...Pathophysiology Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN, this is why most cases involve DM. The lack of tissue perfusion leads the kidneys to fail in properly filtering out waste and excreting. In ESRD most patients become anuric. The clinical manifestations of CKD affect the entire body system, called uremia. This is caused by the build up and retention of waste products such as; urea, creatinine, phenol, hormones, electrolytes, and water. This can cause hypervolemia, peripheral edema, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy. As the BUN increases, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, fatigue, headaches, and impaired thought process result. This toxic build up causes many complication system wide. This patient presents with slow motor and thought...
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...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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...Kidney disease 1 Running Head: CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Kim Prior Rock Valley College Kidney disease 2 Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease is a growing problem with increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed and those beginning dialysis or the transplant process. “Currently, 26 million Americans have CKD…and 111,000 patients were newly diagnosed with end-stage renal disease in 1 year” (Castner, 2010, p. 26). Chronic kidney disease develops over years and can be considered a silent disease because many patients with this disease are diagnosed while being tested for another condition. Signs and symptoms of the disease are dependent on the cause, stage, and other medical conditions the patient has that may complicate the kidney disease. The first step is to identify patients with increased risk factors and early signs and symptoms of kidney disease. Risk factors include a family history, diabetes, smoking, obesity, hypertension, exposure to harmful substances that may injure the kidneys, and cardiac conditions such as heart failure or acute myocardial infarction (Castner, 2010). Patients that have these risk factors should be evaluated frequently by their physician as well as educated about lifestyle changes to decrease their risk (weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation, blood sugar control, blood pressure monitoring, and a healthy diet. Early signs and symptoms include fatigue...
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...Awareness Campaign of Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem in the United States and worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), over 10% of adults nationwide have CKD to some degree. The disease is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, other health problems, and even death. People diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Researchers have determined that people with hypertension or diabetes remain undiagnosed, even though many of these people could undergo treatment at low cost and lifestyle modifications (Plantinga et al., 2010). Kidney Anatomy and Physiology The kidneys...
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...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health and Physical Education Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease There are many kinds of chronic illness and each with it on characteristics, symptoms, causes, some chronic illness affect people of any age or ethnic background, and others are more likely to appear in a particular age or ethnic group. Some are present at birth while others develop later in life. Some chronic illnesses are caused by environmental factors such as exposure to pollutants. The definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the most common lung diseases which makes it difficult to breathe and causes damage to the lungs over many years, usually from smoking that leads to a combination of two diseases, Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema. Chronic Bronchitis are airways which carry to the lings become inflamed and make a lot of mucus, and a long term cough with mucus. Emphysema involves destruction of the lungs over time, and the air sac are damaged and loses their stretch and less air gets in and out of the lungs. The lifestyles factors that leads to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is smoking, air pollution, genetics, age, occupational dust and chemicals. Smoking, COPD, and the immune system. “Although the immune system is designed to protect the body from harm, it may actually worsen the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” according to University of Cincinnati...
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...Respiratory Disease Paper Shonay Williams HCS/245 September 9, 2014 Susan Fahrney Respiratory Disease Paper Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by either a bacteria, a virus, or fungus. The alveoli or (air sacs) fill up with fluid and pus and then become solid. This disease would be considered a tertiary disease. It is classified as a tertiary disease because it is an end result of some other types of infections or illnesses. The flu is one of the main illnesses that causes Pneumonia. This virus replicates itself quickly and thick mucus is produced during the illness that causes the virus to spread in the upper respiratory region. With this disease symptoms can vary depending upon whether the Pneumonia is bacterial, viral, or fungal. There are many variables to consider with the treatment of this disease, like some people developing Pneumonia in both lungs and some in one lung and the disease itself is not a single disease it can have more than thirty causes. Some indicators that the Pneumonia is bacterial would be, extremely high fevers, and chills. For a viral Pneumonia infection, many don’t know they are sick at first because they don’t get fevers however, an indicator would be shortness of breath and tightening of the chest (ALA 2014). Treatment of this disease again depends on what type of Pneumonia you have and how severe it is. Common treatment starts with antibiotics, oxygen therapy, breathing treatments, chest physical therapy, and IV...
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...Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease HCS 490 July 1, 2013 Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease There are so many people across the nation who do not know about Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or yet alone, what chronic means. According to Vorvick (2013), “Chronic refers to something that continues over a long period of time.” This means that a person who is diagnosed with CKD has probably had kidney damage that occurred over a period of time and they do not know about it until the disease surfaces more than before. Chronic Kidney Disease is a serious health condition that is life or death. Having the knowledge of the demographics is for this illness will allow a person to know what population is targeted, if changes in the demographics of the population will affect health care, and if the population within the demographics could address the challenges of decreasing patients with CKD. Demographics There is not a specific location that a person is more susceptible to being diagnosed with CKD, but there are specific groups of people who are at higher risk of possibly being diagnosed with CKD. The population that is known for losing function in their kidneys are mostly those people who are elderly, but CKD can be found in people of all ages as well. According to The National Kidney Foundation (2013), people who “have diabetes, high blood pressure, a family history of chronic kidney disease, are older, and belong to a population that has a high rate of diabetes or...
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...Addiction as a Chronic Illness Donnell Parker PS370-01 Health Psychology January 17, 2012 Chronic illness refers to conditions that have the following conditions: The condition involves some disability; it is caused by mostly nonreversible pathological change; and it requires training and motivation on the part of the patient to care for himself or herself. The onset of chronic illness can be sudden or gradual, but one characteristic common to all chronic illnesses is that the patient cannot fully return to the pre-illness state of health (Friedman 2002). Some examples of chronic illnesses are AIDS, various forms of cancer, epilepsy and asthma. Addiction is a condition that results when a person ingests a substance (alcohol, cocaine, nicotine) or engages in an activity (gambling) that can be pleasurable but the continued use of which becomes compulsive and interferes with ordinary life responsibilities, such as work or relationships, even health. Users may not be aware that their behavior is out of control and causing problems for themselves and others (Iliff 2012). Addictions are another form of chronic illnesses. Addictions are characterized by relapses in thinking or a return to substance abuse. Relapse is now seen as the rule rather than the exception in addiction recovery. And it is no longer viewed as a catastrophe but as an opportunity for learning more and better strategies for overcoming urges and for identifying the moods and...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | INTRODUCTION We are doing a case study on medical, nursing, pharmacological management of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease). We took a COPD patient and assessed the patient for clinical manifestation, the medical, nursing, pharmacological care given to the patient. In our case study we will include the care Hawwa is receiving now and the care we can add to daily routine to help her recover faster. Hawwa Ismail is admitted to Medical ward with diagnosis of COPD. She is 145cm tall, slim, with dark complexion. She is 79 years old. She said that she has difficulty in breathing, she cannot sleep in night time ,she do not feel like eating food and she was having cough. Physical assessment revealed BP 138/47mmHg right arm in lying position, pulse 84 regular and strong, and breathing pattern was irregular labored, tachypnic at 40 breathes per minute,SpO2 99% in room air and temperature 360C (96.80F).Her facial color and lips are ruddy, but nails are clean ,pale and clubbed. She has a little barrel chest, uses accessory muscle to breathe. She has prolonged expiration. While auscultating lungs, diminished breath sound in most of the lower lobes and a small wheezing sound in right lower lobe was noted. PERSONAL DETAILS PATIENT NAME: Hawwa Ismail ADDRESS:Iruvaige/R.Inguraidhoo GUARDIAN: NAME: Abdul HameedHussain CONTACT NO: 7772099 AGE: 79yrs SEX: female NATIONALITY: Maldivian LANGUAGE: Dhivehi RACE: Asian ...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is commonly called COPD. COPD is a widely growing cause of disability and mortality in the world every day. COPD was the 6th leading cause for 4% of deaths in the world in 1990 and by 2020 it is projected to increase to 7% and move up to the 3rd cause for deaths in our world. (Lundback, 2003) Causes of COPD can include exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutions, occupational hazards, infections and also with the leading cause of cigarette smoking. With the correct treatment it can be lived with. COPD is a preventable and treatable disease with some effects that may aid to severity in some patients and is not reversible. This is a lung disease that leads to harder breathing. There are two forms of COPD including Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis and Emphysema. Its pulmonary component is characterized by the limit of airflow that is not reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to gases. Airflow is limited because of a mixture of small airway disease, parenchymal destruction or emphysema, and in many cases because of increase in the airway response or asthma. After witnessing a grandmother with COPD having trouble breathing on her own after 2 weeks out of heart surgery and still on the ventilator only through an incision in her neck now, I see the severity of COPD first hand. The risk of getting COPD varies in many ways including genetics, tobacco smokers...
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...Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema Compare and Contrast Essay University Composition and Communication 1 Deborah Karahalis June 9, 2013 Thesis Statement Chronic bronchitis (COPD) and emphysema are both chronic diseases that affect a great deal of people in our everyday lives. Chronic bronchitis (COPD) and emphysema are diseases people normally don’t realize they have until further down the line when it generally gets more severe; simply from living uneducated on symptoms of it. There have been over 12 million cases of people in the Unites States being diagnosed with either Chronic Bronchitis or emphysema. According to health experts there may be another 12 million people out there who have not been diagnosed. Generally people find out they have these diseases in their middle ages or when they are considered to be elders. It’s very important to know your potential risks and symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema because these diseases are irreversible and they slowly progress over time, and there is no cure for it. Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema can be referred to the term known as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder). In order to understand how chronic bronchitis or emphysema works you must have a thorough understanding of how the lungs work. When you inhale the air enters your windpipe and goes through your bronchial tubes, which enter the lungs. Your airways look like branches on a tree and at the end of each...
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...Collaborative Approach to End Stage Renal Disease Patient Care Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affected 15.1% of the U.S. population in 1999-2000. During the fifth stage of kidney disease, kidney failure occurs. This is known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). As of 2006, 25% of the Medicare budget was being used for the treatments for CKD and ESRD patients. As the baby boomers age, these numbers are expected to rise as well. An innovative and collaborative approach, such as a patient-centered medical home (PCMH), to ESRD treatment will provide higher quality patient care while reducing cost (Odum &Whaley-Connell, 2012). A case study using the PCMH approach will be conducted. Case Description Natalie is a 53-year-old African American woman. She...
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...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Bertha Mitchell September 16, 2014 HCT 101 Professor Joe Gravely COPD an acronym that we hear a lot. But what is it? What causes it? Is there a cure? By medical definition COPD stands for Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult. (Walsh) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is known to cause chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both are It is commonly caused from smoking cigarettes. Both can severely damage It can cause a person life threatening problems; heart failure, wheezing, coughing, are just a few. COPD can destroy the airway by becoming inflamed and swollen. In addition a person can experience episodes of coughing up mucus, which will cause the alveoli to weaken and loose elasticity. . There are three types of inflammation that are common with COPD: panacinar, ceniacinar, and distal acinar emphysema. Out of the three panacinar emphysema is the most severe, rendering most people unable to work. They experience severe coughing throughout the day and are more susceptible to contract infections. Ceniacinar is not as severe. Most people are able to work, but still will experience episodes of uncontrollable coughing. Distal acinar emphysema is quite rare. COPD is a progressive disease which will worsen over time. COPD is a major cause of disability, and it's the third leading cause of death in the United States. Currently, millions...
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...Chronic and Infectious Diseases Chronic and infectious diseases are diseases life threatening. A chronic diseases are non-communicable illnesses prolonged in duration, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arthritis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). However, an infectious disease or communicable disease is contagious and caused by a biological agent, such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite also known as pathogens (The Metro Health System, 2002-2012). There are some diseases, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Characteristics of a chronic disease, examining the relationship between a healthy nutritional diet, and cardiovascular disease, the effects of chronic, and infectious diseases, how exercise affects the immune system, and consumer awareness are the focus of this paper. Characteristics of a Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are often hard to detect because the disease spread slowly. According to UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences and Women's Health (n.d.), “chronic illnesses also have multiple causes varying over time, including heredity, lifestyle factors, exposure to environmental factors and physiological factors” (Chronic Illness). Individuals who smoke cigarettes put him or her at risk of several types of chronic illnesses. “Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for lower extremity...
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