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Citibank Indonesia

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* Sovereign risk limit untuk cabang internasional ditetapkan berdasarkan pada analisis risiko Negara dimana cabang tersebut berada. * Sovereign risk limit mengacu pada masalah yang dapat mengganggu bank untuk merebut kembali modal yang diinvestasikan di luar negeri. * Termasuk juga risiko makro ekonomi, control nilai tukar asing yang diatur pemerintah setempat sehingga dapat mempersulit klien untuk membayar kewajibannya, dan dalam ekstrimnya pengambilalihan asset. * Pembukaan cabang baru Citibank dimaksudkan agar cabang tersebut dapat terus beroperasi, sehingga sovereign risklimit hanya dengan pengaturan batas jumlah uang yang cabang bisa pinjam dalam mata uang asing. * Proses riview sovereign risk dimulai pada pertengahan tahun dengan manajer negara mengusulkan batas risiko sovereign. Batas ini dibahas dengan manajer divisi dan grup dan akhirnya disetujui, pada suatu jadwal waktu, oleh spesialis senior internasional pada staf perusahaan. * Penganggaran di Citibank adalah proses bottom-up yang dimulai pada bulan Juli ketika kantor pusat mengirimkan instruksi ke unit operasi yang menggambarkan waktu dan format pengiriman dan isu-isu yang perlu ditangani. Instruksi tidak termasuk target spesifik untuk dimasukkan dalam anggaran. * meskipun itu secara luas diakui bahwa gabungan tujuan jangka panjang korporasi yang kurang lebih sebagai berikut:
Growth 12 to 15% per annum
Return on assets 1,25% (125 basis points)
Return on equity 20% * Norma-norma di atas dibuat untuk Citibank secara keseluruhan, namun sejumlah cabang internasional, termasuk Indonesia, secara tradisional melebihi norma-norma ini, dan entitas ini sering menetapkan target mereka sendiri di tingkat yang lebih tinggi. * Pada saat para manajer operasi menerima instruksi anggaran, mereka akan memiliki hasil selama setengah tahun (sampai akhir Juni), dan pada periode dari Juli sampai akhir September, mereka akan mempersiapkan perkiraan untuk sisa tahun berjalan dan anggaran untuk tahun berikutnya. * Titik awal untuk penyusunan anggaran adalah proyeksi tentang masing-masing hubungan antara akun utama, dan diskusi berlanjut sampai penjumlahan dari proyeksi hubungan akun bisa disesuaikan dengan profit center bottom line yang diinginkan. Kemudian biaya diakui. * Review formal dari anggaran tahunan diadakan sesuai dengan jadwal berikut:
Level of review timing
Division end of september
Group mid-october
Institutional Bank end of October

* Jika review risiko sovereign untuk entitas tertentu belum diadakan, anggaran akan diajukan dengan asumsi bahwa risk limit akan disetujui sebagaimana yang disampaikan. Jika asumsi ini terbukti tidak benar, anggaran harus direvisi sebelum dimasukkan dalam anggaran konsolidasi perusahaan. * Kinerja dimonitor dan dibandingkan dengan anggaran setiap bulan sepanjang tahun. Setiap triwulan perkiraan baru untuk sisa tahun itu dibuat. * Anggaran menjadi sangat serius di Citibank, bukan hanya karena mereka menganggap sebagai sesuatu yang penting dalam mengukur keberhasilan, tetapi juga karena kompensasi insentif bagi manajer di Citibank dikaitkan dengan kinerja yang berhubungan dengan anggaran. * Langkah-langkah utama untuk menilai kinerja baik untuk perusahaan maupun cabang internasional adalah pertumbuhan, laba, return on asset, dan return on equity.
Situasi 1983 * Pada tahun 1983, Mr Mistri prihatin tentang rasio risk-return di cabangnya. Dia merasa nyaman dengan prospek jangka panjang Indonesia, tapi negara, yang sangat tergantung pada pendapatan minyak ini, telah memasuki resesi ketika harga minyak menurun secara signifikan. Perhatiannya adalah, apakah pemerintah akan mengambil langkah-langkah yang cukup kuat untuk memperbaiki masalah neraca pembayarannya. * Di dalam bank, Mr Mistri dihadapkan dengan masalah turnover staf yang tinggi. Turnover yang tinggi menjadi masalah bagi Citibank selama bertahun-tahun karena bank memberikan pelatihan kepada orang-orangnya yang pelatihan ini diakui mungkin sebagai yang terbaik di Indonesia, dan lembaga keuangan lokal telah memikat banyak orang Citibank untuk pergi dengan penawarannya. * Untuk mencoba mempertahankan orang yang terlatih lebih banyak, Citibank baru-baru ini meningkatkan tingkat kompensasi, tetapi beberapa orang di cabang merasa bahwa bank tidak bisa bersaing atas dasar gaji karena keinginan untuk menjadi profitable, jaringan cabang dalam negeri yang terbatas, dan peluang karir yang signifikan di tempat lain. * Pada akhir Oktober 1983, anggaran untuk seluruh Institutional Bank ditinjau di kantor pusat, dan konsolidasi dari angka yang ditetapkan tidak menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang diinginkan manajemen puncak. Manajemen menyarankan beberapa peningkatan anggaran, dan peningkatan ini membuat Mr Mistri dilemma.

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