...Compressed Natural Gas more commonly known as CNG is as form of Natural Gas which is used in the transport sector. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly methane (CH4) and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Due to its low energy density for use as a vehicular fuel, it is compressed to a pressure of 200 - 250 bars to facilitate storage in cylinders mounted in vehicle and so it is called compressed natural gas (CNG). There are abundant supplies of natural gas in the world and most of these supplies can be developed and produced at a low cost as compared to other natural resources. Natural gas is one of the most cost effective means by which we can maintain the energy supplies but also reduce CO2 emissions. Natural gas is important in many sectors of the economy. It can be used for varied purposes such as electricity generation, an industrial heat source and can also we used for water and space heating in residential or commercial buildings. It can use to substitute petrol or diesel in the transportation sector. Among the fossil fuels natural gas has the lowest carbon intensity, hence emitting the least amount of co2 per unit of energy generated compared to other fossil fuels. It burns cleanly and efficiently with very few non carbon emissions. It requires limiting processing unlike oil. CNG is a clean burning fuel. Since it is mainly composed of methane, when burnt is produces carbon dioxide and water vapor which are the...
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...where pIGN represents the unburned gas pressure measured at spark ignition time, TIGN its temperature, evaluated by the use of equation (5), while m is the polytropic coefficient: this has been determined as the opposite slope of least square regression line representing Log p as function of Log V from 80 to 40 crank angle degrees before TDC. This procedure, applied to each single pressure trace, allowed taking into account the different heat transfer levels related to the several different compression ratios and intake temperatures employed in the tests (see Table 3 and Table 4). Once known the experimental location of knock onset, KO,exp, for each of the pressure cycle sampled, the KOCA KO,model estimated by the model has been determined by solving the knock integral of equation (3) and using the ignition delay time model of equations (4) in the crank angle domain:...
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...Natural Gas (CNG), Gas to Liquids (GTL), and LNG as an option for offshore gas transport [Author Name] [Institute Name] Abstract The main idea behind this paper is to understand the environmental impact by comparing compressed natural gas, gas-to-liquid, and liquefied natural gas as an option for offshore has transport. As, this study will give information about the environmental impacts related to natural gas and its major forms, which are assumed as an option for gas transport. The paper has explained the ways through which each gas is abusing environment in terms of mistreatment since massive excretion of gases have impacted on health ofenvironment as at times because of toxic gases marine life got disturbed, at times the specific region also experience acid rain and many other harmful effects that also destroys human’s health. Contents Abstract 2 List of figures 3 List of symbols 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Literature review 8 2.1. CNG 8 2.2. GTL 10 2.2.1. The GTL technology benefits environment 10 2.3. LNG 11 3. Discussion (comparison) 13 4. Conclusion 19 References 20 List of figures Figure 1: Forecast of world energy consumption Figure 2: Air pollutant emission by fuel type Figure 3: Environmental impacts of natural gas production, transportation and distribution Figure 4: Energy losses List of symbols CNG Compressed Natural Gas GTL ...
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...Supply 2.2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3.1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3.2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power v Current Hydropower stations v Potential Hydropower stations 3.3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3.4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4.1 Growing Energy Demand 4.2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4.3 Imbalanced energy mix 4.4 Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5.1 Economic Factors 5.2 Agriculture Sector 5.3 Industrial Sector 5.4 Unemployment 5.5 Social Issues 5.6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7.1 Judicious energy use/saving unnecessary energy usage v electricity saving devices v Awareness campaign for energy saving v Reduction in unnecessary transportations v Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries v Decreasing line/transmission losses 7.2 Developing new energy resources v Tapping indigenous resources v Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants v Import of natural gas v Utilizing alternative energy resources § Wind power § Biodiesel /Biomass § Solar § Tidal 1. Introduction: Energy is considered to be life...
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...different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicle's used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles. 1. Biodiesel 2. Electricity 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen 5. Natural Gas 6. Propane BIODIESEL Biodiesel is a fuel made by chemically...
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...Analysis of Users of Natural Gas segment in India ChirayuTrivedi 20141014 Deep Tigga 20141015 Mayank Gupta 20141033 Pranjal Kishore 20141050 Faculty Mentor: Prof. Sudhir Yadav In partial fulfilment for the term project IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM MANAGEMENT, PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Adequate supply of affordable energy is a pre-requisite for sustained growth, especially in the developing and emerging economies. Natural gas has emerged as most benign fuel in this regard. Natural Gas is a new age fuel. With only one carbon and four hydrogen atoms per molecule, Natural Gas has the lowest carbon to hydrogen ratio, hence it burns completely, making it the cleanest of fossil fuels. Natural Gas satisfies most of the requirements for fuel in a modern day industrial society, being efficient, non-polluting and relatively economical. The periodic uncertainties and volatility in both the price and supply of oil, have also helped Natural Gas emerge as a major fuel in the energy basket across countries. Sector Natural Gas is used Generation of electricity by utilities Fertilizer Industry Industrial As fuel for base load power plants In combined cycle/cogeneration power plants As feed stock in the production of ammonia and urea As an under boiler fuel for raising steam As fuel in furnaces and heating applications For heating of spaces and water For cooking As a non-polluting...
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...Requirements 3. Mass is the same, so if the whale is taking up less volume, the density must have increased. The whale has displaced a greater mass of water at the depth, so the buoyant force is greater. 20. Ice cubes float in water, and sink in alcohol. Anything with less density than the liquid that it's in will float. 22. It will increase 35. It would be harder on the top of a mountain because the pressure of the atmosphere is lower the higher you go. The atmospheric pressure pushes on the surface of the liquid when you suck which helps the liquid move up the straw. At sea level, the pressure is fourteen and a half pounds per square inch and reduces as you move higher. 43. When a steadily flowing gas flows from a larger diameter pipe to a smaller diameter pipe the speed of gas is decreases and pressure...
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...SISTEMA Definición: Porción del universo, objeto de nuestro estudio. Puede estar formado por uno o varios cuerpos los cuales pueden interactuar entre sí. Clasificaciones 1) Abierto: sin límites físicos. Intercambia materia y energía con el medio Cerrado: con límites físicos. Intercambia energía pero no materia con el medio. Aislado: con límites físicos. No intercambia ni energía ni materia con el medio. 2) Homogéneo: tiene solo una fase y todas sus partes presentan las mismas propiedades. Puede ser una sustancia pura o una mezcla. Heterogéneo: tiene 2 o más fases y cada una tienen distintas propiedades. METODOS DE SEPARACION: Sistemas Heterogéneos: 1) Decantación: para separar dos líquidos no miscibles se utiliza una ampolla de decantación. 2) Filtración: el papel de filtro permite pasar los líquidos que no tienen forma propia y se adaptan a la forma de los poros pero retiene los sólidos que si tienen forma propia y no logran pasar. ESCALAS DE TEMPERATURA 3) Centrifugación: Para separar un liquido de un sólido. La mezcla se coloca en una centrifuga, aparato que gira a gran velocidad. La fase solida sedimentara y el liquido podrá volcarse o aspirarse con una pipeta. 4) Tamización: para separar dos o más sólidos formados por partículas de tamaños bien...
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...begin to form on the outside of the jar will vary depending on the environmental conditions where the experiment is taking place. Observation At what point did you start to see water droplets? Can you explain what's happening? How could the water droplets be forming on the OUTSIDE of the jar when the ice is on the INSIDE of the jar, and the cap is screwed on tight? Where have you seen other natural occurrences of condensation? (here's a hint... think of what's on the ground on a cold morning). Result The salted ice quickly makes the sides of the glass jar very cold. As the water that exists in the air as a gas hits the cold sides of the jar, it changes into a liquid! This process is known as condensation, which is the opposite of evaporation. There is water in the air at all times, but we don't see it since it's in a gaseous state. Our experiment turns the gas into a liquid, allowing us to physically see the...
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...Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound.Impurities are either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial product. During production, impurities may be purposely, accidentally, inevitably, or incidentally added into the substance An interfering agent is a thing added to a sugar syrup to prevent crystallization. Coat is naturally the skin of humans and animals, or can refer to any one of the following:Coat, a layer of a certain substance, usually paint.*****Coat (animal), the natural fur coat of an animal.*****Coat (clothing), an article of clothing for humans.***Coat (dog), the natural fur coat of a dog.****Coat of arms, a heraldic design used to identify a nation, city, family, or individual.***Dogcoat, an article of clothing for dogs. Meringue, is a type of dessert, often associated with Swiss and French cuisine, made from whipped egg whites and sugar, and occasionally an acid such as cream of tartar or a small amount of vinegar. A binding agent such as cornstarch or gelatin may also be added. ****Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula KC4H5O6, is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking it is known as cream of tartar. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid, a carboxylic acid.***Sucrose is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline...
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...dissolved oxygen would be higher in the stream because of its moving water. The temperature in the wetland will be higher because the sun is directly on it. Testing six tubes from both the wetland and the stream, findings show the temperature did indeed prove to be higher in the wetland. However, the dissolved oxygen level was higher in the wetland as opposed to the stream. INTRODUCTION: pH is the level of concentration from Hydrogen ions within a substance. It is usually measured to determine how much aquatic life can be supported within an environment (Metro 1990). Along with having the correct amount to Hydrogen ions, both the stream and the wetland have a level on dissolved oxygen level. This level is measured to the amount of oxygen gas bubbles within the water that the aquatic life uses to sustain itself. This oxygen is also used to decompose of organic matter (Metro 1990). The purpose of this experiment is to test to determine to what levels of both pH and dissolved oxygen are processed by the stream and wetlands. . It was predicted that the dissolved oxygen would be higher in the stream because of its moving water. The temperature in the wetland will be higher because the sun is directly on it. METHODS/MATERIALS: Thirty-six test tubes were labeled with masking tape in order to differ between the wetland being tested and the stream being tested. Eighteen test tubes are labeled “Stream” and the other eighteen are labeled “Wetlands”. Separate the test tubes to test tubes...
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...of equipment and materials: * 500mL beaker * Bunts & Burner * Thermometer Description of how to control and measure the variables: * Room Temperature: The set room temperature in a room is most likely able to be controlled with the system. Room temperature is usually around 20°C. * Surface Area: The 500mL beaker is significant because if the surface area of the beaker is larger or smaller, than the results of the experiment will be incorrect due to the different volume of water. * Temperature (100°C): It is important to acknowledge that the temperature at which water boils is 100°C. This is controlled by how much gas and fire is released from the Bunts & Burner. * Time (seconds): The time is highly important. Time is controlled by how much gas is released from the Bunts & Burner. The lower the gas, the longer it will take for the water to boil due to low heat. SCOPE AND LIMIT The range of your measurements (from x to y) and the size of the increments within this range; I will vary the temperature between 20°C and 100°C (boiling point) in steps of 10°. Repeated measurements, average, etc. I will measure the time for the beaker with different amounts of water each trial time it drops 100mL and then I will find the average time for each trial. Next I will divide the average by 10 to find the average period. DATA AND PROCESSING What data are you going to collect? Sketch a relevant table...
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...initiation of URCP are very small, the effect of predicting failures are very hard which leads to the URCP phenomenon resulting in more catastrophic failures. The characteristic of the crack follows a sinusoidal crack path with hackle marks that indicate the direction of the crack in the longitudinal crack path. Often times a crack may split in to more than one branch. Figure #2: URCP Crack Historical Issues As mentioned previously since the use of PE tubes & pipes has been a large part of the industry, the URCP phenomenon is becoming a more and more common problem in the industry. Over the course of a couple of decade the following issues have been documented. * In October 1985, an incident related to URCP occurred in a PE gas system which was reported in Szeged (Hungary) over a length of 700 m. Other long running cracks were also observed on the tubes & pipesline system. The crack was initialed at the time of installation. * In 1989, an incident occurred in Antwerp (Belgium), a rapid crack occurred in a PE water tubes & pipesline system. The crack...
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...reactions over a long period of time. You should never allow the top of the condenser to be stoppered because if you attempt to heat sealed glass apparatus it may explode. Also, you should heat gently because there is a huge risk, when not heated gently, of the equipment exploding and breaking. Also, heating under gentle reflux means the solution can vaporise correctly. Distillation Distillation is when you purify a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. Water enters at the end of the tube. The thermometer is placed inside the distilling flask. Anti-bumping granules are used to provide many places where bubbles of gas may form as the water boils. The bubbles are small and rise steadily to the surface of the liquid where they burst. Without the granules, fewer but larger bubbles form. They rise and burst with such force that they shake the test tubes which can be a hazard. Recrystallisation We recrystallise in order to purify chemicals. In order to recrystallise, we first have to add a small quantity of appropriate solvent to an impure solid. Then we have to apply heat to dissolve the solid. After this, we have to cool the solution to crystallize the product. Finally we use a vacuum filtration to isolate and dry the purified solid. Melting point We use this to determine whether...
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...pulled to select the length in which a person needs to cover the bandage. Research of the effects of Traditional tape vs. Silicone tape Unlike traditional tape that increases adhesion over time, silicone tape delivers constant adhesive strength for as long as it’s left in place. MATERIALS SILICONE ADHESIVE POLYMERIC BACKING THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER ACRYLIC POLYMER BINDER BACKING PIGMENT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES General Physical Form: Solid Odor, Color, Grade: Opaque, white tape. Odor threshold Not Applicable pH Not Applicable Melting point Not Applicable Boiling Point Not Applicable Flash Point Not Applicable Evaporation rate Not Applicable Flammability (solid, gas) Not...
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