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* :语文学科的性质与教学目标 1. 语文学科性质

2. 语文的性质 层面 | 语言文字的说明 | 本质上 | 信息的符号 | 横向上 | 社会的共同工具 | 纵向上 | 前人、今人、后人延续的使用 |

3. 语文学科的特征

4. 语文学科的工具性

5. 语文学科的人文性

6. 语文学科的工具性和人文性的融合

7. 制定和确定语文教学的目标

8. 语文教学目标的作用 * 有利于贯彻中小学大纲制定的要求,为语文教学确立指针和方向 * 有利于语文教学内容和课堂教学策略的选择,以及教学过程的组织 * 有助于教学效果的评价 9. 语文教学目标的特性 * 语言性 * 交际性 * 综合性 10. 制定语文教学目标的依据 * 社会发展 * 素质教育 * 语文学科的性质 * 学生身心发展 11. 语文教学目标的构造 * 运用布卢姆的教育目标分类学理论确立的语文教学目标体系 * 根据语文学科的任务及知能体系编制的语文教学目标体系 * 依据素质教育理论构建的语文教学目标体系 12. 布卢姆的教育目标分类

13. 布卢姆的认知领域教育目标分类

识记 | 主要包括认知或记忆:具体事实:有关事务的名称或术语:处理事实的方法:抽象观念 | 理解 | 主要内容:转换,即用不同的词来表达同一概念或知识,或者把一种符号转译成另一种符号:解释,即解释各种知识之间的联系和关系:推断,即从旧知经过推理而获得新知。 | 应用 | 在各种特殊的、具体的情景中使用抽象的概念、原则和理论。 | 分析 | 包括:分析事物的要素;要素之间的关系;要素之间的组织原则。 | 综合 | 包括:表达个人见解:拟定操作计划:概括抽象关系。 | 评介 | 对事实、概括、操作、方法等进行价值判断,包括:根据个人内部标准进行判断:根据对象外部标准进行判断 |

14. 根据语文学科的任务及知能体系编制的语文教学目标体系 语文知识 | 即知识因素,包括:语文知识、非语言的语言知识(即与语言相关的社会文化、生活知识)等 | 语文技能 | 即技能、操作因素,包括:理解和应用汉语的能力,主要是指阅读、写作、口语交际的能力等 | 语文智力 | 即智力因素,包括:三种思维(形象思维、抽象思维、灵感思维)五种能力(观察力、记忆力、想象力、分析力、综合力) | 语文人格 | 即情意因素,包括:四观:世界观、价值观、审美观、人生观七因素:动机、兴趣、情感、意志、习惯、个性、行为等 |

15. 依据素质教育理论构建的语文教学目标体系 思想情操 | 语文学科中进行思想道德教育及审美教育 | 智力发展 | 学生的思维或智力的发展 | 语文能力 | 语文学科知识和专业技能,包括:阅读能力、写作能力、听话能力、说话能力 |

16. 语文教学目标的达成: * 制定计划,明确要求 * 分类分级,科学安排 * 求质定量,具体落实 * 要具体、准确的设定语文教学目标 * 对一些语文教学目标应加以量化 * 对目标实施控制及检测

17. 完整的外显行为教学目标: * 可以观察的学习行为 * 以学生行为为主体 * 行为发生的条件 * 行为的标准

* :语文教学原则 1. 语文教学原则:

2. 语文教学与思想训练相结合的原则 (语思结合的原则):

3. 语思结合原则的依据: * 培养语文的能力,首先要发展思维能力 * 需要协调发展语文知识、能力和智力 * 语文教学要为培养创新人才服务

4. 智力与语文知识、能力关系:

5. 语思结合原则的实施: * 利用思维特点和规律,优化语文教学过程 * 遵循思维发展规律,培养思维品质,提高语文教学效率 * 培养创造性思维品质,增进语文创造能力

6. 遵循思维发展规律: * 动作思维 * 形象思维 * 形式思维(抽象逻辑思维) * 辩证思维(辩证逻辑思维) 7. 培养思维的智力品质: * 思维的敏捷性 * 思维的灵活性 * 思维的深刻性 * 思维的独创性

8. 培养创造性思维品质,增进语文创造能力: * 培养独立性品质 * 培养连动性品质 * 培养多向性品质 * 培养跨越性品质 * 培养综合性品质

9. 语文双基的特点: * 稳定性 * 普遍性 * 迁移性

10. 双基之间的关系: * 两者的统一性 * 两者的差异性

11. 语文双基教学的途径: * 要组织最优的听说读写训练过程 * 要发挥精讲多练的最优效能

12. 语文教学与思想教育相统一的原则 (文道统一的原则)的依据: * 根据普遍的教育方针,语文学科的性质和大纲的规定,必须制定和贯彻本原则 * 据教学客体 – 语文教材自身的特点决定的 * 根据教学主体 – 教师和学生的能动性的特点决定的

13. 正确认识和处理文与道关系: * 重道轻文派 * 重文轻道派 * 文道并重派 * 文道统一,以文为主

14. 文道统一原则的实施: * 要树立正确的观念 * 要把握语文学科的特点 * 要运用适宜的方法 * 全程性 * 体察性 * 有效性 * 示范性

* :语文教学的过程与方法 1. 语文教学过程:

2. 语文教学过程的本质: * 语文教学过程是一种特殊的认识过程 * 认为语文教学过程可作不同角度的解释和认识 * 语文教学过程是一种人格构建的过程 * 教化与陶冶 * 体验和唤醒 * 理解和表达

3. 语文教学的基本过程:

4. 语文教学过程的优化

5. 教学方法的基本特征: * 教学方法的依存性 * 教学方法依存于教学理论 * 教学方法依存于教学环境 * 教学方法的二重性 * 科学性和艺术性 * 单一性和综合性 * 适应性和局限性 * 语文教学方法的分类 * 启发式教学方法 * 注入式教学方法

6. 语文教学常用的方法 * 阅读法 * 讲授法 * 议论法 * 练习法

7. 朗读的一般要求: * 读准字音 * 把握语调 * 研究读速

8. 朗读方式的运用: * 教师范读 * 学生个别朗读 * 集体朗读 * 分角色朗读

9. 默读的一般要求: * 培养直映能力 * 培养速度能力 * 要重视检查默读的效果

10. 默读方式的应用: * 在听说教学中运用默读,熟悉教材,充实内容,开拓思路,才能言之有物、有序、有理。 * 在写作教材中,运用默读搜集资料,以便模仿和创新,默读讲评教材进行比较分析。 * 在阅读教学中,运用默读预习课文,长篇课文的分析讨论也往往用默读作前奏。 * 课外阅读活动是大量运用默读方式的用武之地,教师应加强检查和指导。

11. 讲授法的运用: * 讲述 * 评点 * 串讲 * 复述 * 讲评(评述)

12. 议论法的运用: * 提问 * 谈话 * 讨论

13. 练习法的一般要求: * 加强练习设计的计划性,应根据教学要求,作出科学部署使训练序列化,体现训练的计划性,能力的渐进性,成为教学过程整体结构的重要环节。 * 练习内容全面,突出重点,难易适当。听说读写能力要全面提高,训练过程中要以读写为重点。 * 练习形式要多样,习题要有知识性、趣味性、启发性。 * 练习要讲求效率、难度、量度适当。减轻负担、提高效率是科学教育追求的目标 * 要加强指导、批改和讲评、练习前讲清例题、作出示范,练习中加强辅导、练习后认真批改,及时讲评。

14. 运用教学方法的原则: * 启发性原则 * 创造性原则

* :语文教学媒体 1. 语文教学媒体的概述:

2. 语文教学媒体的特点: * 直观 * 形象 * 活泼 * 多样 * 符号特性 * 空间特性 * 时间特性 * 运动特性 3. 语文教学媒体的作用: * 激趣 * 启智 * 快捷 * 高效

4. 运用教学媒体的要求: * 熟悉各种教学媒体 * 事先做好充分准备 * 合理运用各种教学媒体 * 要有明确的目的性和计划性 * 要处理好人际关系,与其他教学手段有机结合 * 尽量综合运用教学媒体 * 要与听说读写相结合

5. 平面型教具的运用: * 卡片 * 表格 * 挂图

6. 立体型教具的运用: * 实物 * 标本 * 模型

7. 视觉型媒体的运用: * 幻灯机 * 投影器

8. 听觉型媒体的运用: * 录音机 * 广播

9. 视听型媒体的运用: * 电视录像 * 电影

10. 综合型媒体的运用: * 语言实验室 * 电脑辅助教学 * 多媒体的运用

* :语文教学中的思想品德教育

1. 促进学生素质全面发展的需要:

2. 语文学科德育的特点:

3. 培养学生的思想素质: * 爱国思想教育 * 科学思想教育 * 培养学生优良的道德素质 * 培养学生优良的个性品质

4. 培养学生优良的道德素质: * 国民公德教育 * 社会公德教育 * 家庭道德教育

5. 培养学生优良的个性品质:

6. 语文教学中进行思想品德教育的方法:

7. 教学媒体的分类:

8. 多种媒体辅助法的好处: * 它直观、形象、生动、逼真,感染力强。它形声具备,有助于集中学生的注意力,提高学生学习的积极性。 * 它不受时间、空间的限制,可以直接表现各种事物。 * 它使理性知识感性化,抽象知识具体化,深奥知识通俗化,浮渣知识简单化。

* :语文教学中的审美教育 1. 审美教育的任务: * 培养感受美的能力 * 培养鉴赏美的能力 * 发展表达美的能力

2. 重视审美教育以改革语文教学弊端:

3. 语文教学中审美教育的特点: * 形象性 * 显示形象 * 直观形象 * 形象描述 * 情感性 * 直觉性 * 愉悦性

4. 直觉性的特点: * 巧妙的驾驭课堂教学 * 编制课时授课计划 * 对教学过程出现突发性事件 * 艺术地开启学生的心扉 * 从学生的角度看

5. 语文教学中审美教育的内容: * 自然美 * 社会美 * 形象美 * 语言美 * 汉字美

6. 审美教育的原则: * 整体性原则 * 渗透性原则 * 情理统一原则 * 语感教学、意境教学、思路教学相结合原则

7. 审美教育的方法: * 品析语言 * 创设情境 * 驱遣想象,带入意境 * 强化朗读,增进美感 * 因文而异,选取美点 * 导美颂美,练文练人 * 动手实作,激发兴趣 * 语言感染,激发兴趣 * 竞赛励志,激发兴趣 * 民主和谐的师生关系 * 儿童文学与美育

8. 语文教学中的审美教育者-于美中教美: * 教态美 * 语言美 * 情感美 * 教学艺术美 * 板书美 * 人格美

* :小学华文课程与教学策略及方法 1. 小学华文科教学总目标:

2. 教学目标: * 在日常交往中与人融洽相处,有礼貌地表达自己的看法和感受,从讨论中取得共识,解决问题。 * 专注、耐心地听话以获得信息,针对课题发问,流畅的叙事说理,发表意见。 * 掌握各种阅读技巧,从各种媒体获得信息:正确、流利、有感情地朗读。 * 具有自行阅读,独立思考与欣赏文字的能力,养成良好的阅读习惯。 * 日常生活中,应用各种媒体,有效地使用各类卡、表格和应用文与人互通信息。 * 掌握书写技巧,欲达到书写毛笔字、进行设计、改写图表和创造各种文章的目的。 * 提升道德观念和培养国民意识。

3. 小学华文课程大纲的重要性: * 具有指导和约束华语教学的作用 * 对华语学科的性质、目标、教学内容作了原则性的规定 * 是编写教材和教科书的指南 * 是教师组织和进行教学的准绳 * 是评审和检查教学质量的依据和标准 * 是考试命题的依据

4. 小学华文课程大纲: * 预期学习成果 * 语文技能知识 * 语文基础知识 * 教材范围

5. 实用技能

6. 思维技能: * 联想和联系 * 比较异同 * 分类和归类 * 评鉴 * 按次序排列 * 辨别说明的正误 * 辨别事实与意见 * 辨识偏袒性的说明 * 鉴定和阐释起因 * 鉴定结果和预测结果 * 推理和作出结论 * 概论 * 诠释 * 鉴定主要内容、次要内容和细节 * 摘要 * 决策 * 解决问题

7. 教学策略:

8. 教学方式:

9. 3种讨论法: 教师引导 | 集体共商 | 师生协同 | 教师掌握讨论,提出问题,要求或启发个别学生回答,组内思想的交流比较有限。 | 由交流思想,不受教师控制影响,参加者自己掌握讨论的内容、深度及进展,讨论是开放的。 | 常着重于姐姐一个特定的问题,教师不占主导地位,而是以信息提供者和讨论者的身份出席。这种教学方式在进行时,是通过提问、谈话、讨论结合交叉使用,以充分发挥其最大的功用。 |

10. 问题解决法的过程:

11. 活动设计法的教学步骤:

12. 示范法的种类:

13. 示范法教学步骤: * 策划 – 教师拟定课程、目标,策划步骤,准备教具,安排座位,确定学生都能看清楚示范过程: * 执行 – 教师讲解目的、示范,通过提问引起学生的注意 * 练习 – 学生进行练习活动,教师辅导及协助学生解决难题 * 结束 – 教师和学生讨论;协助学生作出总结;必须解释及补充说明疑惑

14. 参观访问的种类: 准备性参观 | 并行性参观 | 总结性参观 | 先进行实地观察,丰富感性知识,参观后再学习教材内容。 | 教学与实地参加同事进行,在参加过程中学习新知识。 | 先学习教材内容,再实地参观,通过观察加深对所学内容的理解,验证书本知识。 |

15. 参观访问的教学步骤: 参观前 | 参观时 | 参观后 | a. 选择适当的地点 b. 得到各方面的批准 c. 准备交通 d. 讲解应注意的事项 e. 通知学生有关的日期、地点和费用 | a. 给予学生讲解 b. 进行分组活动 c. 确保每位学生积极地参与活动 d. 鼓励学生发问 e. 确保学生的安全 f. 协助学生获得进一步的资料 | a. 对所观察的事项进行讨论 b. 解答学生的问题,协助学生作出结论及完成报告 c. 展示所收集的标本 |

* : 试题设计与教学计划 1. 拟题的原则: * 顾及全面性,突出重点 * 表达要明确,指导语应清楚 * 难易适度、分量适中 * 试题须具有个别独立性 * 选择合适的题型,注意评分客观、公允

2. 选择题的形式: * 唯一答案式选择题 * 最佳答案式选择题 * 类推选择题

3. 编制选择题应注意事项: * 题于意义要完整、明确,低、中年级宜采用直接疑问句。 * 题干的陈述要简练,避免使用太多的修饰词和复杂的句子。 * 所有的选择项都必须与题干有关,各选择项之间的差异宜小。 * 干扰项必须具有拟真性,才能起到迷惑干扰的作用。 * 选择项一般有四或五项,低年级至少都要有三项。 * 各题的正确答案应注意随机排列,不宜都排在同一序位上。

4. 选择题的优点: * 适用于不同层次的认知目标。无论是识记、理解、应用、分析、综合或是评价层次,都能以选择题出题。 * 命题范围广,所组成的试卷最大、覆盖面广。 * 评分简单、客观、准确,可利用电脑评分。 * 试题保密性好。一个良好的试题可多次使用,这有助于提高测验分数的可能。

5. 选择题的缺点: * 不适宜测量学生组织材料及表达观点的能力。 * 限制较多,学生想象、创造力等发挥余地不大,对于考查拼音、字词等知识比较有效,但不宜考查写作等比较复杂的综合能力。 * 编制题目难度较大、要使选择项之间差异尽量缩小,才能提高题目的质量。 * 答案存在猜测得分的情况。

6. 简答题形式: * 一般的问答题 * 提供短文,然后回答问题

7. 编制简答题应注意事项: * 一个问题只能有一个答案,答案必须简短而具体。 * 不要局限于测试知识的再现,要重视测试运用知识的能力。

8. 编制论述题应注意事项: * 试题范围不宜过大,须显示或限定答案的范围,答案的长度自然受到限制。 * 须拟出答案评分标准,并列出主要论点或知识点,规定每点得分。 * 避免提供选择题作答的机会。

9. 布卢姆(bloom)认知领域分类系统: * 识记性问题 * 理解性问题 * 应用性问题 * 分析性问题 * 综合性问题 * 评价性问题

10. 陈龙安思维问题分类: * 软性的问题 * 硬性的问题

11. 教学计划的要求: * 掌握课程纲要 * 钻研华语课本 * 了解教学对象 * 语文基础知识的水平 * 语文掌握的能力 * 语文学习的文化 * 参考有关学年的校历

12. 全年教学计划的作用: * 统观全局 * 把握时间 * 安排恰当 * 检查进度

13. 拟定教学计划应注意事项: * 须根据有关的课程纲要而作 * 须依学期而分,但全部学期的教学计划必须在学年初完成 * 须把每学期的教学计划分成若干教学单元,显示教学计划的时间程序以及语文技能的适当分配和联系 * 须列出主要教学项目,如:听说读写技能和语文活动的项目 * 须书写的简明有序,读阅顺畅 * 华文科督导员对有关语文技能和教学计划的要求与科目教师作多向交流和整合

14. 每周和每日教学计划应注意事项: * 每周教学计划须根据有关的学期计划而作 * 每日教学计划须根据有关的每周计划而作 * 每日教学计划须书写得简要明确,并以语文技能教材、内容、主要活动,作为所订教学目标的依据 * 每日教学计划须写于每周计划同一平列的定框格,以方便参阅和对照教学发展

15. 编写教案的重要性: * 有系统地准备教学 * 有条理的进行教学 * 有信心的进行教学 * 能促进教学法的改善

16. 编写教案应注意的要点: * 教学目的 * 教材 * 教学方法与过程 * 结束 * 教具应用

* :语文教学研究 1. 语文教学研究:

2. 语文教学研究的重要性:

3. 语文教学研究的方法:

4. 调查法的特点: * 不受时间和空间的限制 * 调查手法多样 * 可以在不干预研究对象正常活动的情况下收集资料

5. 调查的类型 * 以调查目的分,有常规调查和比较调查 * 以调查内容的性质分,有事实调查与征询意见调查 * 以调查内容的时间分,有现状调查和历史调查 * 以调查涉及事项的多寡分,有综合调查和专题调查 * 以调查对象的范围分,有全面调查和非全面调查

6. 调查的步骤: * 调查前的准备工作 * 确实调查课题 * 选取调查对象 * 草拟调查提纲 * 确定调查计划 * 实际调查,搜集资料 * 用各种方法搜集到的材料,必须经过整理,使之系统化,并对材料进行分析 * 撰写调查报告

7. 调查的基本方法: * 书面材料分析 * 开调查会 * 访问/访谈 * 问卷 8. 问卷的结构: * 标题 * 前言 * 问题

9. 行为研究法的步骤: * 研究课题的实质 * 查阅文献 * 提出假设 * 拟定计划 * 收集资料 * 实施行动 * 评价结果 * 完成研究报告

10. 决定研究报告质量的因素: * 研究的质量 * 研究者的水平 * 研究者的分析综合能力 * 研究者的文字表达能力

11. 研究报告的基本结构: * 研究报告的题目 * 提出研究的问题 * 交代研究的方法 * 研究结果 * 讨论 * 结论 * 参考资料

第十章: 语文教师的素养 1. 德、才、识、能各方面构成了语文
教师素养的基本内容:
* 德 :指思想品德; * 才 :指语文专业知识及其他相关知识; * 识 :指教学见识,能发现问题,独立思考,有创见。 * 能 :指教学能力与教学研究能力。

2. 语文教师的职责: * 创造性地进行语文教学 * 培育良好的思想品德 * 推进语文教学改革

3. 语文教师的素养:

4. 思想品德素养: * 具有科学的世界观与认识论 * 具有献身教育的事业心 * 具有高尚的职业道德

5. 文化知识素养: * 中文专业文化知识 * 教育科学理论知识 * 一般文化基础知识

6. 语文教师的能力

7. 语文教师的教学能力: * 教学设计能力 * 教学表达能力 * 教学组织能力

8. 教学设计能力: * 单元设计能力 * 课型设计能力 * 教案设计能力 * 板书设计能力 * 练习设计能力

9. 教学表达能力: * 口头表达能力 * 书面表达能力

10. 教学组织能力: * 课前教学组织能力 * 了解学生实际的能力 * 驾驭教材的能力 * 选取教法的能力 * 课堂教学组织能力 * 课堂教学控制能力 * 课堂教学应变能力 * 课堂教学诱导能力 * 课后教学组织能力 * 复习指导能力 * 组织课外语文活动的能力

11. 语文教师的自身提高:一项长期的工作 * 对自己的教学业务有清醒的认识 * 身上要有时代的年轮 * 坚持不懈,必有成效

12. 提高的途径: * 阅读 * 进修 * 实践 * 积累 13.

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...Meeting My Goals – Research Paper Jeffery Fholer ITT-Technical Institute Meeting my Goals: Better Note-taking/Studying Techniques To be a more successful college student and in turn a more productive employee, I have found I need to learn more effective note taking/studying techniques. As I started my research for this project, I found there are a million-and-one ways to better study and take good notes. Some are actual studies completed by renowned universities and others are merely guides written by persons based off of their personal experience. The first source I selected “Taking Notes: 5 College Success Tips” was posted by Dennis G. Jerz as submitted to him by one his Technical Writing Students Vivinette K. Dietsche. In her paper, Dietsche outlines five basic principles that are beneficial when it comes to taking notes: go to class prepared, improve your listening skills, develop a note taking method that works for you, pay close attention to content and review and edit your notes. Going to class prepared can be as simple as ensuring you have all the supplies i.e., paper, binders and writing instruments necessary to complete assignments. Also covering the course material before showing up to class will give you a better idea what is going on in the day’s lesson plan. Improving your listening skills is crucial in understanding what is being taught. Dietsche talks about having what we called in the military...

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...electronic versions of select NTS forms. Effective immediately, the Customer Request, Monogramming and Button Order Forms will be able available on Bank Notes. Click here to access, complete and submit the select NTS forms mentioned above online through Bank Notes. IMPORTANT: When submitting monogramming forms, please make sure to print the appropriate monogram form from Bank Notes and place the completed form with the shirt/coat/scarf to be shipped to NTS. NTS still needs to receive a hard copy of the completed form with the item(s) being shipped. Also, if your store is typically serviced by NTS 607 Kansas City for monogramming, please continue to send your monogram requests to this location. All other stores will continue to send their request to NTS 601 Atlanta. NOTE: Select button orders will now be ordered directly from Wawak as detailed in the next section. All other buttons not listed below will be ordered from the Button Order Form on Bank Notes. ______________________________________________________________ Wawak Tailor Supply Ordering Also effective immediately, all stores will be able to order directly from Wawak for tailoring supplies. Wawak orders can be placed by calling 855-298-6958 during their business hours of 8am to 5pm EST. You can also email your order to nationalacct@wawak.com. Note: Wawak orders can no longer be faxed. Button Orders to be ordered directly from Wawak include: 1) White...

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