...the world will tremble”), Napoleon Bonaparte. This expression is indeed, justified by the spectacular economic growth of China the past 3O years and by the fact that today, China is considered as one of the most important economic power in the world. Our country has known many changes: from the gai ge kai fang, under the leadership of Deng Xiao Ping where China experienced effective agricultural reforms, to our days when China, with 1/5 of world population, opened its doors to foreign investment, privatization, and export, leading to unprecedented growth. However, this growth is confronted with many challenges, external or internal. Among them, environmental issues are the most evident and urgent. In fact, this explosive growth has left scars across China's landscape and environment. Which lead us to our problematic: How the environmental issues can affects the economic development of China? And what are the solutions? Current situation * Overview of the Chinese economic development Since the opening policy in 1978, China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world. And even if there is a certain tightening of the economy policy of the government and in spite of the rise of the price of raw material, this growth doesn’t have until now given any major sign of breathlessness (6% for the trimester of 2008). In July 2007, China is the fourth world economic power behind the United States, Japan and Germany, with a nominal GDP of more than 2.6 billion dollars...
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...the last century, the West felt uneasy. And when it took off on the road to rapid economic development, the West's unease began turning into fear, giving rise to the "China threat" theory which is bandied about so rampantly across the world today. Is there any justification behind this theory? China Daily put this question to Liu Xiaoying, a professor at the Communication Research Institute of Communication University of China. In short, Liu's answer is "no". But he prefers to delve deep into the reasons behind, what he says is, the unjustified fear gripping the West. Some people try to attribute the country's economic rise to "China's development model", Liu says, building an insurmountable barrier between the East and West, between antiquity and modernity. "China is just regaining its long lost right to have its say in world affairs. Harmonious coexistence of countries entails diverse views, not a hegemonic monopoly which presumptuously claims to speak for all the countries." The fact is that the Chinese leadership has too many domestic problems to solve and doesn't have the time to pose a threat to other countries or regions. Historically, the rise of a country has created controversies and raised the concern of its neighbors and, above all, the existing powers. It's natural for the West to nurse such views as the "China threat" theory. But it shouldn't deny China from having its say. Chinese people can have their say by solving their problems, building the country's image...
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...informing. He is a firm advocate of free trade. He recounts several examples of Chinese and India companies that take advantage of low cost labor to integrate into the whole world trade supply chain. From his view, the world is really becoming a seamless world factory where every country works in cooperation along this supply chain. Meanwhile, globalization is bringing a set of globalized values to every corner of the world. Indeed, the world seems like a truly fair playing ground. However, in my view, the world is just far from being flat. The world is in a huge imbalance. Due to the comparative advantage of labor between developing countries and developed countries, the world capital is flowing from the US and European countries which have high labor cost to emerging economies like China and India where there are abundant supply of cheap and skilled labor. On one hand, China and the other emerging economies are accelerating their integration into the interdependence world factory. Gaps in living standards, wage and technology are quickly shrinking. The benefits of economic boom are spreading from those advanced economies to emerging economies. On the other hand, this economic model results in huge trade imbalance and further solidifies the dominance of the developed economies on the upper end of the value chain. To sustain the high annual growth rate, China has to rely on its export-oriented economic model, which caused huge trade surplus and over-supply of currency. Such...
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...the last three decades. It reviews the growth, sources and distribution of FDI in China and analyses factors determining FDI inflows. It summarises the contributions of FDI to the Chinese economy in terms of economic growth, total factor productivity, exports and technology progress. Finally, the paper discusses potential impacts of FDI in China on the rest of the world in terms of FDI-competing countries and FDI source countries. (FDI) among all developing countries, China received a cumulative total of USD854 billion in FDI from 1979 to 2008 and benefitted tremendously from both tangible and intangible assets associated with FDI inflows. In fact, in the modern history of economic development, no other country has ever benefitted, and continues to benefit, from FDI as much as China. There is a consensus among academic scholars specialising in the Chinese economy that, over the last three decades, FDI has been a critical engine driving the Chinese economy. In literature pertaining to the growth of the post-reform Chinese economy, and policy discussions about China’s successful transition towards a market-oriented economy, FDI has always been one of the focal points. ABOUT THE AUTHORS The largest recipient of foreign direct investment Yuqing Xing (yuqing_xing@grips.ac.jp) is Professor of Economics at the...
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...races. What are the forms of commitment needed and what are the actions needed to fulfill the commitment until the development are attained? Development is highly complex both in terms of concept as well as in implementation. Scholars have provided various interpretations according to their own perspective. Some view it from the political angle, other, social or economic and many more, until the concept of development takes many forms. The citizens of Malaysia being different race, religion and descent, must be clear about this issue. This matter is all the more important because the people themselves took over the rule from the colonialists. Focus is given to the country’s main developmental policies before 13 May 1969, the New Economic Policy (NEP)that became the first long term plan known as Outline Perspective Plan 1 (OPP1), followed by the second long term plan (OPP2) and the third long term plan (OPP3). These philosophies and principles underlying development will hopefully enable all Malaysians to appreciate the direction or objective of the country’s development that has as its aim, national unity and racial integration. Besides that, the objective is also to raise the status of the citizens of Malaysia as a nation that is developed, progressive and harmonious as envisaged in Vision 2020. National Development Objective The general objective of development is mentioned that to provide a peaceful life to the citizens of various races. To achieve this objective, the role...
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...more countries. China as one of BRICs country has an impact on economic, trade and political in the world. This paper will talk about the emerging market--China from some economic factors, social factors and political factors, also analysis why China play an important role in the world. And what is the relationship between China and the international environment? Global overview and introduction to China When China awakes, it will shake the world. -- Napoleon Bonaparte The people's republic of China (PRC) which located in east Asia continent, and on the western shore of Pacific Ocean, which is the third largest country with 9,596,960 square kilometres. With the vast land, the land boundary of some 22.800 kilometers also have many neighbor such as Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Mongolia. At the same time, the mainland coastline measures about 18,000 kilometers with a flat topography, and there are many excellent docks and harbours, most of them are ice-free all year round (Jinyan, 2005). Most place of China all belong to the north temperature zone. Clear for seasons which suit for people to habitat. In addition as a big country with a vast territory, the nature resources and mineral resources are very rich, according to the director (2005) of China's National Development and Reform Commission said China is not only a consumer of...
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...Key Definitions Computable General Equilibrium (CGE): A model, which utilizes actual economic data to estimate the impact of external shocks (e.g. policies, technology) to an economy. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total monetary value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a specific time period. It is used as a key measure of economic growth. Gini Coefficient: A statistical measure of the income distribution of a country’s residents. It helps to identify the gap between the rich and poor. Total Factor Productivity (TFP): A measure, which represents the amount of output not directly related to the amount of inputs (e.g. materials). Economic planners look at these factors to explain growth of a corporate or national economy. Main Facts Hofman & Kujis argue that economic growth in China is not only reflected by GDP growth but also its sustainability should be considered. China’s economic growth has been exceptional, as it has lifted millions out of poverty. Overall, the Chinese population has prospered greatly, however the Gini coefficient indicates that there is a significant income disparity. Furthermore, the Chinese economy is heavily dependent on the manufacturing industry, investments and external demand. These three cause multiple negative externalities for the nation, such as environmental pollution, dependency on foreign resources due to high-energy consumption and income inequalities that cause social...
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...2013 begins, foreign and domestic observers alike are asking which path the country’s economic development should take in the next decade. How can China ensure stable and sustainable growth in the face of significant internal and external challenges, including slowing medium- and long-term growth, rising labor costs, and growing inflationary pressure? After the global economic crisis weakened external demand, which sustained China’s unprecedented economic growth for three decades, the authorities agreed that internal demand, especially domestic consumption, must become the country’s new growth engine. At the Chinese Communist Party’s congress in November, China’s leaders declared their intention to double per capita income by 2020, unleashing 64 trillion renminbi ($10.2 trillion) of purchasing power. Indeed, with roughly 130 million middle-class consumers, China’s domestic market holds significant potential. The Boston Consulting Group estimates that, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 7% in China and 2% in the United States, Chinese domestic consumption will rise to half of America’s by 2015, and 80% in 2020 (assuming that the renminbi appreciates at an average rate of 3% against the US dollar over the next few years). Moreover, the current-account surplus plummeted from more than 10% of GDP in 2007 to 2.8% in 2011, reflecting China’s decreasing reliance on exports to drive economic growth. In 2010, China’s imports ranked second in the world, and are expected to grow...
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...differences between the Australian and Chinese Economies provide an interesting comparison of economic systems. China is one of australis closest trade neighbours and is of cultural, political and economic strategic importance to Australia. The Chinese Economy is considered a planned/command economy, where the government makes the decisions about production and investment. In comparison, the term to describe the Australian economy is a semi-planned/mixed market economy, where the private sector dictates most of the economy, with some government inva) making it the second largest economy in the world behind the United Stated in terms of economic size. The level of GDP/ capita in Australia in 2015 was $51,642 U.S dollars (listed by Knoema), which is contrasted with China’s level of G, ranking 2nd in the world with China ranking 101st in the world. Another component which is in contrast between the Australian and Chinese economy is Standard of Living, which is reliant on factors such as Human Development Index (HDI) , the popsicle index, happiness index, education index and level of healthcare. Human Development Index takes into consideration four factors: life expectancy at birth, gross national income per capita, mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economical development. While China has much more GDP than Australia, Australia has a higher Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.93, ranking 2nd, as...
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...world's second-largest economy. Todays, the connection between China's economy and global economy is becoming tighter. In addition, more foreigners have expressed their admirations on China's economic achievements. They generally believe that the global economic development cannot go without China. The healthy and steady economic development of China is a huge contribution to the world. As the globalization is accelerating, the mutual dependence between China's economy and global economy has also strengthened. China is developing its transformation of economic growth mode and its economic structural adjustment. China's economic development is also becoming steadier and injecting new energy into the regional and global economy. The negative impact caused by the international financial crisis still has not completely solved but China's steady economic development gives the world's confidence on the early recovery of the global economy. China is categories as the fastest growing country in East Asia. Between the year of 1979 and 2001, Chinese real GDP grew from $177 billion to $1.16 trillion regarding to 2001 prices and real GDP per capita grew from $183 to $920. Besides, the U.S GDP is$10.19 trillion and GDP per capita is $36,840 which respectively 9 and 40 times the comparable Chinese figures. In addition, China survived the East Asian currency crisis relatively unscathed. Moreover, China is one of the very few socialist countries that have...
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...influenced modern economic development in East Asia? The rise of Asia’s so called “Tiger” economies followed by China, has given rise to the spectrum of a distinctly East Asian economic development model. The pioneering economic success of in particular, Singapore, South Korea and Japan since the 1970’s has highlighted the need to evaluate and distinguish how such economies achieved such successive growth. A variety of possible factors can explain or highlight possibilities for the successive development of East Asia. A particularly unique factor that has to be taken into account is Confucianism. The interplay between culture and development can help explain how in particular Japan and South Korea, which were relatively closed societies, have risen to attain the status of newly industrialized countries. This essay will investigate and evaluate, through the presentation of arguments and examples, the extent to which Confucianism has influenced modern economic development in East Asia. This will be achieved by firstly providing a working definition of Confucianism; then locating its positive impact within a broader debate concerning a distinctly Asian development model; investigating and analyzing the challenges presented by Confucianism in the economic development of East Asia; evaluating both the negative and positive implications of Confucianism in East Asian economies and finally assessing to what extent Confucianism has played a role in the development of East Asia’s economies...
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...reference to theories of growth and development, explain the contrasting growth experience of China and Sub Saharan Africa post 1980. Economic growth, put simply, is “an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time”; development is inextricably linked with this economic growth. By utilising theories of economic growth and development we can see how the Chinese and Sub-Saharan African economies have emerged, but, more notably, we can use these to look at patterns from past and present to show their experience and the implications of this growth for the future. Development has become synonymous for industrialisation. Economic growth comes from increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), this is done by producing more through the addition of more capital and labour. As you begin to use up the factors of production the law of diminishing returns can hinder growth. Therefore, a vital factor for the development of emerging markets is technology, which should be harnessed to improve means of production and other such things to see a progressive economy. In this sense I will be looking at both China and Sub-Saharan Africa to see how technology or the lack thereof has been utilised and the implications this has had on their economies. There are a number of factors that have contributed to Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries generally not experiencing the rates of growth and development as other emerging market regions, such...
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...Global Marketing 7e Warren J Keegan & Mark C Green Chapter 02 The Global Economic Environment Presentation adapted by Alfred Lowey-Ball For (International) Marketing management course Fall semester 2014 UBI-BA2 Brussels Chapter 02 Outline (The Global Economic Environment) 2-0 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 Introduction The world economy—an overview Economic Growth stars Classification of countries by income Market opportunities in DCs World population trends Dealing with currency risks 2 2-0 Introduction • The level of economic development in the target country is a major determinant of global market potential and opportunities • Globalization and forms of freemarket capitalism prevail almost everywhere today • Since the 2008 financial crisis, however, much uncertainty has crept in. 2-3 2-1 The World Economy—An Overview • The world economy has changed profoundly since WWII: in the western world, trade boomed and GDP rose constantly at a 2-3% rate… • Globalization (economic integration) was estimated to be 10%; today it is 50% (by some measures) and still rising • Global companies have arisen to respond to global market demands and opportunities, global competitors have displaced local ones 2-4 Growth of world GDP Figure 1.1 Growth of Real World GDP, 1975–2005 500 – 450 – 400 – 350 – Volume 300 – 250 – World GDP ~$70 Trillion today World population 7,1 Billion 200 – 150 – 100 – 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 World GDP 2000 2005 ...
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...Summary of the article. This is a summary of the “Make or Break for China” by Fareed Zakaria in the Time Magazine January,2014. In the article the Fareed begins by addressing 2014 is the year of the horse in China and list down the country’ problem before it becomes the world’s largest economy . A big part of Fareed’s focus in this article is about China’s challenges likes debt, pollution and corruption. In this article showed how China’s financial crisis and the global economy slowdown based on it’s economic imbalances . The basic economy’s problem is that for almost a decade, China's economic growth has been fueled by cheap credit and government spending--a classic developing-nation problem .The country’s total debt level was estimated at 215% of GDP in 2013.Besides financial problem, China also have serious challenges in environment. Air and water pollution has become a major public health issue in the country.The last challenges in 2014 is the corruption’s problem ,it seriously increasing among the Communist Party. According to this article, China’s president has launched an anticorruption campaign for this unethical problem . In closing, Fareed Zakaria says that ,he not ready to bet against China if China’s leader did not manage this transition well.If China’s leaders manage this transition well.the country will emerge stronger and more stable and become the largest economy in the world. INTRODUCTION International business is much more complicated than domestic business...
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...Manifesto for the Chief Executive Election 2012 C.Y. Leung ONE HEART, ONE VISION C.Y. Leung 1 4 1. Population and Human Resources 10 2. Land Planning and Transportation 16 3. Economic Policy 22 4. Housing 34 5. Education 39 6. Social Welfare 44 7. Medical and Health Services 51 8. Religion, Culture and Arts 56 9. Sports Policy Table of Content Foreword 62 10. Environment Protection and Conservation 66 11. Administrative and Political System 72 Epilogue 80 ONE HEART, ONE VISION 2 3 Election 2012, has provided me with a much deeper understanding of the expectations of different sectors in our society. And, at the same time, it has strengthened my resolve to serve the community as a whole. During this period, my campaign team and I have visited all 18 districts, held consultative gatherings ~ "Together we write the Manifesto" ~ and met with people from all walks of life at close quarters. We listened to the views expressed by ordinary people, who make up the majority of the population, and we talked to business people, both big corporations and local traders alike. We attended numerous other activities, met with Members of the Election Committee and answered their queries. Every step of the way, we were accompanied by the media, reporting and helping us to spread our messages to those who were not able to come to the gatherings. We were mindful that every proposal which...
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