...Earth System Science 5: THE ATMOSPHERE / Homework 5 (due 5/22/2008) Name___________________________________ Student ID__________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 6) Of the following steps in the Bergeron process, which should be second? 1) The terminal velocity of an object depends primarily upon: A) the falling of ice crystals through the cloud B) formation of rain drops A) its size. C) deposition of water vapor on ice B) the temperature. D) net evaporation from supercooled water droplets C) its shape. D) its composition. 7) Raindrops fall because: 2) The collision-coalescence process: A) they are small compared to atmospheric molecules. A) explains the formation of snow better than it explains the formation of rain. B) they become large enough that gravity can pull them out of the sky. B) is most frequent in cold clouds. C) is dependent upon the different downward velocities of different-sized droplets. C) they roll down isentropic surfaces and can't be stopped. D) they are large compared to atmospheric molecules. D) is most common at high latitudes. 3) The process by which supercooled water droplets freeze onto falling ice crystals is called: 8) Aggregation: A) is the first step of the Bergeron process. B) is another term for riming. A) riming. C) is facilitated by a thin coating of water on ice crystals...
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...Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components? Answer = the water processes that are represented in this model are condensation and evaporation. Condensation occurs under the lid of the jar. Some of the water in the jar evaporated. 2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these processes? Answer = Infiltration, Surface run-off, percolation, precipitation, transpiration, sublimation. I don’t see how you can change this experiment, unless you add more supplies. 3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature? What about at an increased temperature? Answer = with decreased temperature the weather would be smooth compared to increased temperatures were things would be rough. Experiment 1: Water Movement POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation? Hypothesis = By placing one bag of sand in direct sunlight and placing the other bag of sand in a shaded area, I believe the bag that’s in direct sunlight will show evaporation and condensation occur compared to the bag that’s in a shaded area. 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in...
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...reducing temperature extremes between day and night. Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1%. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with increasing altitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space. Structure of the atmosphere Principal layers of the atmosphere The atmosphere of the Earth may be divided into several distinct layers, as the following figure indicates. [pic] Troposphere The troposphere is where all weather takes place. The air pressure at the top of the troposphere is only 10% of that at sea level (0.1 atmospheres).The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator, with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of the atmosphere. The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where air flow is mostly horizontal. The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km Temperature increases with height, which restricts turbulence and mixing. The stratopause, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere...
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...invariably contributing to the changes in global climate, which are consequently having a negative effect on weather patterns and the frequency and severity of weather related natural disasters. Global warming has become alarming recently. Over the past decades, research has been conducted on climate change and its impact and how it directly or indirectly influences the health and well being of the planet and its inhabitants. This essay will cover the risk and impacts of climate (weather) – related natural disasters such as storms, floods, droughts, rainfall and extreme temperature. Research over the past few decades has done much to clarify the evidence that global climate is changing and these changes are largely due to human influence. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),(2014) linked the risks of climate change to the increase in emission of greenhouse gas through human activities resulting from increased in population and economic growth. According to World Health Organization (WHO), (2014) the increase in human activities has impose dextra force on the climate system, most especially the burning of fossil fuels result in the emission of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide. They accumulate and cause extra heat on the surface temperature, increasing the climate variability and influencing climate change.As the atmosphere accumulates energy, it yields to the increasing greenhouse gas concentration causing climate change and extreme weather that may lead to natural disasters;...
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...What is climate change? The Earth's climate has changed over the last century. Increases in average temperatures have been seen around the globe and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed in the last 50 years is due to human activities. While climate change is a global issue, it will affect us all. Climate change has the potential to adversely affect our environment, our communities and our economy unless we take action now to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the impacts. Climate change will alter global and local climates. In Victoria, this means a warmer and drier future, with an increasing likelihood of more extreme events such as heatwaves, bushfires and storm surges. Climate change is the greatest threat facing our planet today. A warming planet alters weather patterns, water supplies, seasonal growth for plants and a sustainable way of life for us and the world’s wildlife. Climate change has already started, but it’s not too late to take action. There’s still time for us all to be part of the solution. A continuous flow of energy from the sun heats the Earth. Naturally occurring gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases – this includes carbon dioxide (CO2) - , trap this heat like a blanket, keeping the Earth at an average of 15 degrees Celsius – warm enough to sustain life. The overuse of fossil fuels is increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, trapping more and more heat and warming the Earth. As a result, we’re...
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...CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROJECT Climate change is the change in stable weather conditions of a given place which have been noted in such a place for a period extending over thirty years. It is notable and lasting change in the distribution of weather patterns in over thirty years. Climate affects agricultural production directly. The International Fund for Agricultural Development accepts climate change to be among the factors influencing rural poverty. Climate change affects the globe as a whole but its effects is felt much more by poor people in third world countries because they rely much on natural resources as a source of their livelihoods. Poor rural communities rely much on livestock keeping and agriculture which are climate-sensitive sectors of the economy. We have to adapt and employ mitigation strategies to respond to climate change. Adapting involves reducing the vulnerabilities of ecosystem to climate change whereas mitigation involves reducing the long term impact of climate change. Mitigating also involves reducing the emission of green house gases while adapting will also involves supporting local communities to deal with the impacts of climate. Agriculture of a given place depends on the climate of such a place; with climate change agriculture is affected negatively. Climate change accelerates the challenges facing the agricultural production and specifically in Sub-Saharan Africa. Innovations are the way to mitigating the effects of climate change on agricultural...
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...Climate change is a change in the related to studying numbers distribution of weather patterns when that change remains for a long time (i.e., at least 20 years to millions of years).Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time difference/different version of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, differences/different versions in solar radiation received by Earth, plate the study of Earth's surface plate movement, and volcano-related sudden explosive shooting up and out of matters. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred...
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...atmospheric scientists, are experts on the atmosphere, weather, and climate. Meteorologists study the aforementioned categories and how they will affect not only the Earth, but human beings as well. Compiling and collecting data, developing forecasts, and understanding weather patterns are part of a meteorologist’s duties. Furthermore, meteorologists may invent new instruments to collect weather pattern or climate data, while consulting clients on the opportunities and risks associated with climate changes and atmospheric events. If you have an enthusiasm for analyzing data, mathematics, weather patterns, and science, this may be a career area you want to explore further. Why Become A Meteorologist...
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...Mitigation potential of climate-optimal trajectory planning in the North Atlantic Flight corridor Sigrun Matthes1 , Volker Grewe2, Christine Frömming2, Sabine Brinkop2, DLR German Aerospace Center, 82334 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Thierry Champougny3 EUROCONTROL, 1130 Brussels, Belgium Amund O. Sovde4 CICERO, 0349 Oslo, Norway and Emma Irvine5 University of Reading, UK Mitigation of aviation climate impact is one strategic goal spelled out for a durable development of air traffic. Operational measures to identify climate-optimal aircraft trajectories by air traffic management (ATM) are one option to reduce climate impact. We present results from a comprehensive approach for climate-optimized flight planning applied for a case study the North Atlantic Flight corridor (NAFC) performed within the collaborative project REACT4C (Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate) funded under the European FP7 programme. Ultimate goal was to identify maximum mitigation gain (in climate impact) for a specific investment, hence minimal marginal mitigation costs. For this purpose consecutively those flights trajectories options are selected which offer the highest mitigation potential taking into account five archetypical weather patterns in NAFC, and traffic samples in eastbound and westbound both direction. Using a concept of 4-dimensional climate cost functions integrated into a simulation system for operational planning...
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...Realities of climate change Name Institution Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, wind precipitation, atmospheric particle and other meteorological variables in a given region over a particular long period of time. Climate differs from weather in that weather describes the atmospheric conditions of a certain region at a particular time while climate is the average atmospheric conditions of that region for a long period usually 30 or more years. Hence climate may also be defined as the average weather of a region of a given region over a longer period of time. Climate of a place has components which include; atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Climate change is the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. Climate change may also be termed as the carbon change because this change is caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide and other particles that prevent part of the sun’s warming rays from reaching the earth’s atmosphere. The burning of carbon fuels notably wood, oil and coal generates greenhouse gases which creates a layer that trap the heat from the sun close to the earth’s atmosphere. These greenhouse gases cause depletion of the ozone layer that protects the human skin from harmful ultra violet sun rays that may cause cancer. Hospitality and Tourism industry have a two way relationship with the climate. The two way...
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...temperature, rainfall, other elements of the weather, toward longer-term trends that can affect the entire Earth, se long-term (typically 30-year) weather trends are called "climate." It is therefore important understand the difference, as well as the relation, between "weather" and "climate." An example of the relationship between weather and climate is El Nino, which is weather with local, short-term consequences as well as with global, long-term importance. In the ort-term. El Nino can bring a dry summer for some regions and a wet winter for others; however, over the course of many years, the number of times El Nino conditions occur may decade changes in the global climate. Variations in the behaviour of the weather over long time periods, such as from one century another, are referred to as climate change. Climate itself adjusts from the times of 'ice ages,' hen huge ice sheets covered large areas that are currently ice-free, to periods similar to today hen ice sheets are largely confined to Antarctica, Greenland, and the floating Arctic sea ice. Paleo-climate records indicate that much of the climate changes over the last two million years occured in a rather cyclical manner; with glacial periods lasting roughly 100,000 years with warmer interglacial periods of 10,000 years occurring in between. The sun, of course, is the ultimate source of heat energy reaching the Earth, fueling our weather systems, and establishing our major climate zones. There is, however, good evidence...
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...CLIMATE CHANGING AND THE EFFECT IT HAS ON YOU Dijonne King PSC 140 December 1, 2013 Climate change is the climate patterns attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Climate change has recently become a huge issue here on Earth. The use of fossil fuels has largely affected the world as we see it today. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting and extreme climate events such as heavy rainstorms and record high temperatures are highly affecting our environment. Through evidence of this climate change, scientists have come to realize the causes and effects of climate change. Through learning about what creates climate change, learning how climate change impacts you, and taking action, I believe climate change can definitely have a positive impact on everyone. Through scientific evident it is clear that climate change has affected the planet Earth as we know it. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. The average temperature at the surface of the Earth has been increasing over the past century, mostly due to human activities. Warmer surface temperatures lead to increasing evaporation from the ocean and land, leading to an increase in global precipitation. Scientific studies have shown that extreme weather is more likely to become more intense with time. Human activities are...
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...The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850. By Brian Fagan. (New York. Basic Books. 2000. 246 pg. $12.34) The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 written by Brian Fagan is a well thought out theory of how European history (specifically 1300-1850 A.D.) relates to and in ways was affected by climate change. Brian Fagan provides us with in-depth details of the weather and climate at the time of certain events in our past to make connections and put a kind of reasoning behind why those people reacted in the way they did. Brian gives us these examples of ways peoples adapted to the climate with legitimate explanations that are hard to ignore as a realistic possibility. The book follows a theme of occurrences that happened prior (Medieval warm period) and during the time...
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...Every place, country, city, region has its own climate. Climate plays one of the important roles in people’s life. Climate is defined as the average weather, which means variety of weather conditions as rain, snow, hail, sun, and wind over period of time about 30 years that can be measured in any particular place.( IPCC Third Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001; editor:A.P.Baede) Climate change is a variation of average weather. There are 2 causes of climate change. The first is human activity which includes deforestation, burning fossil fuels, agriculture, transportation and infrastructure. The second is natural causes which include volcanic eruptions and variations in solar outputs. These causes have negative effect on the natural environment which leads to increasing of temperature, increasing in sea level, changing of precipitations, extremely weather, killing species of animals, birds, fish and plants. This essay will show that the causes of climate change have different effects on the environment. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations, volcanic eruptions and solar outputs, have negative impacts on animals, plants, and environment. Climate is always changeable. One winter can be early, another late; one summer wet, another dry (Carter 2000,34). For the last century climate has dramatically changed. Consequences of climate change may manifest itself as rapid and through the long period of time. Climate change could lead to number of catastrophic disasters as droughts...
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...Summary: Al Gore: clear proof that climate change cause extreme weather by Severin Carrell is an article that shows the effect of climate change. In the firsts paragraphs, the writer introduce Al Gore which is a former US vice president and the fact that he thinks that climate change cause extreme weather all around the world. Secondly, to support his statement Gore gives us many arguments and one of them was that many scientific discover that there was a connection between carbon emission and the increase of extreme weather. Also, to support his statement he use a lot of statistic. For example, he said that scientific proved that water vapor increase by 4% in 30 years. Finally, Gore says that the young generation is another big factor because it’s a generation of demand. In other words, young children are claimer regarding technology and this is not often green. Response: In my view, climate change cause extreme weather because human activity. Since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide¹. According to work published in 2007, the concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750. Also, I think the future impacts of climate change will be uneven. Many risks are expected to increase global warming. For example, low-latitude, less developed areas face the greatest risk. A study from 2015...
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