...Learning disabilities and cognitive development Effects of learning disabilities on cognitive development Within our society today people are forced to realize that others learn in a variety of different methods. One aspect that many people do not take into account however is the impact of learning disabilities have on the cognitive development of an individual. According to the National Center for Learning Disabilities, there are around 2.4 million students that have diagnosed learning disabilities that are receiving special education services [ (Team, 2014) ]. This accounts for approximately 4-5% of the total number of students being taught in schools today. With such a significant amount of children in schools today with some form of learning disability, there is definitely an impact on their cognitive development as well. In order to better understand what types of cognitive developmental effects can be had on a person with a learning disability, it is first important to understand what cognitive development is. Jean Piaget developed a theory that cognitive development consisted of four key stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operation. Piaget proposed that a person, or child more specifically, will progress through the first three stages earlier in life, then finally coming to rest in the fourth and final stage for much of the lifespan of that individual. According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development consists...
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...COGNITIVE LEARNING What is cognitive learning? Not all cases of learning can easily be captured by classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Learning would be extremely inefficient if we had to rely completely on conditioning for all our learning. Human beings can learn efficiently by observation, taking instruction, and imitating the behavior of others. Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism that provides the means of knowledge, and goes well beyond simple imitation of others. Conditioning can never explain what you are learning from reading our web-site. This learning illustrates the importance of cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skill by mental or cognitive processes — ;the procedures we have for manipulating information 'in our heads'. Cognitive processes include creating mental representations of physical objects and events, and other forms of information processing. How do we learn cognitive? In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite active, in a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information. Cognitive learning enables us to create and transmit a complex culture that includes symbols, values, beliefs and norms. Because cognitive activity is...
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...computer-generated writing and grammar suggestions inviting the consideration and analysis of the writer; they are not infallible statements of right/wrong, and they should not be used as grading elements. Also, at present, WritePoint cannot detect quotations or block-quotes, so comments in those areas should be ignored. Please see the other helpful writing resources in the Tutorials and Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence. Thank you for using WritePoint. Cognitive Dissonance PSY400 April 16, 2012 Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger made his way into the world of psychology by introducing the theory of cognitive dissonance (Myers, 2010). Cognitive Dissonance is a reduction in a person’s discomfort that is [Wordiness: see if you can remove "that" or "that is"] from physical and or ["and or" is an awkward construction, a shortcut appropriate in a legal document, not in academic writing] emotional pain that he or she feels [Style suggestion: if "felt" is used in the sense of "to believe or think," it is a cliché and vague; use a form of "believe" or "think"] that a...
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...COGNITIVE ORIENTATION TO LEARNING Introduction Orientation to learning in the early years was stressed upon in debating which orientation to learning is best suited for a working environment, namely behavioural learning or cognitive learning. As years pass, learning is becoming a more active, constructive and goal oriented process (Shuell, 1986). Basically, learning is no longer based on studying or obtaining knowledge from a certain source alone but can be achieved through performing tasks or activities and learning from past experiences as well. Thus, the more suitable style of learning is none other than cognitive learning in which Boud (1998) described that it emphasizes on the internal attributes of the mind while furnishing views based on the form of knowledge needed for working performance and their development. The purpose of this paper is to determine the advantages and the shortcomings of the cognitive style of learning in the workplace which has evolved over the years. In addition to that, this paper will also briefly describe the behavioural orientation to learning as it acts as the other style of learning within the workplace when cognitive learning does not see fit. At the end of this paper, the outcome will be referring to whether cognitive learning orientation is appropriate and should be undertaken in the workplace to improve employee learning, performance and development. Advantages of Cognitive Learning Glaser (1984) defined cognitive learning as how...
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...degree of precision of articulating the learning objectives is directly related to achieving the desired learning outcomes. Additionally, learning objectives can be derived from a knowledge/skill gap identified in a front-end needs analysis. Consequently, the goal of creating learning objectives is to provide a means of clarifying the purpose of instruction to ensure the training/education is successful and the objectives are achieved. Clearly identifying learning objectives improves the communication between the instructor and the learner for a given course/learning module so the student knows precisely what is expected of him/her. When the objectives of a course have been clearly identified and presented in an orderly progression, the desired learning outcomes will be attained. They may also assist in the choice of the instructional delivery method(s) and instructional strategies when designing a learning activity, as well as establishing criteria for student performance when assessing student learning outcomes (Dick, Carey, & Carey, 2005). “When clearly defined objectives are lacking, there is no sound basis for the selection or designing of instructional materials, instructional strategies, or assessments” (Mager,1999) . “A properly written objective tells you what specific knowledge, skill, or attitude is desired and what method of instruction and criteria for learner achievement are required” (Lohr, n.d., pp 7). A learning objective (also referred to as instructional...
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...“Between stimulus and response there is a space. In that space lies our freedom and power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and freedom.” Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph.D (Man's Search for Meaning; 1946 ) Everyone of us, Human or animal alike, have been living in this world since the primordial time. Coping with every change that had happened and developing new routine in everyday life. Routines that may soon be etch with in our system. That will eventually turn out to be a habit. A habit that will consume our senses until it will all become our Behavior. As to Psychologists, Behaviorism is more concerned with behavior than with thinking, feeling, or knowing. It focuses on the objective and observable components of behavior. Behaviorism focus on behaviors that can be observed only. Behaviorism deals with the consequences of behavior and those behaviors can be rewarded or punished. (Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2006). An overview of the behavioral perspective. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. ) HISTORY Behaviourism is derived from the belief that free will is an illusion. According to a pure behaviourist, ( John B. Watson (1878-1958)) human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. Alter a person's environment, and you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Provide positive reinforcement whenever someone perform a desired behaviour, and soon they will learn to perform the behaviour...
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...Social Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship and suggests that learning involves a behavior change whereas according to social cognitive theory learning is an internal process that may or may not lead to a behavior change. According to social cognitive theory, people and their environments mutually influence each other (Ormrod, 2011). People learn from the environment they are in, people they interact with, and behaviors they watch. People can learn by observing others and as they become older they can set their goals based on the accomplishments and the results of that learning. People learn by observation is the basic assumption of the social cognitive theory. The person who demonstrates a behavior for someone else is the model for the learner (Ormrod, 2011). According to instrumental conditioning, learning is a process of trial and error (Ormrod, 2011, p.324). Learners observe different behaviors and try to adopt those behaviors, if any of the learned behaviors bring desirable results; those behaviors stay with...
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...Through the process in college searching, three things are certain: every person has an idea of what they want to study, where they want to attend, and what their college experience is going to be like. Well taught professors, comfortable dorms, and good food are all on the checklist. However what I’m looking for in a University is a spirited, outgoing student body, and professors that are down to earth and genuinely care about their students. The quality of the teaching is something I truly care about. I look for professors that will be available throughout the day for extra help and actually teach instead of just lecture. I’ve learned in high school that everyone processes and learns new information in three main cognitive learning styles....
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...of Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline PSYCH560/Cognitive Psychology December 3rd 2011 Evolution of Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline Cognition Cognition is typically referred to as the procedure of obtaining, retaining, using and applying information or knowledge. It can sometimes be defined as the science of knowing. Cognition “refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used” (Neisser, 1967). When defined broadly, cognition includes the processing of emotions; however, if defined narrowly, it excludes emotion processing. Cognition includes all the mental processes. For example, attaining knowledge and understanding, thinking, remembering, assuming, perceiving, judging and even analytical problem-solving are all part of cognition. Given such a comprehensive definition, it is evident that cognition is concerned in everything a human being might probably do; every psychological experience is a cognitive experience. However, although cognitive psychology is related to all human activity rather than a few segments of it, the apprehension is that it is from a specific point of view yet other viewpoints are evenly justifiable and essential. The Interdisciplinary Perspective & Emergence of Cognitive Psychology As well as being part of psychology as a whole, cognitive psychology is also part of the more general interdisciplinary subject of cognitive science...
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...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
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...Language Essay Ryan Butler Psychology 360 August 29, 2011 Professor Newlin LANGUAGE Have you ever wondered how we speak? How about why our communication is considered a language and other animal’s communication is not considered language? A wide range of beliefs exist on what defines language. Thus, by exploring the definition of language and lexicon, evaluating language’s key features, the four levels of language structure and processing, and the role of language in Cognitive Psychology, an understanding of what language is becomes clear. Let us begin by defining language and a term named lexicon. LANGUAGE AND LEXICON DEFINITION One big question, when the subject of language comes up, is exactly what language is. What constitutes something as a language? By explaining one definition of a language, and a term associated with language, called a lexicon, a definition of language transpires. Thus, the Willingham (2007) text mentions four certain characteristics communication must possess to, officially, be considered a language. One of these characteristics is that language must be communicative, and thus be communication between individuals in some form or another. Secondly, the symbols standing for words must be arbitrary, and thus have no reason for representing a word. Third, a language must be structured, and not arbitrary. For example, if I say a dog was walking on a sidewalk I cannot say a sidewalk was walking on a dog. etc. Fourth, a language must be...
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...Cognitive Processes Paper Psych/560 June 6, 2013 Prof. Pitt Cognitive Processes According to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), learning is a natural task carried out by humans to facilitate better and more fulfilling life development. In general, human beings learn through, observation or even through other classical methods. Humans learn how to adapt to specific disciplines as well as how to ignore some unnecessary responsive stimulus though classical methods. However, in applying the available learning methods, human beings must pass through a comprehensive cognitive process. There are several types of stimulus or cognitive processes common in human growth and development. Different people employ the available cognitive processes at different times in their life time. The identification of the common cognitive processes as well as their purpose in human development is exceptionally decisive in facilitating the understanding of human cognitive development. Common Cognitive Processes By referring to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), the first main cognitive process is perception. Perception entails the front-end process which helps in the organization and interpretation of the received information. Perception is usually based on auditory information as well...
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...Cognitive Processes According to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), learning is a natural task carried out by humans to facilitate better and more fulfilling life development. In general, human beings learn through, observation or even through other classical methods. Humans learn how to adapt to specific disciplines as well as how to ignore some unnecessary responsive stimulus though classical methods. However, in applying the available learning methods, human beings must pass through a comprehensive cognitive process. There are several types of stimulus or cognitive processes common in human growth and development. Different people employ the available cognitive processes at different times in their life time. The identification of the common cognitive processes as well as their purpose in human development is exceptionally decisive in facilitating the understanding of human cognitive development. Common Cognitive Processes By referring to Robinson-Riegler and Robinson-Riegler (2008), the first main cognitive process is perception. Perception entails the front-end process which helps in the organization and interpretation of the received information. Perception is usually based on auditory information as well as visual information. Perception is acquired through observation and listening to the emerging information, as well as organization of the received information in human mind. The second main cognitive stage is identification process. Although this process...
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...Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology studies how people think. It also studies how people remember, perceive, and learn. It focuses on how humans store information. This fairly new branch of psychology is set up to establish ways to improve memory and increase the ability to make accurate decisions. It is also used in education to develop curriculum that facilitates learning (Cherry, n.d.). Understanding cognition has many implications. In education, it can improve the retention of information and thus place more value on learning. In the work place it could potentially improve efficiency and productivity. Jean Piaget was the first psychologist to systematically study cognitive development, especially in children. He developed many tests to expose various cognitive abilities. Through these tests, he was able to put to rest the assumption that children are less competent thinkers than their adult counterparts. In fact his research showed that children think in ways completely different than adults (Jean Piaget, n.d.). Noam Chomsky argued in the 1950’s that linguistics should be seen as an extension of cognitive psychology; however, he opposed the traditional learning theory of how language is acquired. According to Chomsky’s views, aspects of knowledge and ability in linguistics are a direct result of one’s innate ability to use it. This is termed language acquisition device, or LAD. Language acquisition devices enable children without developmental...
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...This essay will confirm this theory by analysing bilingual’s cognitive affect in memory, task switching and attention and demonstrate how these aspects relate to having a better academic performance. Numerous studies were found measuring and comparing memory, task switching and attention of bilingual and monolingual children. Result have indicate that bilingual consist of many cognitive advantage that outperformed monolinguals in cognitive task, however bilingual experience more difficulty when approaching in verbal and vocabulary task. Overall Studies showed evidence of cognitive advantage in bilingual children that may result in a better academic performance. Bilingual Children and Academic Performance Education is a form of learning and acquiring the knowledge and skills that are transferred from one generation to the next. (Lee, 2009) Academic performance in a student educational journey is one of the most significant aspects in regards to a child’s academic outcome. In many cases it is often promoted that being bilingual is a contributing factor to enhancing a child’s academic performance. In Australia, statistics show that there are around 22 million Australians speaking in approximately 400 different languages or were either bilingual (Australian Bureau Statistics, 2009). As statistics highlight the fact that there is an increasing rate of people who communicate in more than one language, researches are shifting towards the need for support and understanding of bilingualism...
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