...There are many different types of learning. In psychology there are three main types of learning. Classical, operant, and observational conditioning are the three main types of learning in the world of psychology. Classical conditioning is the primary type of learning that psychologists use for experiments. Classical conditioning is learning to elicit an involuntary, reflex-like, response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response. (Ciccarelli & White, 2015, p. 177) The main elements of classical conditioning are unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. An unconditioned stimulus is the original occurring stimulus which is what leads to the...
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...Learning Theory Response Paper 1. Behavior: I brushed my teeth when I woke up. Theory: Observational Learning. Justification: This represents Observational Learning because I learned to brush my teeth by watching my mother. 2. Behavior: I went to our apartments basement to make sure the washing machines were empty before utilizing them. Theory: Operant Conditioning. Justification: I believe this represents Operant Conditioning because in the past I had went down to the basement with my laundry without checking the washers and all of them were being used at that time, causing me to have to wait. Elements: Consequence: Only having to bring my clothes downstairs once, which would be a positive reward. 3. Behavior: I straightened my hair using a flat iron. Theory: Observational Learning. Justification: This represents Observational learning because I learned how to use a flat iron by watching my friends do it. 4. Behavior: On my way to work I saw the Mermaid symbol for Starbucks and pulled in for an Iced Chai Latte. Theory: Classical Conditioning. Justification: I think this represents Classical Conditioning because over the years I have become accustomed to purchasing beverages from Starbucks, in this case an Iced Chai Latte. Elements: UCS Iced Chai Latte UCR Pulling in at Starbucks CS The “Mermaid” symbol CR Pulling in at Starbucks 5. Behavior: At work, I docked...
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...Classical Conditioning Theory ( Ivan Pavlov) Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. In reality, people do not respond exactly like Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people...
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...Name: Brittney Ramdeen Subject: Principles and applications of behavioral theory Teacher: Miss Wendy Jeremie Question: Three kinds of learning are of particular importance to psychologists, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Discuss these using appropriate examples. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. During the first half of the twentieth century, the school of thought also known as behaviorism came to dominate psychology and sought to explain the process of learning. Behaviorism was a school of thought in psychology that sought to measure only observable behaviors. It was founded by John B. Watson. The behaviorist view held that psychology was an experimental and objective science and that the internal mental processes should not be taken into consideration because they could not be directly observed and measured. The three major types of learning described by behavioral psychologists are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, posited the theory of classical conditioning. This is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It involves placing a completely neutral signal or stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral stimulus was the sound of a tone or bell...
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...Distinguish between operant conditioning, observational learning, and social learning. How are these different kinds of learning utilized in the work place? Give specific examples for each one. Ans: The differences between operant conditioning, observational learning, and social learning are:- * Operant conditioning: is based on what happens after we voluntarily perform a behavior. * Observational Learning: is to learn new behavior by watching others. * Social Learning: is to learn new behavior through observational learning of the social convention as we grow up. These different kinds of learning can be utilized in the work place. The examples of how can those learning be utilized are: * Operant conditioning: At the work, one of your co-workers is having trouble with understanding the job. So, you voluntarily helped him/her out. That’s increases your reputation in the work place. After doing that you will get positive from your coworkers. * Observational learning: At the workplace, it is forbidden to do something which you’ve never done it before. That’s why, before you start working on something new, ask someone who knows about that job to show you how to do it. So, you can learn and will be able do it. * Social learning: Advertisement, TV, Internet shows are good example of social learning. It is because we observe them, then we copy them. 2. How is prejudice developed and nurtured through classical and operant conditioning? Give specific examples that...
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...1. Define learning. Learning is the process through which experience modifies behavior and understanding. Allows us to adapt to changing environments. Isn’t: Innate behavior, fixed action pattern or reflex. Types of learning are Habituation, Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning. 2. Define classical conditioning, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response. Describe how classical conditioning works by using the stimuli and responses in an example. Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov. 3. Describe the processes of extinction and spontaneous recovery. Give an example of each. Extinction – condition stimulus alone; just the meat powder alone. Spontaneous recovery – condition stimulus alone; response spikes back up after extinction. 4. Define and give an example of stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. Stimulus generalization – Stimulus discrimination – 5. Discuss how attention influences which stimulus is linked to the unconditioned stimulus. Define and give an example of second-order conditioning. (from lecture notes) Red light and Tone would now cause stimulation for salivating. 2 Conditional Stimulus. 6. Describe the relationship between classical conditioning and phobias, and classical condition and taste aversion. 7. Define the law of effect. Law of effect- responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated; those followed by...
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...5 learning 160 chapter chapter outline A Four-Legged Co-Worker Declan lies on his back wanting his belly scratched. The eight-year-old black Labrador cross swings his legs in the air for a few minutes before resigning himself to chewing on someone’s shoe. In the office he behaves like any pet dog, but in the field he is like a tornado—focused on finding illegal drugs being smuggled. Declan is a drug-detector dog for the Customs Service and has been busting drug smugglers with his handler, Kevin Hattrill, for eight years. Airport passengers look on with curiosity as Declan darts around people and their luggage. Within minutes he sniffs out a person of interest, who is taken away and questioned by airport authorities. Dogs like Declan are trained to detect illegal drugs, such as cannabis, methamphetamine, and cocaine, or explosives. Hattrill said the dogs were dual responsetrained when they detected something. “If the odor is around a passenger, they are trained to sit beside them. If it’s around cargo, they are trained to scratch. When they detect something, their whole temperament will change. “The dogs can screen up to 300 people within 10 to 15 minutes at the airport. Nothing else can do that.” (McKenzie-McLean, 2006, p. 7) module 15 Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination module 16 Operant Conditioning The Basics of Operant Conditioning...
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...associative and observational based learning. Difference between associative and observational based learning. | * Associative learning: our mind naturally links two events that occur in sequence. * Classical and Operant Conditioning | * Observational learning: we learn from viewing others’ experience. * Modeling: the process of observing and imitating a behavior. | Differences:Classical: organism associates different stimuli they do not control and respond to those automatically.Operant: organism associates own behaviors with the consequences of those behaviors.“Most of the significant responses we make in everyday life are examples of operant behaviors, such as reading, writing, driving a car, and eating with utensils. Operant conditioning involves a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them”Similarities:Associative learningInvolve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, & discriminationInfluenced by cognitive and biological dispositions. | “Albert Bandura developed social learning theory, which combined classical and operant conditioning with observational learning”. Bandura point out: * We imitate because of rewards and punishments received by the model and the imitator. * We learn to anticipate those consequences in similar situations. * We tend to imitate models we perceive as similar to us, successful, or admirable.There are four elements to Observational Learning:Attention...
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...The Fear of Bees Adam Putnam PSY211 November 6, 2013 Laurie Ellington The Fear of Bees The fear of bees is one that many individuals share. Here, we will look at how ones fear of bees may have developed. We will attempt to look at how this fear could have been learned through classical conditioning by attempting to identify the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. We will see how the behavior could have been learned through operant conditioning by describing the behavior, consequence, and reinforcement. Finally, we will discuss how the fear could have been learned through observational learning. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is when some sort of stimulus draws out a behavior. There is a natural stimulus, or unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, basically a person’s natural reaction to something (Hockenbury D. H. & Hockenbury S. E, 2014). Then there is a conditioned stimulus that in turn produces a conditioned response. This essentially means that something is introduced between the natural stimulus and subject which causes the behavior to change. I chose this topic because a bee stung my two-year-old daughter not long ago. Before she was stung, she had no apparent fear of any kind of insects. She was strapped in a swing at a friend’s house when a carpenter bee flew down the swing onto her legs. When the bee stung her leg, she reached down,...
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...* Meaningful learning refers to the concept that the learned knowledge (lets say a fact) is fully understood by the individual and that the individual knows how that specific fact relates to other stored facts (stored in your brain that is). * * Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. * Operant conditioning separates itself from classical conditioning because it is highly complex, integrating positive and negativeconditioning into its practices; whereas, classical conditioning focuses only on either positive or negative conditioning but not both together. * Observational learning, also known as sociallearning, is a type of learning most associated with the work and social learning theory of psychologist Albert Bandura. Observational learning can take place at any stage in life, but is...
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...Psychology of Learning Abstract My paper is going to tell you a story about a woman named Eva and her animosity towards cheese. Yes, I said cheese. We are going to look through different learning perspectives on how her informal learning experience has brought her to this behavior. We will look at each of these perspectives and how they may have led her to this path of a cheeseless existence. I will answer the questions of how does one get to this point. Who can go their whole life without cheese? How does the smell of one tasty, bold, flavorful food bring behaviors such as mouthwatering hunger to one and mouthwatering, I think I am going to vomit to another. How do we acquire such different behaviors than others toward the same thing? Psychology of Learning Through life, we pick up feelings toward certain things, negative or positive emotions. We pick up negative or positive behaviors along the way. Some may be behaviors we wish we did not have, some we may even wish we could discontinue. There are behaviors and feelings we are not even sure where or when we picked them up. I am going to give you an example of behavior one woman picked up at a young age and, still to this day in her 50's cannot escape it. I will go over her informal learning experience through...
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...behaviors and make changes. 3. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience. 4. This brings up the question, “How do we learn?” 1. We learn by making associations. This is connecting events that occur one after another. These events can be good, like connecting the birthday song to eating cake, or bad like seeing a flash of lightning then hearing loud thunder. 2. If a stimulus occurs normally in an environment, an animal’s natural response may dwindle. This lessening of a response is called habituation. Think of the stimulus as becoming habit, so why respond to it? 3. The examples above illustrate associative learning. 5. To a psychologist, “learning” is more specific than what we think of learning in school. To psychologists, there are three main types of learning… 4. Classical conditioning occurs when we associate two stimuli and thus expect a result. 5. Operant conditioning occurs when we learn to associate our own behavior (or our response) and its consequence. We therefore repeat behaviors with good results, we cut down on behaviors with bad results. 6. Observational learning occurs by watching others’ experiences. 7. One additional form of learning is through language. In this way, we can learn without experiencing something or watching someone else experience it. 2. Pavlov’s experiments 6. Classical conditioning falls under the psychological approach...
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...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
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...Chapter 5 Learning 1. Experience causes learning if it results in a a. cognitive understanding of what has changed. b. internal changes in the organism which may or may not be detectable. c. relatively permanent change in behaviour, capability or attitude. d. maturation of the targeted area. The term learning applies to behaviour changes a. that are relatively permanent. b. that result from maturation. c. stemming from fatigue, drugs or illness. d. that are temporary. Which behaviours are considered to be learned? a. Those occurring as a result of maturation b. Those occurring as a result of illness c. Those occurring as a result of experience d. Those occurring as a result of fatigue An important aspect of the definition of learning is that the learned behaviour a. is a result of experience. b. is present in all adult members of the species. c. must be adaptive for the organism. d. must be observable. Birds' migration and salmon's spawning are not considered learned behaviours, because they a. are not relatively permanent. b. do not result from experience. c. have not been reinforced. d. are not always overt. Which of the following would be an example of learning, according to the definition in the text? a. Now that he is six feet and three inches tall, Michael can dunk a basketball. b. Andy rides his bicycle without training wheels for the first time. c. The newborn calf stands up and begins to walk. d. A spider spins its first web. Classical conditioning was most thoroughly...
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... you are constantly learning. What most people don't know however, is how we learn. Our minds are very complex, and learning is essential to keep them running smoothly. Learning things, shape who we are, and what type of person we will become. They influence our behavior, and change us. In life, there are three types of behavior change. The three ways to change your behavior are, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. The first way to change your behavior is classical conditioning. The definition of classical conditioning according to Glencoe, Understanding Psychology is, “A learning procedure in which associations...
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