articulated in both of their foreign policies, neither China nor India seeks to impose aid conditionality’s upon other countries. They have attempted to distance themselves from the formal terms of recipient and donor, and instead offer a significant degree of policy autonomy in their aid delivery. In this manner we are witnessing the rise of a new generation of donors that do not attempt to transform...
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...in 1949 china followed the principles of independence and self reliance and then later started economic and trade exchanges with foreign countries. Initially foreign trade development was relatively slow because of international politics. Before 1978 china’s trade was conducted under system of state trading where approximately a dozen foreign trade corporations monopolised all foreign trade. under this central plan regime imports were not encouraged much and also exports were allowed only to pay for the imports. its share of world trade has risen three times and its expected that will get tripled by 2020. But since the last 20 years china has witnessed a drastic change in its trade policies and patterns and china has expanded itself tremendously. many foreign trade corporations and some retain rights on some of the products. Licenses and quotas in agriculture and food products, machinery and electronics. China has recently become a trading nation and its tremendous potential has attracted developed and newly emerging economies which became evident when china joined WTO in 2000. China’s trade strategy has changed over the years, from primary to manufacturing in 1980’s and 90’s was the decade of mechanical and electronic products. This is the century of high tech IT products rapidly grabbing the market and which are highly in demand , also along with state enterprise private enterprise also engaging in foreign trade. From 80’s to 21st century china’s processing trade has flourished...
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...Ohlin (1933) laid the substantial developments on David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage by focusing on the relationships between national factor endowments and commodity trade patterns. Though there have been some attempts to use the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, it seems invalidity in most real-world international trade patterns. In order to evaluate the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory in today’s environment, pros and cons of the statement are illustrated as following. In pro terms, this theory is a simple international trade model with only two nations, two products and two factors of production based on the similar technology. Because of its simplified assumption, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory can be easily applied to analyse theoretical patterns. However, some assumptions proposed in this theory such as the similar technology, constant return to scale, the same demand condition limit its range only to some particular regions, therefore, it seems very hard to apply this theory in many practical terms. In summary, today’s international trading environment is various and complicated, thus this over-simplified theory cannot be sufficient as a good predictor. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to analyse whether it is a good predictor for international trade in today’s environment. In order to do this, I will describe the content of this theory and then ilustrate the arguments both for and against the main topic by using the historical...
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................................... 7 1. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY ........................................................... 8 1.1 The Function of Shipping .................................................................................................. 8 1.2 The Structure of World Seaborne Trade and the Demand for Shipping Services....................... 8 1.3 The Ton-Mile as a Measurement of Demand for Shipping Services ....................................... 12 2. ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL COMMODITIES ON-BOARD SHIPS .................................................. 14 2.1 Crude Oil Seaborne Trade .............................................................................................. 14 2.2 Other Challenges for Crude oil Transportation ................................................................... 16 2.3 Iron Ore Seaborne Trade ............................................................................................... 16 2.4 Coal Seaborne Trade ..................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Grain Seaborne Trade .................................................................................................... 21...
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...Spatial analysis on regional economic growth of China 1. Introduction Economic growth is always an important topic in the economics research. Many study in the past just considered region as an isolated “island”, and the mutual relations among different regions were usually ignored. However, regional economy is an open system. Factors such as trade, factor mobility (labor or capital), and technology or knowledge spillover will all make relations among regions become complicated. Under such circumstance, regional economy is no longer isolated but strongly related. The development of regional economy not only relies on its own endowment, also highly depends on the development of other regions This paper is going to bring relative spatial autocorrelation analysis and econometrics methods in the analysis of regional economic growth in China. It attempts to test the spatial dependence of economic growth among different provinces in China and its tendency. The inner mechanism of regional economic growth will also be discussed. In the second section, I will briefly introduce the literature review about regional economic study in China. In the third section, using a sample of per capita GDP data over 1978-2008 in 31 provinces in mainland China, I compute a global spatial autocorrelation, and use the local spatial autocorrelation to get general idea where this global spatial autocorrelation come from. In the fourth part, the spatial factors which influence regional economic...
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