...Thar - The Energy Pill for Pakistan Maida Siddiqui Moiz Tapal Ayesha Sarfaraz Usman Thar Coal Reserves C oal -the black gold is found in all the four provinces of Pakistan. Country has huge coal resources, about 185 billion tons (making Pakistan stand 18th in the world), out of which 3.3 billion tons are in proven/measured category and about 11 billion are indicated reserves, the bulk of it is found in Sindh province. The current total mine-able reserves of coal are estimated at 2 billion tones (60% of the measured reserves). The largest coalfield of Pakistan, Thar, is a resource potential of about 175 billion tones sufficient to meet country’s fuel requirements for centuries. The rank of Thar coal ranges from lignite-B to sub-bituminous-A with high moisture and low sulfur content. The average chemical analyses of the coal samples from the entire Thar coalfield are: Moisture | 46.77% | Volatile Matter | 23.42% | Fixed Carbon | 16.66% | Ash | 6.24% | Sulfur | 1.16% | Heating Value (Dry) | 10,898 Btu/lb | It is one of the world’s largest lignite deposits discovered by the Sindh Arid Zone Development Authority. In 1991, enormous coal deposits were conferred by the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the United States Agency for International Development, spread over more than 9, 000 sq. km. Estimated lignite deposits in Sindh, suitable for electric power generation and other applications are around 218 billion tons- about 98% of coal deposits of the country...
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...Energy crisis in Pakistan By Introduction of Energy Crisis in Pakistan:- Energy resources are the backbone of social economic development of any country. It is essential for the production and making of goods and other things like cotton sheets which contributes a lot of revenue in the budget of Pakistan. Energy is essential for running machinery in industrial facilities, industrial devices, lightening the cities and running the system of transport. Now a day there has been a massive improvement in the energy demand because of industrial development, increase in population, an increase in the manufacturing of households and enhancement of living standards. Therefore the demand of power is rapidly growing in the form of electricity, diesel, petrol and coal. As we know the Pakistan’s energy issues are rising because the production of energy is insufficient to meet the growing energy demands of Pakistan, which causes power crisis or an energy crisis in Pakistan. Pin It See all 3 photos Overview of Pakistan's electricity:- Pakistan’s electricity generation facilities are not precisely working well, they even thought to be underdeveloped and inadequately maintained. The regions of Pakistan could be going to face the critical energy problems, because of the weakening economy and rising of the rapidly increasing electricity demand in the course of the prior 10 years. Additionally we cannot see any considerable efforts to meet the demands of these energy problems....
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...Introduction of Energy Crisis in Pakistan:- Energy resources are the backbone of social economic development of any country. It is essential for the production and making of goods and other things like cotton sheets which contributes a lot of revenue in the budget of Pakistan. Energy is essential for running machinery in industrial facilities, industrial devices, lightening the cities and running the system of transport. Now a day there has been a massive improvement in the energy demand because of industrial development, increase in population, an increase in the manufacturing of households and enhancement of living standards. Therefore the demand of power is rapidly growing in the form of electricity, diesel, petrol and coal. As we know the Pakistan’s energy issues are rising because the production of energy is insufficient to meet the growing energy demands of Pakistan, which causes power crisis or an energy crisis in Pakistan. Overview of Pakistan's electricity:- Pakistan’s electricity generation facilities are not precisely working well, they even thought to be underdeveloped and inadequately maintained. The regions of Pakistan could be going to face the critical energy problems, because of the weakening economy and rising of the rapidly increasing electricity demand in the course of the prior 10 years. Additionally we cannot see any considerable efforts to meet the demands of these energy problems. In addition, transmitting failures due to outdated facilities...
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...should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade. Keywords: Energy, policy, environment, Pakistan. JEL Classification: Q48, Q47, Q5. I. Introduction Energy is the life blood of socioeconomic development. It is essential for technological applications that promote productivity increases. The three domains where energy is used are the production of electricity, the extraction/generation of thermal energy (heating and cooling), and transportation. During the past two centuries, fossil fuels (coal, oil, and...
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...Pakistan Energy Crisis: An Overview Contents Power Sector Highlights Pakistan Energy Stats Causes of Power Crisis Circular Debt Issue GoP’s Initiatives for the Power Sector/Sectoral Recommendations VTT’s brief Portfolio The Power sector was restructured in 1998 with the creation of PEPCO (Pakistan Electric Power Company)… Water & Power Development Authority’s (WAPDA) has been structured into distinct corporate entities comprising of 4 GENCOs, 10 DISCOs and one TransCO (NTDC). These 10 DISCOs are responsible for distribution to the end users. KESC meets its overall demand with its own generation plus purchase from NTDC, IPPs and from Karachi Nuclear Power Plant. The Current structure of the power sector is: Thermal power generation stands at 8,300MW but the thermal plants have low conversion efficiencies and are expensive to maintain/operate. Most of the thermal power plants installed by IPPs, use furnace oil which has become very expensive over the recent past. Hydro Power Only 34 % of total electricity generation is achieved thru hydro power. Currently we are producing 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 to 45000 MW Pakistan has a potential of producing wind energy ranging from 10000 MW to 50000 MW, yet power generation through wind is in initial stages in Pakistan and currently only a plant of 06 MW capacity has been installed in first phase in Jhampir by a Turkish company and...
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...Energy Crisis in Pakistan Shakeel Ahmed Bughio 14Me59 Introduction Energy resources are the dominant source of socio-economic advancement of any country. It is imperative for the creation and fabricating of stuff like cotton sheets which subsidize a lot of stock in the finances of Pakistan. Energy is required for functioning of machinery in industrial facilities and accesorries, brightening the cities and executing the system of transport. Now a days there has been a massive change in the energy insistence because of industrial progress, increase in population,casting of households and enrichment of living patterns. Accordingly the need of potentiality is briskly budding in the form of electricity,gasoline,fossil fuel etc.. During the time we do know that Pakistan’s energy affairs are ascending due to inadequate production of energy which lacks to accomodate the increasing energy demands of Pakistan...
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...Introduction Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan with 44 percent landmass of the country but has 5.6 percent of the population. The province which is almost half of the country’s land mass has been receiving least attention by successive governments since independence. Therefore the huge potentials of this province to become a strong economical hub could not be exploited and till today it remains the poorest of all four provinces. Apparently a barren province from agriculture point of view is rich in its natural resources. Huge reserves of mineral deposits, gas, oil and long sea shore makes this province extremely attractive at regional as well as at international level. The absence of basic development infrastructure and effective strategy coupled with backwardness, scant population base, rugged terrain exploited by sub nationalist leaders and sardars continue to undermine the progress and socio economic development of the area. Aim To carry out an indepth analysis of vast potential of natural resources in Balochistan with a view to suggesting a pragmatic natural resource development strategy for the province. Scope The paper will be developed in the following sequence:- a. Part I: Balochistan – Some Facts. b. Part II: Natural Resources – Potentials and Constraints. c. Part III: Recommendations. d. Concl. PART I FACTS ABOUT BALOCHISTAN Largest province of Pakistan, stretching over 44 percent of total area of the...
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...1. Introduction 2. Pakistan’s Energy Sector 2.1 Energy Supply 2.2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3.1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3.2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power v Current Hydropower stations v Potential Hydropower stations 3.3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3.4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4.1 Growing Energy Demand 4.2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4.3 Imbalanced energy mix 4.4 Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5.1 Economic Factors 5.2 Agriculture Sector 5.3 Industrial Sector 5.4 Unemployment 5.5 Social Issues 5.6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7.1 Judicious energy use/saving unnecessary energy usage v electricity saving devices v Awareness campaign for energy saving v Reduction in unnecessary transportations v Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries v Decreasing line/transmission losses 7.2 Developing new energy resources v Tapping indigenous resources v Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants v Import of natural gas v Utilizing alternative energy resources § Wind power § Biodiesel /Biomass § Solar...
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...Economic Growth of Pakistan. 1947, the year when one rupee was equal to one US dollar. But now it is 100 rupees against a US dollar. What US government did to maintain their dollars value which ours could not do, is a question every Pakistani wants to ask. Similarly, if we consider countries like Malaysia which got its free existence after Pakistan’s, they have grown economically more than us. In 2012, Pakistan’s GDP was 231 billion US dollars whereas Malaysian GDP was over 303 billion US dollars. Though Pakistan has God gifted resources like natural reservoirs of minerals, gas, coal, and human capital. Pakistanis are not less talented than people of any other country. Poverty is increasing as days pass, debts are increasing just because we cannot repay the debts and the interests on these debts. Inflation is increasing. Our GDP is also increasing but not as much as these mentioned factors. Hence the common men are suffering. Before I start with the recommendations, I just want to give you a glimpse of Pakistan’s economy since now. In the early four decades, Pakistan grew by a good rate of 6 percent, though the population grew rapidly per capita income got doubled and poverty level declined from 46% to 18%. Till 1980s, this growth was maintained throughout wars, and the changing government regimes. In 1990s; the economic growth rate declined to 4%, poverty rose to 33%, inflation and the debts increased too. Then in 1999, military formed its government Pakistan once again got on...
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...Major Export Markets: * Afghanistan * India * African Countries * Middle Eastern Countries * Iraq Cement contribution to Pakistan and types of cement: http://korea.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=254067068126022003113002086030082105022014038021002005108125075028021077000124074120033036018034122000060029112013006095005012025085028077060107095090096021075023071014042085123068105067114118084025004107115125119114080119018079109077006119118098068029&EXT=pdf 1. It constitutes 3 percent of the overall manpower of the country. 2. The cement industry of Pakistan generates significant revenue of Rs. 30 billion 3. The cement Industry of Pakistan makes a significant contribution of Rs.100 billion in the Gross Domestic Product of Pakistan. 4. The Pakistani cement industry has a surplus production capacity of approximately 12 million tonnes of cement and if this capacity is utilized, the additional produced cement could be exported in order to earn foreign exchange of approximately US Dollars 750 million. 5. Geographically north regions captures about 83% of the total share of cement while south region has a share of around 17% productions. 6. Portland cement with the share of approximately 90% to 94%. Furthermore, the other major types of cement product by plants in Pakistan also include Sulphate Resisting Cement, Blast Furnace Slag Cement and White Cement. This means that competition is based on proximity to raw materials and markets and it tends...
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...Pre-Feasibility Study (SUPPLY OF LIQUID HUMIC ACID PRODUCT) Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Head Office Constitution Avenue Sector G 5/2 Islamabad. Ph: 051-9225393 Fuel Research Centre-PCSIR, Off University Road, Karachi-75280 Tel: 021-34641937; 021-34641738 Fax: 021-34641754 E-mail: info@pcsir-frc.gov.pk; frc_pcsir@hotmail.com www.pcsir-frc.gov.pk Note: All services / information related to PMs Youth Business Loan are Free of Cost April, 2014 1. DISCLAIMER This information memorandum is to introduce the subject matter and to provide a general idea and information on the subject. Although, the material included in this document is based on data / information gathered from various reliable sources; however, it is based upon certain assumptions which may differ from case to case. The information has been provided on ‘as is where is’ basis without any warranties or assertions as to the correctness or soundness thereof. Although, due care and diligence has been taken to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in any of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the presented information. Fuel Research Centre PCSIR, its employees or agents do not assume any liability for any financial or other loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this activity. The contained information does not preclude any further professional advice. The prospective ...
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...THE ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN Submitted By GROUP 7 1. Abdul-Rehman (3702) 2. Rehan Hussain (3777) 3. Ubaid-ur-Rehman (3778) 4. Junaid Ghayoor Hussain (3780) 5. Muhammad Ansaar (3824) 6. Abdul Sami khan (3825) ABSTRACT Electricity Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is facing today. Electricity is essential part of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and overall living of ours. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses; our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing upto 18 hours of electricity outage a day, is expected to face more if not dealt with in time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the nature of this crisis and to propose some short-term as well as long-term solutions to this problem. This study is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and sketch up some recommendations in the light of identified hurdles in the way of implementing the appropriate solution to our problem. Our study finds some major wholes in our system if they are covered up we can not only overcome the deficiency of electricity in our systems but also we can be able to export it to our neighboring countries. The basic flaws that our study identified are related to circular debt, and the inadequate capacity of our electricity production and distribution systems. Also we emphasized on some prospective alternatives to...
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...Pakistan and china relations Submitted to: Miss. Ayesha hanif Submitted by: Myrah Anwaar 43 Sidra Awan 38 Sara Amjad 40 Ridha Masood 32 Aimen Siddique 36 Javaria Jamil 02 Table of Contents Executive summary: i China: 1 Pakistan 1 Introduction: 2 Background : 3 Sino-Indian war: 4 Timeline of Important events: 5 Diplomatic relations: 6 China support on Kashmir issues: 6 Sino Pakistan boundary agreement 6 China –us relation with the help of Pakistan 7 China support after 9/11 8 Trade relations: 10 Free Trade Agreement: 10 Exports: 12 Imports: 13 Kashgar Special Economic Zone (KSEZ): 14 Thar Coal Project: 15 Influence of china-india trade relation on pakistan : 15 Pakistan-china military relation 17 China and Pakistan defense ties 17 The Indian influence in military relations: 19 GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN 20 Location of Gwadar port: 20 CONSTRUCTION OF GWADAR PORT: 20 GEO-STRATEGIC...
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...Financial Analysis of DG Khan Cement Company Ltd. Preface As the world is growing rapidly, the businesses are also moving to become the huge one. And by that result, more and more people want to become a master in these businesses. The main purpose in the finance field is to know how the financial analysis is done. We all know that finance is the blood of any business and without it no business can run. Financial analysis of a company is very difficult and the most important task and by doing this I am able to know the whole financial position and financial structure of the company. Simply by looking at how much cash a company has does not provide enough information. The financial statements need to be analyzed to measure a company’s performance and to compare it with other firm’s in the same industry. The resulting information is intended to be useful to owners, potential investors, creditors, analysts, and others as the analysis evaluates the past performance, future potential and financial position of the firm. This report is an analysis of financial statements of D.G. Khan Cement Company Ltd. This report has been prepared with an objective to develop analytical skills required to interpret the information (explicit as well as implicit) provided by the financial statements and to measure the company’s performance during the past few years. The financial statements are analyzed using traditional evaluation techniques such as horizontal analysis, vertical...
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...diversification, generation and efficient allocation. The answer lies in the attainment of optimal energy mix through fuel substitution by promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy and interregional co-operation. However, oil and natural gas will continue to be the world’s top two energy sources through 2040; accounting for about 60 percent of global demand. Gas being the fastest growing major fuel source over this period is expected to grow at 1.6 percent per year from 2010 to 2040 as estimated by “The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040” is given in Figure-14.1. Figure 14.1: Global energy demand by fuel type (Quadrillion BTUs) 250 Quadrillions British Thermal Units 2010 200 150 100 2040 2040 2010 From its peak in 2025, coal will decline by more than 10 percent of total Hydro/Geo 2010 2040 Latin America and China are the biggest users of hydro power, which makes up over 80 percent of total Hydro/Geo supplies 2040 50 0 2010 2010 2040 2010 2040 2010 2040 Source: The Outlook for Energy: Aview to 2040 Pakistan’s economy has been growing at an average growth rate of almost 3 percent for the last four years and demand of energy both at production and consumer end is increasing rapidly. Knowing that there is a strong relationship between economic growth and energy demand, the government is making all possible efforts to address the challenges of rising energy demand (Box-1)....
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