...Case Study of Jim Margie Herndon PSYCH515 September 10, 2012 Dr. Napier-Ionascu Case Study of Jim Abnormal behavior and determining whether it qualifies a person with a mental disorder is complex and incorporates many differing perceptions. No concrete definition is assigned in terming behavior to be abnormal but there are six primary elements recognized. Mental disorders are assigned by professionals according to a classification system. The debate of whether this is the most sufficient system of assignment continues as some argue against the organizational structure based on the history and detail of an individual in classifying them under a label. A case example describing a personality, behaviors, and thought processes of an individual named Jim are analyzed to determine abnormal behavior and mental disorder qualifications. Determining Abnormal Behavior The case example of Jim is a summary of background information of a male named Jim to analyze how factoring the primary elements of abnormal behavior and the definition given by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (2000) fourth edition, to separate from, and then together, prove the complexity in determining the behavior of a person as abnormal and whether or not it would qualify them for a mental disorder. The Six Elements Butcher, Monika, & Hooley (2010) outline the primary elements of abnormal behavior as suffering, maladaptiveness, deviancy, violations of standards of society, social...
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...These efforts have progressed from methods that vaguely lists disorders, to more thorough, modern methods, like DSM- IV- TR, this method lists numerous amounts of different mental disorders. Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, abnormal/maladaptive behavior. Psychopathology is a term commonly used in psychiatry whereas pathology relates to disease progressions. The standard classification system for psychopathology is the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM-1). The DSM is a manual, published by the American Psychiatric Association, listing the official diagnostic classifications of mental disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-1) is the official manual listing psychiatric and psychological disorders. This manual was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952, takes its coding scheme from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is a diagnostic manual for all medical diseases. The DSM was commonly used by physicians/medical professionals, insurance companies and many courts systems. Courts used the DSM to define and diagnose mental disorders, and the diagnostics code that was attached to the case would regulate insurance reimbursements for treating the individual. The controversy amongst the DSM-1 and DSM-II was due to the United States being controlled by Freud’s psychodynamic perspective, which focused on the origins of mental illness and the unconscious mind, consequently it fixated on...
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...Discuss issues with the classification and/or diagnosis of schizophrenia. (8 + 16 marks) One of the main issues in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is the reliability and validity of it. One of the main diagnosis classification systems is the DSM which aims to help professionals to diagnose mental disorders such as schizophrenia. The other system is the ICD was developed by the world health association to collect health statistics from around the world. The problem with these is that they’re both based on assumption that mental disorders can be separated by the symptoms like physical disorders can be. However the issue with that is unlike physical disorders there’s no specific test for mental disorders like a blood test wouldn’t be useful in the diagnosis of schizophrenia instead it’s based on qualitative methods like interviews and observations therefore it’s harder to come to a defiant diagnosis been as things are more likely to go wrong. Goldstein tested the DSM for reliability using the current version the DSM-III by re-diagnosing 199 patients that were diagnosed with schizophrenia by the DSM-II. She found that 169 of the 199 patients diagnosed by the DSM-II met the criteria for the DSM-III too. Therefore she found good reliability for the DSM but also she found high levels of inter-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability was relooked at by Mojtabi and Nicholson and they looked at unreliable symptoms as only one symptom is required if delusions are bizarre, they got senior...
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...at the six elements regarding Jim’s behaviors, we will delve into the DSM-IV looking at each of the six elements and we will attempt to isolate the disorder in the DSM-IV that fits Jim’s situation. In these pages, it is hoped that we can find a rational explanation to what mental disorder Jim is dealing with as stated in the DSM-IV according to the definitions available. Lastly, we will examine the benefits and disadvantages of having the DSM-IV classify disorders according to the information-contained in-between the covers of the DSM-IV. Case Study Jim Abnormal, what is it and is it something that is a simple explanation or does the word abnormal have many different facets to its definition. The word abnormal has many different elements to its portfolio; abnormal is not a one-word answer to all situations making this word complex in all the possible ways it can be used from a simple abnormal case to abnormal adding a multitude of complex issues to one case. Although abnormal is a complex explanation, many professionals will agree that abnormal is the fruition of biological predisposition. It is worth noting at this point that mental disorders continue to become more challenging simply because of the inherent difficulties a person faces that struggles with a mental disorder. If a mental disorder is added to a physical disorder as well, it then becomes exponentially challenging to manage and treat as well. Elements Inside the...
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...Sara Johnson Abnormal Psychology TR 6:00 How I Can Help Often times, people with mental illnesses are portrayed as being untrustworthy, strange, and not worth being befriended or helped. Even in everyday conversations I’ve heard people disparage those with eating disorders or self-harm. As someone who wants to protect and help those with mental illnesses, I can make it known to those around me that language like that is offensive. I can do my best to educate friends and people who talk to me about how people with a mental illness are not the stereotype. I have friends who struggle with depression, eating disorders, and bipolar disorder. To hear someone make light or make fun of them hurts them dearly. Also, the webpage mentions writing letters to television shows and movies that portray people with mental illnesses in an unflattering or false way. This is another way to help fight the stigma of mental disorders. Television shows have such a large part in our society, that the message they send about people with mental illnesses shapes societies views significantly. Also, I realize that I myself might be perpetuating the stigma that mentally ill patients live with. By making light of schizophrenia or “hearing voices” I belittle those that actually deal with those issues. I will start to be more aware of the phrases I use and the people it effects. Throwing words like “anorexic” out in a conversation to describe a skinny girl casually is belittling those that are diagnosed...
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...m. Aaron Olsen, a senior studying communications and Amy Walen, a junior studying business management, hold support groups for those who have been diagnosed with mental illnesses through their affiliate in Idaho Falls, at the community Presbyterian Church on College Ave. “NAMI is the National Alliance of Mental Illness. NAMI advocates for access to services, treatment, supports and research and is steadfast in its commitment to raise awareness and build a community for hope for all of those in need,” according to nami.org. NAMI works with people who are mentally ill to stabilize those who have the diagnosis of a mental illness. They are taught coping skills through NAMI. “These people are scared of their diagnosis that they’ve received and they feel afraid and alone,” said Olsen. Those who have been diagnosed with mental illnesses typically do not want to talk about it. They hide their problems from their friends, families and even themselves. “They’re afraid of it; it’s a scary thing and it’s not something you can see, so it’s not something you can fight immediately,” said Olsen “Mental disorders are common in the United States, an estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older; about one in four adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year,” according to www.nimh.nih.gov. Mental illnesses are common in the United States. When some people hear their diagnosis, they become afraid. “Several people develop a stigma; just bad images of what people...
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...Take a second and think about this, who was holding the gun? The majority of mass killings are done by someone that has a mental illness. We wouldn’t have to take away our right to bear arms if we figured out what to do about people with a mental illness. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism are the 3 main illnesses that the mass killers tend to have. Autism is usually detected early. Sometimes it is detected even before a child is born. Once it is figured out that a child will be autistic, they should be eliminated. This way we have taken out a potential threat to our community. The majority of schizophrenia cases are usually detected at the age 20. Bipolar disorder is normally diagnosed in teen years or early, most before the age of 25. Making it mandatory that every person at the age of 18 to be tested for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whether they show symptoms or not, then every 2 years after that. Should someone refuse to get tested they would be sentenced to death. If a person should notice someone with symptoms before they are 18, they should contact local law enforcement so that the person is taken to get tested right away. Once a person is diagnosed with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder they should be taken to local camps. It is here that we will train them to fight. If they are under the age of 16 they will be kept in mental institutes until they turn 16. From the ages of 16 to 55 they will be put in the camps. Once someone is 55 they will automatically...
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...Guide with Answers TRUE/FALSE 1. Most people with mental disorders behave in a highly irrational or dangerous manner. ANS: F 2. People who are strange, weird, or bizarre have a mental disorder. ANS: F 3. People with mental disorders are strange, unusual, and noticeably different than other people. ANS: F 4. 5. There can be no universal definition of abnormality. ANS: T 6. Ideas about what are normal and abnormal vary over time and across cultures. ANS: T 7. Abnormal behaviors and feelings are often exaggerations of normal states. ANS: T 8. Normal behaviors can be categorized as distinctly different from abnormal behaviors. ANS: F 9. Every human being experiences at least mild versions of the feelings and behaviors that are found in mental disorders. ANS: T 10. Most mental disorders have both psychological and biological causes. ANS: T 11. If a disorder can be treated with medication, that disorder must be caused by a physical problem. ANS: F 12. Every emotional and behavior has both a psychological and a biological aspect. ANS: T 13. Cognitive therapy is based on the belief that problematic emotions and behaviors can be changed by modifying problematic thoughts. ANS: T 14. A classification system is only useful when its categories consistently and accurately fit the phenomena being classified. ANS: T 15. A classification system is only useful when its categories are reliable and...
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...Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Nature and purposes The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a reference work consulted by psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians in clinical practice, social workers , medical and nursing students, pastoral counselors, and other professionals in health care and social service fields. The book's title is often shortened to DSM , or an abbreviation that also indicates edition, such as DSM-IV-TR, which indicates fourth edition, text revision of the manual, published in 2000. The DSM-IV-TR provides a classification of mental disorders, criteria sets to guide the process of differentialdiagnosis , and numerical codes for each disorder to facilitate medical record keeping. The stated purpose of the DSM is threefold: to provide "a helpful guide to clinical practice"; "to facilitate research and improve communication among clinicians and researchers"; and to serve as "an educational tool for teaching psychopathology." The multi-axial system The third edition of DSM , or DSM-III , which was published in 1980, introduced a system of five axes or dimensions for assessing all aspects of a patient's mental and emotional health. The multi-axial system is designed to provide a more comprehensive picture of complex or concurrent mental disorders. According to the DSM-IVTR, the system is also intended to "promote the application of the biopsychosocial model in clinical, educational and...
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...Introduction: The first Part of this paper will review the literature to define Classification. Briefly Discuss DSM IV and ICD 10 and list the main categories of clinical disorders. The paper will discuss the main dangers of classification identified as labelling and Stigma which have lifelong implications for those diagnosed with a mental illness. The main advantages of classification such as most appropriate treatment and community education Definition of the Classification system used to Diagnosis Mental illness. As Social workers it important to try and grasp the concepts of how classification of mental illness is arrived at and to have a basic knowledge of the types of mental disorders people can be classified as having so we can understand the basis of a diagnosis. According Mendelson (2001) “Classification refers to ordering of objects into groups on the basis of their relationship. The result is a classificatory system. Nomenclature related to agreed names that have been assigned to disease or syndromes. Taxonomy covers principles and methods underlying the practice of classification. Finally, nosology denotes the conceptual system that supports the strategy of classifying.” ( Mendelson 2001 p. 63) Golightley (2004) text states that classification is an important step towards the diagnosis of a mental disorder. Mental disorder is broken down into various classifications that represent groups or syndromes of symptoms. Thus if a series of symptoms fits into...
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...DEFINITION OF A PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER The simplest way to conceptualize a psychiatric disorder is a disturbance of Cognition (i.e. Thought), Conation (i.e. Action), or Affect (i.e. Feeling), or any disequilibrium between the three domains. However, this simple definition is not very useful in routine clinical practice Another way to define a psychiatric disorder or mental disorder a clinically significant disturbance in " cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior" that indicates a dysfunction in" mental functioning" that are associated with "significant distress or disdability" in work, relationships, or other areas of functioning. In addition the definition states that expectable reactions to common stressors are not mental disorders....
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...the understanding of abnormal behavior among different cultures. Which has an influence on how abnormalities are diagnosed and treated in the field of psychology. For example, in China an abnormality called the neurasthenia or shenjing shuairuo, which is responsible for over half of their population’s psychiatric issues. The symptoms for Shenjing Shuairuo are difficulty concentrating and sleeping, mental or physical exhaustion, and physical pains. Along with the mental and physical aspects, there are many neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, and memory loss. This disorder is itemized on the (CCMD-2), which is the Chinese Classification of mental disorders, but it is not included on the western classification, (DSM) American diagnostic classification system for mental disorders (Parker, 2011). However, when the symptoms are analyzed in accordance with the DSM-IV, similarities justify classifications of a combination of anxiety and mood disorders. Unfortunately, these disorders are only linked to these cultures; therefore they will not be added to the western classification, nor will they be acknowledged with anything more than just syndromes (parker, 2011). As for the Latin American culture aspect of abnormal behavior, “nersios” is a popular...
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...Loyola University Chicago Classifying Psychopathology: Categorical and Dimensional Approaches The classification of mental disorders is a fundamental component to the science and practice of psychopathology (Widiger & Sankis, 2000). Despite this centrality, evidence supporting the distinction between healthy functioning and mental disorders remains disjointed. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines a mental disorder in part as “… a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction...
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...4222-619 Understand mental health problems (CMH 302) Outcome 1. Know the main forms of mental ill health 1 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is a classification of mental disorders which offers a common language and classification of mental disorders. It is used by the medical profession, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and health insurers. The fifth edition was published in 2013. DSM 4 divided each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions or axes, each one relating to different aspects of disorder or disability. AXIS I: Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation) Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General Medical Conditions (must be connected to a Mental Disorder) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (for example limited social support network) Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (Psychological, social and job-related functions are evaluated on a continuum between mental health and extreme mental disorder) The fifth edition has simplified this classification into three sections rather than the multiaxial system, but there has been much criticism of the new edition with doubts been thrown as to its impartiality, resulting in a petition calling for an outside review of DSM 5. In Europe there is a tendency to favour the I.C.D. as a means of classifying mental illnesses. The International...
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...University of Phoenix Material Psychological Disorders Etiology of Psychological Disorders Describe the following perspectives on the etiology of psychological disorders: Perspective Description of Perspective Biological Perspective The Biological Perspective seeks to determine the psychological aspects of human behavior looking at evidence from genetic and neurological studies as well as studies of the immune system. Learning Perspective Learning Perspective explores how we learn from all of our experiences. This perspective often studied the differences between the methods of learning, like observational and latent, and how everyone has different styles of learning. Cognitive Factors Cognitive Perspective focuses on mental faculties such as thinking, memory, problem solving and use of language and other forms of communication. This perspective also explores the causes of many mental illnesses as they affect these specific mental capabilities. Diathesis-Stress Model A psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences. Personality Factors personality trait is a characteristic or quality that distinguishes one person as distinctive. Five major personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Social-Cognitive Perspective Sociocultural Perspective explores social norms and customs. Group behavior, social relationships and the concept...
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