...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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...Awareness Campaign of Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem in the United States and worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), over 10% of adults nationwide have CKD to some degree. The disease is associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, other health problems, and even death. People diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes are at a higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Researchers have determined that people with hypertension or diabetes remain undiagnosed, even though many of these people could undergo treatment at low cost and lifestyle modifications (Plantinga et al., 2010). Kidney Anatomy and Physiology The kidneys...
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...CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE Helen T. Ocdol, MD, FPCP, FPSN Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a dreaded condition . CKD includes a continuum of kidney dysfunction from mild kidney damage to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Chronic renal disease is interchangeably used for CKD but to be unifom in usage, we will use the term Chronic Kidney Disease or CKD. In the U.S., there are 20 million adults who have chronic disease and over 400,000 persons have ESRD and require dialytic or transplantation therapy. In the Philippines, annually we have about 6,ooo patients started on dialysis most of which are caused by diabetis mellitus. Complications of this condition have also made this the 9th cause of death in our country. This is how important this disease entity has become over the last decade. Each of us has 2 kidneys, one on each side of our flanks. Chronic kidney disease is a permanent damage to both kidneys that persists for at least 3 months. If the kidney damage is temporary and has occurred less than 3 months, this is referred to as acute kidney or renal failure. Acuteness does not refer to the severity of the condition, but to a recent and temporary event, therefore, almost always reversible. Chronicity implies long-term event that is permanent and irreversible. This is probably why most patients fear to hear that they have kidney disease and would need dialysis. CKD has five (5) stages based on the kidney function as estimated by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).The best overall...
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...Pathophysiology Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN, this is why most cases involve DM. The lack of tissue perfusion leads the kidneys to fail in properly filtering out waste and excreting. In ESRD most patients become anuric. The clinical manifestations of CKD affect the entire body system, called uremia. This is caused by the build up and retention of waste products such as; urea, creatinine, phenol, hormones, electrolytes, and water. This can cause hypervolemia, peripheral edema, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy. As the BUN increases, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, fatigue, headaches, and impaired thought process result. This toxic build up causes many complication system wide. This patient presents with slow motor and thought...
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...Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease HCS 490 July 1, 2013 Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease There are so many people across the nation who do not know about Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) or yet alone, what chronic means. According to Vorvick (2013), “Chronic refers to something that continues over a long period of time.” This means that a person who is diagnosed with CKD has probably had kidney damage that occurred over a period of time and they do not know about it until the disease surfaces more than before. Chronic Kidney Disease is a serious health condition that is life or death. Having the knowledge of the demographics is for this illness will allow a person to know what population is targeted, if changes in the demographics of the population will affect health care, and if the population within the demographics could address the challenges of decreasing patients with CKD. Demographics There is not a specific location that a person is more susceptible to being diagnosed with CKD, but there are specific groups of people who are at higher risk of possibly being diagnosed with CKD. The population that is known for losing function in their kidneys are mostly those people who are elderly, but CKD can be found in people of all ages as well. According to The National Kidney Foundation (2013), people who “have diabetes, high blood pressure, a family history of chronic kidney disease, are older, and belong to a population that has a high rate of diabetes or...
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...Collaborative Approach to End Stage Renal Disease Patient Care Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affected 15.1% of the U.S. population in 1999-2000. During the fifth stage of kidney disease, kidney failure occurs. This is known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). As of 2006, 25% of the Medicare budget was being used for the treatments for CKD and ESRD patients. As the baby boomers age, these numbers are expected to rise as well. An innovative and collaborative approach, such as a patient-centered medical home (PCMH), to ESRD treatment will provide higher quality patient care while reducing cost (Odum &Whaley-Connell, 2012). A case study using the PCMH approach will be conducted. Case Description Natalie is a 53-year-old African American woman. She...
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...Levels of Neutrophil Gelatinase- Associated Lipocalin for Early Kidney Disease. Student’s Name University Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction/Background of the Study………………………………………………...3 2.0 Problem………………………………………………………………………………..3 3.0 Significance to Nursing……………………………………………………………….4 4.0 Purpose………………………………………………………………………………..4 5.0 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………..4 6.0 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………4 7.0 Methods of Study……………………………………………………………………...4 8.0 Quantitative or Qualitative…………………………………………………………….5 9.0 Research Design……………………………………………………………………….5 10.0 Sample………………………………………………………………………………..5 11.0 Procedures/results of Study…………………………………………………………..5 12.0 Findings………………………………………………………………………………6 13.0 Implications for Nursing……………………………………………………………....6 14.0 Contribution of Findings to Nursing Knowledge…………………………………….6 15.0 Ethical Considerations………………………………………………………………..6 16.0 Study Approval…………………………………………………………………….....7 17.0 Patient Privacy Protection………………………………………………………….....7 18.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….7 References……………………………………………………………………………….…8 1. Background of the Study Neutrophil Gelatinase also known as Oncogene 24p3 is associated with Lipocalin, Coresh et. al(2007). NGAL is a protein that is in humans and is always associated with the genes of LCN2.Lipocalin abbreviated...
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...blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. 1. What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? Ms. Jones just had open-heart surgery and her kidneys did not have enough blood flowing to them (possibly because of low blood pressure during the surgery) and are struggling to work effectively now (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 2. What other symptoms and signs might occur? Confusion, Fluid retention, fatigue, drowsiness, and an ammonia smell to the breath are a few other signs and symptoms that may occur with acute renal failure although some signs may be confused with post-operative complaints (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). 3. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? Ms. Jones’s recent open-heart surgery is most likely the cause of her kidney disease. Low blood pressure during the operation caused her kidneys to stop working because of lack of blood to the organ to filter toxins from the body (Leurs, 1989). 4. What are possible treatment options, and what is the prognosis? A variety of medication can be used to treat kidney failure in this case, including temporary dialysis (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). The prognosis for Ms. Jones is good she will most likely recover, and suffer no long term effects. Scenario B Chronic renal failure: Mr. Hodges, a 73-year-old man, has had congestive heart failure for the past 5 years. His doctor has told him that his heart is not...
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...Hypertension minimizing the progression of Acute Kidney injury to Chronic Kidney Disease Students Name Institutions Affiliation Date Hypertension is risk factors for the chronic kidney disease, which is an advancement of the acute kidney disease. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) is when the long-term flow of blood against the arterial walls is above optimum and this causes some related health problems. Epistemological study on hypertension shows that Australia is the leading country with the highest population suffering from high blood pressure (hypertension). According to the study, 1.7 million adults in Australia suffer from this disease. If the estimates of glomerular filtration rate fall less than 60 ml/min/1.7sq meters, the patient is positive for chronic kidney disease. When a person’s body pressure rises to abnormal levels, the patient has hypertension. Therefore this is a factor causing kidney disease since it affects the kidney directly. Hypertension is a very funny disease because one can leave with it for a couple of years but it doesn’t show the symptoms. When it is uncontrolled, it exposes you life to a lot of risks and to some extent you may have stroke and even heart attack. The kidneys work best when the blood pressure is at normal levels. When one has unwanted cholesterol in their body, this means that their blood has numerous fatty substances. There are various methods to control this disease. Changing the normal way of your life can add...
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...Chronic kidney diseaseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chronic kidney disease Classification and external resources Uremic frost on the forehead and scalp of a young man who presented with complaints of chronic anorexia and fatigue with blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels of approximately 100 and 50 mg/dL respectively. ICD-10 N18 ICD-9 585.9 585.1-585.5 403 DiseasesDB 11288 MedlinePlus 000471 eMedicine article/238798 MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of people known to be at risk of kidney problems, such as those with high blood pressure or diabetes and those with a blood relative with chronic kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease may also be identified when it leads to one of its recognized complications, such as cardiovascular disease, anemia or pericarditis.[1] It is differentiated from acute kidney disease in that the reduction in kidney function must be present for over 3 months. Chronic kidney disease is identified by a blood test for creatinine. Higher levels of creatinine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease that destroys the function of the human kidneys. This purpose of this research paper is to present an introductory profile of the disease. The profile includes a description of the disease, leading causes, how it is diagnosed, and its stages. Current statistics of the individuals impacted by the disease and mortality are provided. This paper will also explain the progressive nature of the disease and how the kidneys are damaged. Finally, the treatment goals and actions for the different stages of the disease are laid forth. Chronic Kidney Disease Kidneys are vital organs that regulate the body’s fluid level, filter toxins, control blood pressure, and more. A human cannot live without at least one functioning kidney. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that destroys the operating capacity of the kidneys. CKD impacts millions of Americans and is often undiagnosed until it is in an advanced stage. The human body attempts to compensate for the disease and, in doing so, worsens the condition. CKD is usually caused by another underlying cardiovascular condition. Treatment for CKD seeks to slow the progression of the disease by relieving the underlying condition. Once CKD has reached its final stage, kidney function is insufficient and renal replacement therapy is required. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was formerly known as chronic renal failure (Haynes & Winearls...
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...INTRODUCTION * URINARY SYSTEM * WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? | 3 | 2 | RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY * HEAMODIALYSIS * PERITONEAL DIALYSIS | 4 - 7 | 3 | RENAL TRANSPLANTATION * TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE * TISSUE TYPING * CONTRAINDICATION OF TRANSPLANTATION * TYPES OF TRANSPLANT * DONOR WORK UP * RECIPIENT WORK UP | 8 - 14 | 4 | PRE OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 14 - 15 | 5 | INTRA OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 | 6 | POST OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 16 - 17 | 7 | COMPLICATIONS OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT | 17 - 18 | 8 | NURSING PROCESS | 18 - 21 | 9 | HEALTH EDUCATION FOR PATIENT | 22 | 10 | CONCLUSION | 23 | 11 | REFERENCES | 24 | INTRODUCTION URINARY SYSTEM The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary blabber and urethra. The kidneys produce the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters convey the urine away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to outside of the body. WHAT DO NORMAL KIDNEYS DO? * Remove extra water. * Remove waste products. * Balance chemicals in the body. * Help control blood pressure. * Help make red blood cell. * Help build strong bones. When the kidneys no longer able to perform normal functions and starts to deteriorate, renal failure will occur, this condition may be acute or chronic. Then the following problems will occur: *...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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...Decision Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Best Practice Guideline & AGREE Tool Application Jessica Cruz Nancie Moran Coleen Smart University of Hartford Decision Support for Adults Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Introduction The movement towards evidence-based healthcare has been gaining momentum quickly over the past few years, motivated by clinicians, management and politicians concerned about quality, consistency and costs. Best practice guidelines, or BPG’s, are systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients in decisions about appropriate health care for specific circumstances. They describe appropriate care based on the best available scientific evidence. BPG’s are developed and implemented to reduce inappropriate variation in practice; promote efficient use of resources; to act as guideline for quality control, highlight shortcomings of existing literature; suggest appropriate future research; and to provide a focus for continuing education. In 1999, the Registered Nurse Association Organization (RNAO) began its mission of advancing health public policy and promoting the full participation of registered nurses in improving health, and in shaping and delivering health care services. To date, the RNAO has implemented eight Healthy Work Environment Best Practice Guideline’s (BPG’S) and 44 Clinical Practice Guidelines. Each guideline undergoes rigorous, structured research by a panel of experts...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Instructor: October, 2011 Axia College of University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other...
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