...IS IT BETTER TO BE MAD OR BAD.1 This essay will discuss normal and abnormal behaviour and how the definition of psychologists differentiates although defining normal and abnormal behaviour can be problematic because there is no single definition. It will also look at the current treatment of mental health and how to tackle these issues in the future. There are many ways that normal and abnormal behaviour can be defined for instant one concept is based on statistical for example something which is unusual to the society. Statistically: In this definition of abnormality behaviors which are seen as statistically rare are considered to be abnormal. In terms of statistics, abnormal behaviour involves any behaviour that is significantly different from the norm. for instance some one who is very clever is considered normal in terms of cleverness average on the other hand if some one is less or below the average he or she is considered abnormal. Therefore in the statistical impression, strange behavior improper behaviour could be classified as abnormal. Deviation from Social Norms defines the change or deviation of an individual, from society's traditional acts for example in some cultural backgrounds when couple are getting married women is responsible for every thing while others give the responsibility to the man and they thing other except from their tradition cultural believes is abnormal and they think if some does something different that he or she is deviated from cultural...
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...Such Negative Thoughts? PY3103: Psychopathology Syed Mohammad Alwi Aidid James Cook University (Singapore) 12717347 Tutorial C Abstract Ruminative thinking has been found to be one of the most common symptoms in patients suffering from unipolar depression due to their tendency to reflect upon themselves negatively. In this essay, the manner in which this thinking pattern has been found to worsen patients’ depressed condition is further investigated. Subsequently, a large part of it will explore research on two forms of treatment that have been tested for its work with depressive rumination, specifically, metacognitive therapy, which seeks to removing patients’ Cognitive Attentional Syndrome and alter their metacognitive beliefs, and rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy, that aims to help reduce maladaptive ruminative styles and helping patients adopt a more concrete, process-driven and specific style of thinking instead. Finally, a potential avenue for treating depressed patients’ ruminative thinking patterns, imagery is investigated further. Key words: rumination, unipolar depression, metacognitive therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, imagery restructuring, treatment. Depression is a highly common illness, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that, as of 2012, 350 million people are afflicted by it worldwide (World Health Organization, 2012). There are many different subtypes of this illness, one of which is unipolar depression. Also known as...
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...depression such as Bio polar, and major depression (Unipolar). But no matter what the diagnosis is or how serious the depression is, depression is not trivial and is a real health condition contrary to what some people believe. It is not something that you can just snap out of and more importantly it is not a sign of weakness. For many people depression can affect them in different ways to other people with the same condition but normally the symptoms are similar. These can range from lack of sleep or too much sleep, weight loss or gain, unpredictable mood swings, thoughts of self-harm or suicidal tendencies, low self-worth, and no interest or motivation. These are just a few of the psychological symptoms but the major question in which this essay will try to answer is what is the major cause of depression is. Is it psychological or sociological? This...
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...In this essay I will be assessing the different psychological perspective to study. In order to do this will be looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the Behaviourist Perspective, Psychodynamic approach and the Cognitive Perspective Firstly the Behaviourist Perspective has a number of strengths including the fact that it can successfully be applied to classical and operant conditioning to its theories. Systematic desensitisation is based on classical conditioning to treat phobias. Another strength is that it uses scientific methods of research. This is particularly strength because the experiments are objective, measureable and observable. On the other hand this perspective comes with its weaknesses, including the approach focuses heavily on the nurture side of the nature/nurture debate. It suggests that all behaviour is learned but cognitive and biological elements have been proved to affect behaviour. The Behaviourist perspective also arises some ethical issues such as using animals in their experiments. This is because animals cannot give consent to take part and wasn’t able to withdraw. The psychodynamic approach strengths is that they focused on the effects of childhood experiences have on the developing personality. This is strength because Freud was the first psychologist to realise the importance of childhood. This led other psychologist including Piaget to develop theories on childhood. Another strength is that it takes nature and nurture into account. This...
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...Can a humanistic model of counselling be integrated with a cognitive one? In this essay I am going to compare the Person-Centred Therapy founded by Carl Rogers and the Cognitive Therapy Model of Aaron Becks. I shall compare the two approaches, outlining the theory to explain their similarities as well as their differences. I shall compare the two approaches to show whether a humanistic and cognitive approach can be integrated successfully into a therapy session. In order to compare the two approaches it is necessary to summarise the main features of the two. Cognitive Therapy in brief can be described as: 1. Formulating a plan for treatment. 2. Focussing on the current, presenting problems as defined by the client. 3. Goal setting. 4. Time-limited. 5. Agreement to set and complete homework. 6. Connecting the way a client thinks about situations and how they feel and behave in order to change these thoughts. 7. Assisting the client in identifying and using coping skills for self-help in the future. Cognitive Therapy (CT) is organised around a formulation devised by Becks in 1976 to assist patients who were suffering from depression. The aim of CT is to understand the person's environment, values, beliefs and the way the person assesses events in their life. The CT model evaluates how people believe that a situation affects their feelings, behaviour and their view of 'self' and 'others'. A CT Therapist believes these views will be distorted...
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...SAJ DEVSHI (C) AQA Psychology (A) Psya2 A* Students Model Essays The A* Students Handbook For More Psychology Resources visit: www.Loopa.co.uk C HAPTER 1 A little about me Firstly thank you for purchasing this book for AQA Psychology Psya2 (Paper 2). A bit about me: My name is Sajan Devshi and I was a private student that self-taught myself AQA Psychology from 2011-2012 and I received my certificate in January 2013 Achieving an A* Grade. The certificate you can view on my website http://www.loopa.co.uk - You can also get my other A* model essay answers from there too for the other topics I did. I achieved an A* grade overall scoring two A’s in Psya1 and Psya2 as well as 100% in both my A2 exams (Psya3 and Psya4) My final score was 373/400 ums points. (You only needed 90% in A2 and 320 for an A* grade). So basically I didn’t just beat the boundary - I absolutely smashed it. How did I do it? It wasn’t easy and I am by no means some savant genius. I made great notes and essays that simplified things for me as I had no teachers and it is these notes I share with you now for Psya2 and the essay questions that can be asked for it. If your curious to know more about me you can visit my website at http://www.loopa.co.uk There it tells you more about me, how I self-taught myself as well as contact me directly for help and advice as well as get my other essay answers there instantly. Theres also great resources there too with more added on a weekly basis...
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...Introduction Davies and Bhugra (2004) noted that, the humanistic and cognitive-behaviour approaches to therapy share little more than a resounding belief in the need for a strong therapeutic alliance to affect positive and lasting change in behaviour, thoughts and attitude of clients seeking therapeutic intervention. The difference lies in the application of the techniques and the beliefs underlying the origins and treatment of psychological problems, which are associated with the physical illness and biological abnormalities of one sort or another. (Davies, and Bhugra2004). According to Barker (2003) a therapeutic alliance is a situation in which patient and psychotherapists are bound together in working towards mutual communication and understanding. This means that the professional hopes to engage with and effect change in a patient. In addition, Gabbard (1994) noted that the essence of therapy is a transaction between two collaborating human beings with the goal of helping the patients, and that there is no right treatment approach. Different theoretical models and treatments strategies may apply flexibly over the course of treatment. This essay will compare and contrast humanistic approach and cognitive behaviour approach, and discuss their relevance to psychiatric nursing practice. Both approaches will be applied to the management of anxiety. The humanistic approach According to Bugental (1967), the humanistic approach is concerned with the...
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...Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour “Self-defeating behaviour is the idea that sometimes people knowingly do things that will cause them to fail or bring them trouble. It is defined as “any deliberate or intentional behaviour that has clear, definitely or probably negative effects on the self or on the self’s projects.” The concept of and theories behind why a person behaves in ways that are self-defeating is one that has been examined by many psychological approaches over time. In this essay I will define and explain self-defeating behaviours, their origins, causes and reasons for maintaining them, together with examples of such behaviours. Subsequently I will focus on two approaches to addressing self-defeating behaviours, incorporating similarities and differences. The two approaches I have chosen to look at are Cognitive Behavioural therapy and Person Centred I will then give my personal thoughts as a student counsellor. The origins of self-defeating behaviour can often be traced back to childhood. One trigger may be constant criticism whereby the child is told that he/she can never do anything right, is useless and so on. This can lead to the child engaging in self-defeating behaviour that reinforces their resultant poor self-image. If the parent(s) are seen as the most important people in the child’s life, fear of disappointing them, or of not being able to meet their standards or expectations can result in developing self-defeating behaviour. The child may not even...
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...In this essay I will analyse in reference to the case study, how psychological theory informs our understanding of mental health disorders. I have chosen the following two theories to analyse, Psychodynamic and Cognitive. I will also evaluate how certain therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Psychotherapy may help or change a depressed person’s behaviour. Depression is a potentially disabling illness that affects many, but is understood by few. Suffers often do not recognise the nature of this terrible illness until they are so devastated that they can no longer help themselves. (Ainsworth 2000). According to Houpt 2010, Jamie is clearly showing signs of depression. Jamie is exhausted and his schoolwork is falling behind. He has fallen asleep in class and states that he feels depressed and anxious. He also feels a great sense of loss and his eating behaviour has changed drastically. Houpt states that depression reduces, depresses and slows a person’s functional level. It slows mental and bodily activities. Therefore a slowed mind is unable to process and respond to all incoming data. Adolescent depression is a mental and emotional disorder affecting adolescents and teens. More commonly referred to as teenage depression, adolescent depression is not medically different from adult depression and can affect a teen’s personal, school, work, social and family life therefore leading to social isolation. Empfield and Bakalar, 2013). A psychodynamic...
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...model of counselling be integrated with a cognitive one? Discuss with reference to the work of Rogers and Beck.” In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the main features of humanistic and cognitive behaviour therapies. I will state my ideas on integrating aspects of the two models; discuss any difficulties I foresee and critique with regard to diversity and my own experiences. The humanistic model of counselling is an approach which is grounded in the positive view of humanity and the uniqueness of each individual. It was founded by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. It focuses on the belief that we are all born innately striving towards becoming fully functioning, (Rogers, 2004). This approach is non-directive; (Mearns & Thorne, 1999) state: “the importance of rejecting the pursuit of control or authority over other persons.” The relationship of client and counsellor is based on equality with the belief that the client is the authority of their own life and the counsellor is “a guest within the client’s world of experience.” The counsellor will use the core conditions of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard to enter into the client’s internal frame of reference. The belief with this therapy is that the relationship is all that is needed to effect change and if clients are being accepted unconditionally, they can learn to accept who they are and reconnect with their true selves. Cognitive Therapy (CT) developed by Aaron Beck in the 1960s...
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...Disorder Specific Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Interventions – WHM-M-030 Introduction The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current theory and empirical literature for using a transdiagnostic approach in cognitive behaviour therapy and it’s relevance in current practice. I will discuss the theory and evidence for using a transdiagnostic approach and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered...
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...Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors Diploma in Counselling Studies Title Describe the four major theories of counselling: Psychodynamic, Cognitive Behavioural, Behavioural and Humanistic with reference to relevant literature (3000 words). Student: asdfdsf Date: 28th May, 2014 Words: 3097 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Key Figures 4 Basic Assumptions and Key Concepts 7 Therapy – goals, clinical relationship and techniques 10 Conclusion 14 Appendix A – References 16 Introduction This essay will present and contrast the workings of the three major theories of counselling psychology mainly – psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and person-centred. First I will describe what psychology is and what counselling entails, then I will explain why there are different schools of thought around counselling psychology, before introducing each in turn. My discussion will examine the three theories or approaches for a history of the founder and a rationale for why they were led to introducing a new therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and processes employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the client and the various situations to which the theory can be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory...
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...Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors Diploma in Counselling Studies Title Describe the four major theories of counselling: Psychodynamic, Cognitive Behavioural, Behavioural and Humanistic with reference to relevant literature (3000 words). Student: asdfdsf Date: 28th May, 2014 Words: 3097 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Key Figures 4 Basic Assumptions and Key Concepts 7 Therapy – goals, clinical relationship and techniques 10 Conclusion 14 Appendix A – References 16 Introduction This essay will present and contrast the workings of the three major theories of counselling psychology mainly – psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and person-centred. First I will describe what psychology is and what counselling entails, then I will explain why there are different schools of thought around counselling psychology, before introducing each in turn. My discussion will examine the three theories or approaches for a history of the founder and a rationale for why they were led to introducing a new therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and processes employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the client and the various situations to which the theory can be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory...
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...aggressive behaviour. Psychodynamic approach Psychodynamic approach could say John experienced some kind of emotional disturbance/trauma when he was going through the Psychosexual developmental stages he is verbally aggressive and has now started drinking which would say he could have regressed back to being fixated around the oral stage. Around the oral stage a child will develop an ego and will start to differentiate himself from others. The ego has many defences projection seems to be a big one for John he is projecting his anger from his dad to his boss and his boss to his wife and family. He is also displacing his angry thoughts of his boss and father onto his family as it may be that John is threatened by his father and boss so goes home and takes it out on his wife and family instead who he is not intimidated by. Behaviourist approach Behaviourist approach says all behaviour is learnt. John exhibits several behavioural problems which could be related to learnt behaviour, such as his great need for his bosses approval of things, which has an obvious relationship/connection to his childhood role model his father who was often angry and critical this is classic of the social learning theory. John’s family are reinforcing his aggressive behaviour by giving in to him when he is verbally intimidating, his answer to his problems is alcohol which he believes is making him feel better these are prime examples of operant conditioning. Cognitive approach Cognitive Psychologist...
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...McGuffin, & Farmer, 2008). In contrast to discoveries of this nature, a study conducted in Taiwan concludes that many depression sufferers perceive the cause of their depression to be social and cultural factors, making little mention to biology (Fu & Paraboo, 2009). Although medication has proven successful in many cases for alleviating depressive symptoms, considerable amounts of research have determined that external factors such as personal misfortunes or stress, cultural and societal influences, such as social norms, and socioeconomics can impact the onset of depression (Kendler, Karkowski, & Prescott, 1999). This ongoing and complex argument of the extent to which external factors contribute to depression will be discussed in this essay, with the aim of proving that biology is not the core contributor to depression. Depression is a very common disease, affecting approximately 10%-25% of...
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