...The Rise of Air Transport and its impact on the Environment [pic] Table of Content 1 Abstract 3 2 Introduction 3 3 HISTORY OF THE WORLD AIR transport 3 3.1 How it all began 3 3.2 ICAO and IATA-history and reality 4 4 Air Transportation and the Environment 5 4.1 Demand for Air Transport 5 4.2 Environmental Impact of Aviation 7 4.3 CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer 7 4.4 Aircraft Water Emission 9 4.5 Nitrogen Oxides 9 4.6 Impact of Aviation on Biodiversity 10 4.7 Noise Emissions and its impact on humans as well as biodiversity 11 5 Cost of Aviation on certain examples 11 5.1 Aviation Cost for exotic flowers 11 5.2 The Berlin Airport Fiasco 12 6 Historical Trends in Aircraft Transport 13 7 Conclusion 14 8 Table of Figures 15 9 Sources 15 1 Abstract The following Assignment has the topic of showing the history of aviation and within this showing the environmental impact of aviation. Due to this the history is shown and in addition different types of problems connected to aviation such as carbon oxide and greenhouse gases are explained. At last there is an introduction in data’s showing aviation in its beginning as a mass transport and now. 2 Introduction Transportation - one of the most important sectors of the economy, performing the function of a kind of circulatory system in a...
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...Research Articles Emissions Trading and Carbon Credit Accounting for Sustainable Energy Development With Focus on India A. N. Sarkar Senior Professor (International Business), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi, India Abstract Global climate change is inextricably linked with the enhanced build-up of greenhouse gases. Emissions- trading in the form of carbon credits or CERs is opening up a new vista of trade opportunities with prospect for gradual reduction of emissions particularly by the developed nations under Annexure-I categories. Various national and international programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily by the non-government agencies have positively impacted on progressive reduction of emissions in many parts of the world. The paper highlights the emerging issues linked to the modalities of emission-trading, together with scope for developing sound accounting procedures for trading carbon credits. Paper discusses the opportunities for developing a sound marketing system of carbon credits with built-in efficiency in transactions, accountability and transparency in reporting systems with focus on India. Paper also GMJ,VOL 4,ISSUE 1 & 2, JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 underlines the need to comply with the Global Accounting Standards, Tax Planning, access to Multi-commodity Exchange Market, certification, verification and enforcement procedures for proper execution of emission-trading initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. The aspects...
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...Cemex: High Tech Cement Report title page +names of team members To be done Executive Summary To be done Question A. Based on case data outline the strategy followed by Cemex to achieve its position of prominence in the cement industry. What factors and resources equipped the company to grow so successfully over the period described in the case? Also, compare Cemex with Cisco. Where are they similar and where do they differ? Cemex utilized four key strategies to achieve a position of prominence in the cement industry. First, Cemex innovated state of the art technology to outperform competitors. Cemex leaders challenged the operations groups to develop more efficient ways ways to produce concrete and bought technology through acquisitions. A telecommunications network between 11 plants was established as early as 1988. The IT consulting group, Cemtec, was spun off which utilized online surveys to manage customer relations. Second, Cemex converted the commodity business into a specialty business by helping their end users improve profitability. E.g. in Mexico City, by guaranteeing delivery times of 20 minutes or less, the contractors maximize the cost effectiveness of the crews working on the site. Third, Cemex bought out competition in markets they wanted to expand influence. In some geographies, such as Mexico, Cemex owned >70% market share through acquisitions. Lastly, Cemex embraced risk management as one of its core competencies...
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...Economy Anonym PESTEL-Analysis of BMW Seminar paper Bachelor Business Administration Seminar paper Strategic Management Topic: PESTEL-Analysis for BMW Course of studies: Business Administration Table of Content Table of Content ............................................................................................ I Table of Figures............................................................................................ II 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 2. Automotive industry in the 21st century ........................................... 1 3. PESTEL Analysis for BMW ................................................................ 2 3.1 Political ................................................................................................. 3 3.2 Economical........................................................................................... 3 3.3 Social ................................................................................................... 4 3.4 Technological ....................................................................................... 5 3.5 Environmental ...................................................................................... 6 3.6 Legal .................................................................................................... 7 4. Conclusion...
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...ISSN 1836-8123 Hedging With Futures Contract: Estimation and Performance Evaluation of Optimal Hedge Ratios in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme John Hua Fan, Eduardo Roca and Alexandr Akimov No. 2010-09 Series Editor: Dr. Alexandr Akimov Copyright © 2010 by author(s). No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form, or stored in a retrieval system, without prior permission of the author(s). Hedging With Futures Contract: Estimation and Performance Evaluation of Optimal Hedge Ratios in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme John Hua Fan, Eduardo Roca and Alexandr Akimov Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia 4111 Abstract Following the introduction of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, CO2 emissions have become a tradable commodity. As a regulated party, emitters are forced to take into account the additional carbon emissions costs in their production costs structure. Given the high volatility of carbon price, the importance of price risk management becomes unquestioned. This study is the first attempt to calculate hedge ratios and to investigate their hedging effectiveness in the EU-ETS carbon market by applying conventional and recently developed models of estimation. These hedge ratios are then compared with those derived for other markets. In spite of the uniqueness and novelty of the carbon market, the results of the study are consistent with those found in other markets...
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...PART I. ITEM 1. Business Ford Motor Company (referred to herein as "Ford", the "Company", "we", "our" or "us") was incorporated in Delaware in 1919. We acquired the business of a Michigan company, also known as Ford Motor Company, which had been incorporated in 1903 to produce and sell automobiles designed and engineered by Henry Ford. We are one of the world’s largest producers of cars and trucks. We and our subsidiaries also engage in other businesses, including financing vehicles. In addition to the information about Ford and our subsidiaries contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011 ("2011 Form 10-K Report" or "Report"), extensive information about our Company can be found at www.corporate.ford.com, including information about our management team, our brands and products, and our corporate governance principles. The corporate governance information on our website includes our Corporate Governance Principles, Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Personnel, Code of Ethics for the Board of Directors, Standards of Corporate Conduct for all employees, and the Charters for each of the Committees of our Board of Directors. In addition, any amendments to our Code of Ethics or waivers granted to our directors and executive officers will be posted in this area of our website. All of these documents may be accessed by going to our corporate website and clicking on "Our Company," then "Corporate Governance," and then "Corporate Governance...
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...nl Internet: http://www.vu.nl/ivm vrije Universiteit amsterdam Contents Executive Summary 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8. 8.1 Introduction Environmental Policy and the Economy Environmental Policies and Productivity Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Innovation Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence Examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Employment Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and the Balance of Trade Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of...
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...Pollution and its effects on health and the environment 3. Technical Measure (like Emission Standards) and Non Technical Measures(like prevention of Fuel Adulteration) 4. Fuel Economy Standards and phasing out old Vehicles. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research paper is limited in the sense that it tries to study the pollution caused to the environment by the vehicular traffic. Pollution is a broad and extensive topic but this topic tries to limit itself to such pollution caused by the environment and not all other kinds of pollution. METHOD OF WRITING: This paper has largely been written in an investigative and an analytical style. SOURCES OF DATA: The researcher has primarily referred to secondary sources such as books and articles while writing this research paper. MODE OF CITATION: A uniform mode of citation has been used throughout this research paper which is based loosely on the style prescribed in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation(Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 17th ed. 2000). Table of Contents Sr No | Topic | Page No | 1 | Introduction | 3,4 | 2 | Pollution | 4 | 3 | Kinds of Pollution | 4 | 4 | Vehicular Pollution | 5 | 5 | Major vehicle/fuel pollutants | 6 | 6 | Health and environmental effects of vehicular pollutants | 6 | 7 | Various pollutants and its effects on Human health | 7 | 8 | Emission standards for Vehicles | 8 | 9 | Emission Standard for controlling pollution from new vehicles in India | 9 | 10 | Noise...
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...CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND Just twenty years ago, the dismantling of Cold War division in Europe began with parliamentary changes in Poland (Bochniarz and Cohen 2006). These changes initiated a domino effect in transformation of other Central and Eastern European countries (CEE); the transformation of Romania, East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria was soon followed by sweeping changes in Russia and Central Asia, affecting more than 400 million people (Chandler 2000). Needless to say, however, the transformation of Central and Eastern Europe near the climax of the 80s took the European Community (EC) by surprise. In the pre1989 era, the EC exercised only a limited relationship with CEE countries and showed no serious interest for a European project of political and economic integration that would include any of the CEE states. According to Gower (1999), this inability to foresee the potential of the CEE region strongly reflects the ineffectiveness in the EC policies. Shortly after transition to democracy, ten CEE states (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) declared their utmost desire to join the “family of Europe” (Andonova 2004). As the idea of EU membership for these newly independent democracies in Central and Eastern Europe started to gain some serious ground in the early 90s, the debate over enlargement and its economic, social and The first chapter is like a long foreword...
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...CEO interview Vision and strategy Q “Delivering value to your stakeholders is part of your mission. How do you achieve results while operating with sustainability and integrity? Are incentives for sustainable practices integrated into performance compensation plans?” SD challenges Sustainable solutions and construction Q “What is Holcim’s contribution to improve efficiencies in the building materials industry?” Energy and climate Q “Holcim appears to be ahead of its competitors with regards to its level of carbon emissions. How does Holcim plan to further reduce its CO2 footprint, while providing the construction materials for the schools, hospitals, homes and infrastructure the world needs?” Biodiversity and water Q “Reducing energy use will in turn reduce CO2 emissions and water consumption. How can Holcim ensure that the overall synergies between energy, climate, biodiversity and water are taken into consideration?” Our people Q “There have been complaints from unions regarding labor issues. What kind of measures is Holcim taking to prevent unfair labor practices?” Social commitment Q “How is Holcim’s business model able to improve the quality of life of the poor?” Performance data Methodology and assurance 30 36 28 22 18 14 10 10 2 3 4 6 Key to symbols: CR ARA see page in this report see our Annual...
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...Global Warming: Eye Opening Facts that it is Refutably upon Us Terrie M. Hornbeck Buena Vista University Author Note Prepared for: Laura Brahn’s Globalism Seminar Abstract In recent years, scientists noticed that the average temperature of the Earth was increasing and looked for causes for the change. It is clear that the Earth has had changes in its average temperature many times in the geologic past before humans were present (Enger & Smith, 2013). Therefore, scientists initially tried to determine if the warming was a natural phenomenon or the result of human activity. Several gases such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide are known as greenhouse gases because they let sunlight enter the atmosphere but slow the loss of heat from the Earth’s surface. Evidence of past climate change going back as far as 160,000 years indicates a close correlation between the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global temperatures. Computer simulations of climate indicate that global temperatures will rise as atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, and there are many others effects predicted by an increase in temperature. Since these predictions are based on computer models of climate, some scientists criticized them as being inaccurate and constructed from sketchy data. Because major disagreements arose over the significance of global warming, the United Nations Environment Programme established an Intergovernmental...
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...Corporate Carbon Strategies Threats and opportunities arising from the new energy imperative Reference Code: BI00036-019 Publication Date: March 2011 1 About the authors Professor Merlin Stone Merlin is Head of Research at The Customer Framework. He is author or co-author of many articles and thirty books and also on the editorial advisory boards of several academic journals. He has a first class honors degree and doctorate in economics from Sussex University, UK. In parallel to his business career, he has also pursued a full academic career, holding senior posts at various universities. He is now a visiting professor at De Montfort, Oxford Brookes and Portsmouth Universities, teaches economics for the Open University and marketing for Exeter University. Jane Fae Ozimek The author is a writer and researcher in the areas of IT, Business and the Law. Jane is currently editor of the Journal of Database Marketing and has previously published works on the use of statistics in business and Marketing Resource Management. Recent research papers include publications on the misuse of security protocols by major corporations, and a re-evaluation of the Loyalty Ladder concept in marketing theory. Jane was also co-author of the recently published Carbon Trading and the Effect of the Copenhagen Agreement (published by Business Insights, 2010). 2 Disclaimer Copyright © 2011 Business Insights Ltd This report is published by Business Insights (the Publisher). This report...
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...restructured State and Trends of the Carbon Market for 2011. The report still provides an overview of the size and reach of the carbon markets, as well as the evolution of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms, and offers potential supply/demand scenarios for coming years. However, it no longer includes a detailed breakdown of carbon transactions, as in previous years. Instead, the report provides a more in-depth analytical discussion of the regulation and policy issues that will guide future carbon market development. The findings and opinions expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be cited without permission. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, the countries they represent or of any of the participants in the carbon funds or facilities managed by the World Bank. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This report is not intended to form the basis of an investment decision. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Section 1 photo credit:...
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...(consulting/editing) TEAMKOM Kommunikation&Design (design) Netfederation GmbH (interactive online report) Photography Bildarchiv Daimler AG, Fotolia (icons p. 18/19) Production l in millions of € 8,116 10,139 10,179 j in millions of € 6,830 8,720 7,290 l Total vehicle sales in millions 2.2 2.35 2.55 j 1,451,569 1,565,563 1,722,561 j Unit sales of Daimler Trucks 461,954 484,211 495,668 j Unit sales of Mercedes-Benz Vans 252,418 270,144 294,594 j 32,088 33,705 33,162 l in millions of € 79,986 83,538 98,967 j in millions of € 2,369 2,471 2,383 l in g CO2/km 140 134 129 l Unit sales of Mercedes-Benz Cars Unit sales of Daimler Buses Contract volume of Daimler Financial Services Product responsibility Dr. Cantz’sche Druckerei Medien GmbH (reprography) Bechtle Druck + Service GmbH und Co. KG (printing) Contact j 10,752 CO2 emissions of the European fleet (vehicles from Mercedes-Benz Cars) Mirjam Bendak 129,872 10,815 Group net income Daimler Sustainability Report 2014. Publications Manager Thomas Fröhlich 117,982 8,820 Research and development expenditure on environmental protection For the publisher Daimler AG, Mercedesstraße 137, 70327 Stuttgart, Germany 114,297 in millions of € Profit before taxes on income1 Publisher in millions of € Operating profit/EBIT1 Operations-related environmental protection Daimler AG, HPC E402 70546 Stuttgart Tel. +49 (0) 711 17-0 (headquarters) Fax +49 (0) 711 17-790-95251 E-Mail: sustainability@daimler...
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...Economics of Climate Change Sachin Sharma 11060221060 Research Supervisor: Mrs. Sukalpa Chakrabarti A Dissertation Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics (2011 - 2014) Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) EXAMINERS’ CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation titled ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE submitted by has been assessed and graded towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Science (Economics) in the academic year 2011-14. ____________________________ (Signature) Name of Internal Examiner: _________________________________________ ____________________________ (Signature) Name of External Examiner: _________________________________________ Date: Time: Place: Symbiosis School of Economics CONSTITUENT OF SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (Established Under Section 3 Of The UGC Act 1956, By Notification No F9-12/2001-U.3 Of Government Of India) Submission Checklist | Tick the field on the left of the list | | INITIAL PRECONTENT MATTER | | Filled in all fields on the title page. | | Filled in the acknowledgments page. | | Filled in the executive summary page. Dissertation abstract is fewer than 350 words. | PAGE NUMBERS | | No page number...
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