...Literature Review on households / individual carbon footprints Households’ carbon footprints have fluctuated on a regular basis for many years. Why is this the case? Surely our carbon footprint should be reducing with ever increasing pressures from Governments and NGOs to consider the consequences of our lifestyles on the future of our planet. This is not the result though, “our needs and desires are expressed in the consumer demand for commodities, and it is this demand for goods and services which drives the production processes that consume resources” (Druckman, Jackson, 2009). Druckman and Jackson aim to understand carbon dioxide emissions from economic activity and “explore the variation in carbon footprints across different segments of society.” Druckman and Jackson found that affluence was a big factor in determining carbon emission disparities but it was not the only factor. Using a Local Area Resource Analysis (LARA) model, they realised that dwelling type and household composition also played a part. Using a variety of different methods and data, Druckman and Jackson tried to understand the variations in the UK’s carbon emissions. Examples of the different types of data in the literature were: “Allocation table for high level functional uses”, trends in CO2 and household expenditure in the UK and “CO2 emissions attributable to Supergroups”. In almost all research projects there are assumptions and limitations and this was also the case in this literature. Druckman and...
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...Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark e Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, PR China b a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 2 March 2011 Received in revised form 12 March 2012 Accepted 12 March 2012 Keywords: Carbon footprint Reverse logistics Greenhouse emissions Case study a b s t r a c t Due to the environmental legislation and regulations, manufacturing firms have realized the importance of adopting environmental friendly supply chain management (SCM) practices. In this paper, a mixed integer linear model is developed for a carbon footprint based reverse logistics network design. The proposed model aims at minimizing climate change (specifically, the CO2 footprint), and it employs reverse logistics activities to recover used products, hence combining the location/transportation decision problem. The proposed model is validated by examining a case study from the plastic sector. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction With the increasing environmental concern, resource reduction, depleting landfill capacities in many countries and...
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...either environmental for example CO2 emission, heat etc. or non-environmental decrease in efficiency. In order to make it efficient with both aspects environmental and non environmental there are some mechanisms so that a data center could be energy efficient and environment friendly. We can call it green data centers. Digital data grows tremendously day by day. Growth of data demands of data center for storage and management purposes. According to a report, digital data will increase approximately 44 times of current situation, which increases demand of data centers. Power consumption by data centers will increase accordingly,which causes different problems in addition with CO2 emission. Another report says that CO2 emission from data centers may exceed from any air line CO2 emission by 2020.which is an alarming situation for data centers. So, there is a need of such data centers which are energy efficient as well as environment friendly to meet the needs of present situation. Data centers which will not update their status with the need of time have risk to pay more than double for the same amount of energy requirements. Therefore, there is a need for making data centers green so that they can be energy efficient as well as environment responsible by paying appropriate cost. Problem Statement: Tremendous growth of data results in very high power consumption and demands power management. High power consumption results in high cost, excessive CO2 emission and many more problems...
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...Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region V (Bicol) Schools Division of Albay Bacacay East District Tanagan Elementary School Bacacay [pic] Science Investigatory Project presented to the Panel of Judges of 2015 Division Science Fair September 17, 2015 Camalig North Central School Camalig, Albay Presented by: ALEX BENDO Researcher ROCKY RABINO Research Adviser 2 Abstract Purpose One of the best ways to keep a yard clear of biting mosquitoes is to use a mosquito trap. When set up properly, just one or two of these ingenious devices can kill thousands of mosquitoes and all but wipe out a local population. The style of trap varies by brand, but generally they range from indoor units the size of air purifiers to large units that resemble barbecue grills. Some run on electricity, while others are powered by propane tanks. You can easily reduce the number of mosquitoes on your property with a plastic bottle trap that will attract and kill the mosquitoes. The liquid in each trap will last about two weeks, and then, it can be easily replaced. For increased effectiveness, place multiple traps around your house or property. Procedure Used Get a large 2 liter Coke/Pepsi/Fanta, etc plastic soda bottle. This is the kind that takes a couple of hands to hold onto. Empty the bottle by drinking or draining. Take the cap off and throw away. Just below the point where the neck of the bottle straightens out onto the body of the...
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...as unmanaged and mainly old-growth forests has been reported (NFI 2010 as cited in Krug et al. 2012). Meta-analysis of Luyssaert et. al (2008) has reported that such old-growth and unmanaged forests can continue to accumulate carbon in contrary to the long term stand view that they are carbon neutral. There is however an ongoing controversial dispute about the ability and magnitude of carbon dioxide sequestration exceeding decay processes in unmanaged forests (Krug et al 2012). Krug et al. (2012) further emphasize use of CO2 flux measurements based on critical considerations of uncertainties and system boundaries, use of wood products for material from managed forests and impacts of changing environment conditions leading to obvious increase in growth as facts for inadequacy to infer the importance of unmanaged forests for climate change mitigation compared to managed forests. Anthoni et. al. (2004) has reported that proposed sites have very similar net CO2 uptake rates. However, the data for short span of time was analyzed. So, it is important to see how the carbon uptake has varied after a decade of that study. Clais et. al (2005) reported that warming events (heatwaves in year 2003) may have negative impact on forest growth. There is evidence that weather-related extreme events, at the margins of current local climate distributions, will increase in frequency and intensity in the future (Palmer and R¨ais¨anen, 2002; Beniston et al., 2007 as cited in Smith & Lawson, 2012)...
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...org/cgi/content/full/305/5686/968#otherarticles This article appears in the following subject collections: Atmospheric Science http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/collection/atmos Information about obtaining reprints of this article or about obtaining permission to reproduce this article in whole or in part can be found at: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/permissions.dtl Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright c 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of AAAS. TOWARD A HYDROGEN ECONOMY SPECIAL SECTION REVIEW Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies S. Pacala1* and R. Socolow2* Humanity already possesses the fundamental scientific, technical, and industrial know-how to solve the carbon and climate problem for the next...
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...AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH is the 2006 Academy Award winning documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore's campaign to educate citizens about global warming via a comprehensive slide show that, by his own estimate made in the film, he has given more than a thousand times. The film highlights Al Gore’s efforts to spread out the seriousness regarding Global Warming and Climate Change i.e. how we humans have brought this upon us by increasing CO2 emissions and how our situation can be improved. He first highlights the vulnerability of the Earth’s Atmospheric Shell which is being filled with pollution and is so thin that we’re capable of changing its composition. As said by him “The sun's radiation comes in the form of light waves and that heats up the Earth. And then some of the radiation that is absorbed and warms the Earth is reradiated back into space in the form of infrared radiation. And some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by this layer of atmosphere and held inside the atmosphere. And that's a good thing because it keeps the temperature of the Earth within certain boundaries, keeps it relatively constant and livable. But the problem is this thin layer of atmosphere is being thickened by all of the global warming pollution that’s being put up there. And what that does is it thickens this layer of atmosphere” He explains using an animated video (on watching which even a layman would understand what...
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...FAKULTI PERAKAUNAN UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA 40450, SHAH ALAM Semester: 8 PROGRAM NAME : BACHELOR DEGREE OF ACCOUNTANCY (HONS) PROGRAM CODE : AC220 COURSE NAME : ACCOUNTING THEORY COURSE CODE : FAR 600 LECTURE : 2 hours/week TUTORIAL : 1 hour/week LECTURER : PROF MADYA DR FAIZAH DARUS CONTACT NUMBER : 03-55444996 (OFFICE), 0193350388 (HP) OFFICE :Puncak Alam AC614 Level 6, Shah Alam Menara SAAS Level 7, Room 717 email address : faizahd3@gmail.com CONSULTATION HOURS : MON 2-4, WED 10.30-12.30 COURSE OUTCOMES |CO1 |Discuss the various theories and paradigms in accounting. | |CO2 |Demonstrate an understanding on the concept of Islamic Accounting, the need for it and its differences to conventional accounting. | |CO3 |Evaluate the evolution of the conceptual framework and standard setting process, nationally and internationally. | |CO4 |Evaluate the relationship between accounting theories and framework to the practice in the real world. | PROGRAM OUTCOMES |PO1 | Able to apply knowledge and understanding of accounting and accounting related fields...
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...A RENEWABLE ENERGY WORLD - FUELING THE FUTURE WITH BIOMASS Malathi.N I year MBA, School of Management Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. ABSTRACT Concerns about the availability and long-term supply of petroleum-derived fuels have caused the search for alternative sources of energy. After a century of unprecedented growth in science, technology, and the economy, we now face tremendous challenges to our ability to fuel the future: a fluctuating oil price, a changing climate, and continued dependence on unreliable energy sources. These problems are increasingly personal, and the demand for solutions becomes increasingly urgent. The ultimate solutions will only come from fundamental innovations in science and technology. Liquid fuels will for some applications be necessary for an indefinite period of time. Therefore, defining relevant feedstocks, producing fuels from these feedstocks and the properties of these fuels are critical issues. The utilization of biomass resources assumes importance due to the soaring crude price and depleting reserves of fossil fuels coupled with the rising environmental concern. Ethanol derived from renewable ligno-cellulosic biomass of non-edible variety has been identified globally as the future solution for meeting the energy demand. Apart from fuel and energy, biomass can also be the source of large number of derivatives. Biomass can be used for fuels, power production, and products that would otherwise be made...
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...Abstract The researchers’ experiment aimed to determine what material would stay and remain the same with the most heat after being heated and cooled. In this way, one could see how climate in different countries and places are being affected with the materials around them. In this experiment, the materials that were used were water, salt, oil, 2 thermometers, containers, lamp/flashlight and a stopwatch. All these materials were arranged in a way that light from the lamp could be directly reach the 2 containers; this point was where the temperature of each was being recorded with the time allotted. In order to come up with a good result, the temperature was being checked after every five minutes and placed into data. The procedure was done three times for every material for the three trials. After testing, the oil absorbed a lot of heat, the water absorbed a little heat but kept it in while the soil did not absorbed much heat but when after, it was released easily. This experiment was to show how heat was being absorbed and released by different materials around. In this manner, one could associate it with the climate; how the materials surrounding the place can affect the climate and the specific materials that would greatly affect the climate in one place. CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction Climate change is a lasting and significant change in the distribution of weather patterns over a period of time that may be ranging from decades to even millions...
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...and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces the close relationship between poverty and environmental degradation, also examining the roles of gender in decision-making and the role of children as economic assets in fertility decisions. Finally, the author carries out a comparative assessment of the approaches and methods employed in the literature to explain the wide variation in findings and predictions. This literature review demonstrates...
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...and environment that began 150 years earlier, when Malthus voiced his concern about the ability of the earth and its finite resources to feed an exponentially growing population. The purpose of this study is to review the literature on population and environment and to identify the main strands of thought and the assumptions that lie behind them. The author begins with a review of the historical perspective. He then reviews and assesses the evidence on the relationship between population and environment, focusing on selected natural and environmental resources: land use, water use, local pollution, deforestation and climate change. The author also reviews selected recent macro and micro perspectives. The new macro perspective introduces the environment-income relationship and examines the role of population growth and density in mediating this relationship. The new micro perspective introduces the close relationship between poverty and environmental degradation, also examining the roles of gender in decision-making and the role of children as economic assets in fertility decisions. Finally, the author carries out a comparative assessment of the approaches and methods employed in the literature to explain the wide variation in findings and predictions. This literature review...
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...el Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Scales as a source of BIOFUEL Rsearcher: Jelyne Daryl F. Romero Background of the Study Fuels are substance that give off heat when they burn. Fuel provides our world energy use for heating, cooking, powering ships, cars, and machines and electricity. High prices of gasoline pose a problem to many people. Higher energy costs are flowing down into the costs of other products that we buy. And most people are affected especially the poor people. On the other hand, using the scales of Tilapia as a good source of BIOFUEL, in one way or another, will add to demand for said palm. The use and promotion of BIOFUEL in the country could be a “win-win solution” for both the people and the environment as the world is currently facing a phenomenon called global warming. The use of BIOFUEL will also unlock the country’s dependence on fossil fuels which price depends on the international market. Both Biodiesel and Ethanol are clean, grow-your-own fuels that can be made onsite in villages or local communities from renewable, locally available resources, for the most part using simple equipment that a local workshop can make and maintain. These fuels are among a wide range sustainable local energy options. Others are methane (biogas) digesters that run livestock, crop, and food wastes into cooking and heating gas, charcoal and fuel wood (good fuels unless over harvesting destroys...
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...Energy optimization in Mobile Networks University of Greenwich MSc Wireless Mobile Communication Systems engineering By: Basel Barakat I. Part one i. Introduction A. Research Area Wireless communication industry is growing exponentially. Today there are over 5 billion people use cellular phones and it is estimated that in the next four years there will be a 7 trillion wireless devices (LI-CHUN& RANGAPILLAI, 2010).The wildly spreading smart phones require a relatively high data rate, which eventually causes more power consumption. Recent studies are trying to develop a new technique for reducing the power consumption in cellular networks and making it more environment friendly, with taking the efficient power transmitting to the user on their consideration. The first mobile network consisted of only one base station; currently there are more than 4 million base stations worldwide to satisfy the huge demand on the mobile networks. On average each base station is using about 25MWh per year, which is about 60 percent of the total power consumption of mobile network (NAHAS et al., 2012). The focus of the proposed project is to increase the energy efficiency of the mobile networks without decreasing the quality of service of the mobile networks; it is combining and improving of suggested mechanisms to improve the existing mobile networks and hopefully to be implemented on future networks. B. Problems to be addressed The main issue that faces the decreasing of...
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...Energy optimization in Mobile Networks University of Greenwich MSc Wireless Mobile Communication Systems engineering By: Basel Barakat I. Part one i. Introduction A. Research Area Wireless communication industry is growing exponentially. Today there are over 5 billion people use cellular phones and it is estimated that in the next four years there will be a 7 trillion wireless devices (LI-CHUN& RANGAPILLAI, 2010).The wildly spreading smart phones require a relatively high data rate, which eventually causes more power consumption. Recent studies are trying to develop a new technique for reducing the power consumption in cellular networks and making it more environment friendly, with taking the efficient power transmitting to the user on their consideration. The first mobile network consisted of only one base station; currently there are more than 4 million base stations worldwide to satisfy the huge demand on the mobile networks. On average each base station is using about 25MWh per year, which is about 60 percent of the total power consumption of mobile network (NAHAS et al., 2012). The focus of the proposed project is to increase the energy efficiency of the mobile networks without decreasing the quality of service of the mobile networks; it is combining and improving of suggested mechanisms to improve the existing mobile networks and hopefully to be implemented on future networks. B. Problems to be addressed The main issue that faces the decreasing of...
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