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Cisg 1980

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ALINE ANNA PICININ
GABRIEL DOS PASSOS TORTELLI

IN DUBIO PRO MISERO NA NOVA ORDEM CONSTITUCIONAL

CURITIBA
MAIO 2008
ALINE ANNA PICININ
GABRIEL DOS PASSOS TORTELLI

IN DUBIO PRO MISERO NA NOVA ORDEM CONSTITUCIONAL

Trabalho apresentado à disciplina de Direito do Trabalho I do Curso de Direito do Centro Universitário Curitiba – UNICURITIBA.

Professor: Rodrigo Abagge Santiago.

CURITIBA
MAIO/ 2008 A história do Direito do Trabalho trouxe consigo o fundamento da proteção ao trabalhador. Segundo Américo Plá Rodriguez: “historicamente, o Direito do Trabalho surgiu como conseqüência de que a liberdade de contrato entre pessoas com poder e capacidade econômica desiguais conduzia a diferentes formas de exploração”. O Direito do Trabalho veio compensar o trabalhador com uma proteção jurídica, tanto material quanto processualmente, pela sua desfavorável desigualdade econômica. Ademais, em que pese à peculiaridade do Direito do Trabalho, deve se ter bem presente que em todos os ramos do direito a proteção é sempre em benefício da parte mais fraca da relação, ou seja, na relação trabalhista o trabalhador é protegido em face do empregador, na relação do direito comum o devedor em relação ao credor do direito comum, e assim sucessivamente. O princípio do in dubio pro operario ou pro misero é utilizado no Direito do Trabalho e Processual Trabalhista quando em um caso concreto, o trabalhador alega um fato constitutivo do seu direito e a parte adversária (empregador) não produz prova de fato impeditivo, extintivo ou modificativo daquele direito alegado pelo trabalhador. Diante de tal situação, o juiz da causa irá decidir a favor do trabalhador, que devido a sua hiposuficiência econômica, goza de uma presunção relativa quanto à veracidade dos fatos que deduz em juízo. A norma trabalhista possibilita que o leigo tenha assistência judiciária gratuita ou concede a ele a capacidade postulatória, nesse sentido explica José Augusto Rodrigues Pinto: “o Direito Processual do Trabalho, em cujo ventre se confrontam indivíduos asperamente desigualados por sua condição econômica e, conseqüentemente, social, é um campo fértil para a sua aplicação”. É discutível a necessidade de adequação do princípio da proteção ao trabalhador à trilogia básica de qualquer prestação jurisdicional, qual seja: a imparcialidade do juiz, a igualdade de tratamento entre as partes e o contraditório. Três vertentes surgem do princípio da proteção: o in dubio pro misero, a aplicação da norma mais favorável ao trabalhador e a aplicação da condição mais benéfica ao obreiro. A aplicação da condição mais benéfica deve ser entendida sob a ótica de que as vantagens já adquiridas pelos trabalhadores não podem mais ser retiradas, como uma expressão do direito adquirido (art. 5º XXXVI, da CF/88). A revogação de qualquer benefício só será aplicada aos contratos de trabalho futuros e não aqueles que estão sendo executados; é o exercício de observar a norma mais benéfica dentre as várias a serem aplicadas numa escala hierárquica. Para Sergio Pinto Martins o in dubio pro misero consiste em aplicar, no caso de dúvida, a regra mais favorável ao trabalhador tratando-se de regra que evidencia um preceito trabalhista. Mas isso não significa que se deva corrigir ou integrar uma norma, mas sim utilizar essa regra para dar o verdadeiro sentido a uma norma, dentre os vários possíveis caminhos, como evidencia Américo Plá Rodriguez. O professor Sergio Pinto Martins aponta um limite ao in dubio pro misero, qual seja, que mesmo em caso de dúvida, não se poderia decidir em favor do trabalhador sem antes analisar a qual das partes cabe o ônus da prova no caso concreto (art. 333 do CPC e art. 818 da CLT), mesmo porque os Princípios Gerais do Processo formam o pano de fundo. Para a aplicação do in dubio pro misero, é imprescindível a conciliação com a trilogia informadora dos Princípios Gerais do Processo, é indispensável encontrarmos um ponto de equilíbrio entre a proteção do direito material e a isonomia do processo. Rodrigues Pinto afirmava que "tal ponto de equilíbrio é rompido sempre que o órgão jurisdicional se investe, indevidamente, na função de tutor do empregado, aplicando, por exemplo, a regra do in dubio pro misero, extensiva do princípio da proteção, quando aprecia as conseqüências processuais da divisão do ônus da prova, sujeitas à norma do art. 818 da CLT, cristalizadora do princípio de que a decisão será contra a parte (empregador ou empregado) encarregada de produzí-la”. Isso se deve porque proteger o trabalhador não significa dar vantagens irrestritas a ele, pois se assim fosse, a igualdade jurídica entre as partes não existiria e a balança estaria pendendo para um dos lados, ferindo a isonomia da prestação jurisdicional e a segurança do ordenamento jurídico. Ao passo que o legislador confere proteção ao trabalhador, o constituinte não deixou de prever que as regras de procedimento (o direito processual) deverão proporcionar igualdade de tratamento entre as partes e, sobretudo, imparcialidade no julgamento, sob pena de se colocar em dúvida toda a atividade jurisdicional. O juiz, por sua vez, não poderá, utilizando-se do in dubio pro misero, julgar a lide em favor do trabalhador sem que haja provas. O in dubio pro misero segundo alguns doutrinadores deveria ser rechaçado, sob as argumentações mais diversas: que a finalidade do direito do trabalho é igualar e não privilegiar, que as dúvidas deveriam se valer dos processos comuns da hermenêutica e não específicos, que o interesse da empresa não deve ser sacrificado em nome de unicamente um empregado , dentro outros. No entanto, a maioria destes críticos não leva em conta o principal motivador não só deste, mas de tantos outros aspectos jurídicos e interpretações do nosso ordenamento: a carta magna. Na sua grande maioria, os doutrinadores desfavoráveis ao in dubio pro misero tem valores capitalistas, a exemplo de J Pinto de Antunes, que estão ainda em harmonia com a constituição de 1937, mas que não consideram os direitos sociais e a proteção tutelar do estado, tópicos estes amparados pela atual constituição da república, de 1988. O princípio do in dubio pro misero sob a luz da nova constituição deve sempre aplicar, na existência ou superveniência de dúvida ao judiciário quanto a hermenêutica, a interpretação da norma de maneira que se aplique o entendimento mais confortável, mais beneficiário ao operário. Este princípio se aplica a normas independente de sua hierarquia, O fato da hierarquia não ser levado em conta se dá justamente pelo princípio estar disposto na nova constituição, fazendo dele uma regra constitucional a ser seguida pelas leis infra constitucionais, portanto ao dizer que a hierarquia não deverá ser considerado o faz com competência para tal, partindo da carta magna. O princípio tema desta dissertação pode ser entendido, a luz da constituição, não unicamente como um princípio que reja o direito do trabalho em caráter constitucional e infra, mas faz parte do acervo de garantias sociais trazidas pela constituinte de 1988. A proteção do trabalhador neste ponto não se dá pelo caráter humanista, e sim social, onde se entende que a lei deve ser impor-se perante o imperialismo da sociedade consumista. Este ponto marca a tentativa do legislador em igualar a sociedade desigual em quesitos de posicionamento financeiro. Ao proteger o trabalhador perante o empregador, a lei o faz de tal maneira que “iguala” as forças, incumbido a parte mais forte dentro da sociedade o ônus de ter como provar seus direitos ou deveres de seu combatente processual.
REFERÊNCIA

BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Interpretação e Aplicação da Constituição – Fundamentos de uma Dogmática Constitucional Transformadora. São Paulo: Saraiva, 4ª ed., 2002.

MARTINS PINTO, Sergio. Direito Processual do Trabalho. São Paulo: Ed. Atas S.A., 11ª ed., 1999.

RODRIQUEZ, Américo Plá. Princípios de Direito do Trabalho. São Paulo: LTr, 2ª ed., 1993.

RODRIGUES PINTO, José Augusto. Processo Trabalhista de Conhecimento. São Paulo: LTr, 5ª ed., 2000.

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