...Mark Lipsey preformed a study on offenders to see which methods of intervention work best to decrease recidivism rates. The cognitive behavioral approach showed a 26% decrease in recidivism compared to other groups (like a 22% recidivism decrease with the behavioral method, a 5% decrease with individual therapy, and a 12% decrease with meditation). The cognitive behavioral model showed the greatest decrease found in the study (Lipsey, 2009, pg. 19). Such a decrease is a big step in the right direction and hopefully in time there will be more studies to see what else can be paired with CBT to further decrease recidivism rates. In addition to decreased recidivism rates, cognitive behavioral therapy is effective for with both juveniles and adults, offenders who abuse substances and have violent tendencies, as well as probationers, parolees, and inmates. This is incredibly valuable information because probation and parole officers deal with such a variety of clients based on age, substance abuse, violence, and their backgrounds (Clark, 2010). It is extremely important to be aware that there is a counseling method that is known to be successful...
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...Cognitive model and behavioural model are two of the most common approaches that have been using by the marketers to understand the consumer behaviour. Both approaches have their own supporters who are the theorists or marketers. However, there has been an argument that about which model describes the consumer behaviour the best existed in markets for decades. “Consumer behavior is widely understood as a problem-solving and decision-making sequence, the outcome of which is determined by the buyer's goal-directed processing of information.” (Foxall 1992, p384). Cognitive model describes the consumers go through a few processes that consist of a few steps to achieve their purchase decisions among some alternatives. Although cognitive model sounds make sense and persuasive, it does not really have empirical facts to prove that it really works in all the real market. However, cognitive model do exist in the real market world in some buying situations. The main factor that affects the feasibility of cognitive model is the involvement of the consumer products. The higher the involvement of the product category, consumers are more willing to spend time for the decision making process. However, this does not mean general low involvement products will only suitable to describe as behavioural purchase. For example, when individuals buying a pen, they will make their purchase decision in behavioural way instead of cognitive way since the product is low involvement product and it occurs...
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...Mr. Scott states “I don’t see color when I’m helping an individual, if you’re in front of me that means you need my help”. Theoretical Perspectives Mr. Scott tends to follow the Cognitive Behavioral Model. Levitt et al, (2014) believes that behavioral or cognitive- behavioral paradigm is the most action oriented of the theoretical groups. Mr. Scott feels that CBT allows the counselor to help the client change their way of thinking therefore changing how they act. He believes this to be true despite your state of thought. He also uses a form of CBT that is new to me, Dialectical behavior therapy or DBT is the family of CBT, the difference lies in the fact that DBT is somewhat specific to certain mental diagnosis. The theory behind DBT is that some people are prone to react in a more intense manner toward certain emotional situations. (Psych Central,2015) Mr. Scott uses CBT and DBT to help his clients change the negative thought and behaviors they...
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...2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0276146712463823 jmk.sagepub.com Blaine J. Branchik1 and Tilottama Ghosh Chowdhury1 Abstract This research chronicles the changes in the understudied and rapidly evolving male market segment using two related studies: (1) a content analysis of advertisements in fifty-one years of Sports Illustrated magazine and (2) an experiment involving age-based differences in consumer ad perceptions. Both investigate changing ad values and the ethnic diversity of ad models. Results indicate that the male market is becoming increasingly self-oriented in its values orientation as a result of broad societal changes and changing gender roles. Increasing use of black or African American models in key positions indicates a growing acceptance of minorities as representations of the ideal self among younger men, who express a preference for black or African American models. This finding speaks to the increasingly multicultural nature of society and the impact of minority celebrities on American culture. The results are indicative of the power of advertising in both reflecting and facilitating societal change. Keywords advertising, male market, societal change, ethnicity, gender, culture, macromarketing Introduction American men, as a cultural entity and market force, are undergoing rapid change. This metamorphosis is reflected in men’s increasing focus on their bodies (Alexander 2003; Pope, Phillips...
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...THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to cognitive constructivism...
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...the entire period of writing this study. I would not be able to complete this research without their precious advice. Meanwhile, I would also appreciate Professor Yung-Ming Shiu’s encouragement and insightful comments on my proposal and final defense. I would like to also thank everyone at the Institute of International Management and Business Administration, National Cheng Kung University, who has contributed to the completion of this thesis. Finally, I would like to appreciate my family members, who have offered their constant support for my study here and thank them for be always by my side. Abstract Keywords: Personalities, Core self-evaluations, Extraversion, Herding behavior, Individual investors’ performance, Cognitive dissonance, Return, Satisfaction. This research examined the relationship among investor psychology, herding behavior and investment performance. Four hypotheses were tested using survey data collected from 250 individual investors in Vietnam stock markets. The findings showed that core self evaluations are positively related to herding behavior. In addition,...
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...Task analysis and human-computer interaction: approaches, techniques, and levels of analysis Abe Crystal School of Information and Library Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill acrystal@email.unc.edu Beth Ellington School of Information and Library Science University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill elliv@email.unc.edu ABSTRACT In this paper we critically review task analysis models and techniques. These approaches to task analysis are discussed in order to develop a richer picture of human activity, while analyzing their limitations, general weaknesses, and possibilities for improvement. We consider their ability to determine the appropriate set of atomic actions in a task, their effect on workers’ motivational needs, their support of users’ cognitive and sociocultural processes, and their effectiveness in supporting interface design. We note that the major approaches have focused on very different levels of analysis, and call for greater integration of these different levels in task analysis theory. Keywords Task analysis, cognitive modeling, activity theory. INTRODUCTION Practitioners and researchers routinely advocate building user-centered systems which enable people to reach their goals, take account of natural human limitations, and generally are intuitive, efficient and pleasurable to use (Preece, Rogers and Sharp, 2002). Central to the design of such systems is a clear understanding of what users actually want to do: What...
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...most concepts are components of theories or explanations. Unquestionably, changes of theory change concepts, and new concepts, or revisions of old ones, can alter theories. In psychology, concepts of mind must be developed or discovered, much as in physics, for we cannot see at all clearly into our own minds by introspection. So we need experiments in psychology; they sometimes suggest concepts far removed from common sense, or what we seem to be like. A concept is typically associated with a corresponding representation in a language or symbology; however, some concepts do not have a linguistic representation. The meaning of "concept" is explored in mainstream information science, cognitive science, metaphysics, and philosophy of the mind. A prototype on the other hand, is an early sample or model built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from. Prototype is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics, and software programming. A prototype is created to test and experiment a new design to improve precision by system analysts and users. Prototyping helps to offer specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one. They are handmade early versions of...
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...Can a humanistic model of counselling be integrated with a cognitive one? In this essay I am going to compare the Person-Centred Therapy founded by Carl Rogers and the Cognitive Therapy Model of Aaron Becks. I shall compare the two approaches, outlining the theory to explain their similarities as well as their differences. I shall compare the two approaches to show whether a humanistic and cognitive approach can be integrated successfully into a therapy session. In order to compare the two approaches it is necessary to summarise the main features of the two. Cognitive Therapy in brief can be described as: 1. Formulating a plan for treatment. 2. Focussing on the current, presenting problems as defined by the client. 3. Goal setting. 4. Time-limited. 5. Agreement to set and complete homework. 6. Connecting the way a client thinks about situations and how they feel and behave in order to change these thoughts. 7. Assisting the client in identifying and using coping skills for self-help in the future. Cognitive Therapy (CT) is organised around a formulation devised by Becks in 1976 to assist patients who were suffering from depression. The aim of CT is to understand the person's environment, values, beliefs and the way the person assesses events in their life. The CT model evaluates how people believe that a situation affects their feelings, behaviour and their view of 'self' and 'others'. A CT Therapist believes these views will be distorted...
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...Cognitive psychology is defined as the study of mental processes. Mental processes can be classified as problem solving, thinking, remembering, speaking, perceiving, learning, and even reasoning. Cognitive psychology is mainly based on studying how a person obtains and stores information from the world that they live in. It also studies the way that people use this information as a beneficial factor or how they understand things. Cognitive psychology was said to get its original rise as a response from other approaches that had been proved to have flaws. There was also a link between the studies of the mind that eventually lead to the study of behavior. Since behaviorism had some minor flaws, the development of cognitive psychology occurred because of the disagreements of behaviorism. There are many different key milestones in the development of our own cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, information processing, criticisms of behaviorism, and connectionism are 4 of these milestones. All four are associated with different aspects of the mind. The milestone neuroscience, is said to examine how the nervous system and the brain work together to determine behaviors. People who specialize in this field are referred to as neuroscientists. They are able to account for various behaviors such as intelligent behavior through the tactics of hypothetical representations, abstract constructs, and processes. Neuroscientists are able to use techniques of localization in identifying brain areas...
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...learned predisposition • Attitudes have consistency • Attitudes occur within a situation Tricomponent Attitude Model A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. Structural Models of Attitudes • Tricomponent Attitude Model • Muliattribute Attitude Model • The Trying-to-Consume Model • Attitude-toward-the-Ad Model The Tricomponent Model • Cognitive Component • The knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by a combination of direct experience with the attitude object and related information from various sources. • A consumer belief is a psychological association between a product or brand and an attribute or feature of that product or brand 1 5/22/2015 The Tricomponent Model • Affective Component • A consumer’s emotions or feelings about a particular product or brand. • Purchase decisions are continually influenced by affective response • It is comprised of both our knowledge of stimuli and our evaluations of them Attitude models that examine the composition of consumer attitudes in terms of selected product attributes or beliefs. Multiattribute Attitude Models • Conative Component • The likelihood or tendency that an individual will undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. A model that proposes that a consumer’s attitude toward a specific behavior is a function of how strongly he or...
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...There is also an issue of nomothetic vs idiographic; some theorists adopt a nomothetic approach while others adopt an idiographic approach. Individuals that adopt a nomothetic approach create theories based on what we share with others, and find general laws that can be applied to large groups of people, for example behaviourism is a nomothetic approach. On the other hand the idiographic approach goes into large detail for the individual to investigate why we are unique, for example Freud’s theory is an idiographic approach. There are six principle psychological perspectives which are applied to the understanding which includes; behaviourism, social learning, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and developmental. These perspectives can be used to explain the development of individuals. Cognitive development starts when developing from when we are born. It refers to how intelligence, conscious thought and problem solving develop from infancy. As well as improving the ability to think, learn and reason. Jean Piaget...
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...century neurologist began studying brain damage in patients, more specifically their research has examined the effect of brain damage and its implication for normal cognitive functions. It has therefore being argued that in order to understand a working system, one must understand how it can fail, (Jansari, 2010 p. 59). This can refine and possibly constrain existing theories, as well as inspire the formulation of future concepts with regards to the structure of normal cognition. Evidence is based on case studies of individual brain damaged patients who show deficits in particular areas of the brain, from such studies researchers infer that different areas of the brain are highly specialized. Furthermore the development of more accurate techniques, aided by more effective research paradigms has increased our understanding of cognitive functions, in areas such as disassociation, plasticity, memory, localization and face processing, which would be explored later in the essay. Cognitive neuropsychology has however shown that there are limitations in understanding cognition where questions regarding methodology may arise, for instance studying single patient symptoms may pose problem for generalization. This essay would therefore provide an account of how neuropsychology has contributed to our understanding of normal cognitive function, utilizing evidence from case studies to highlight these issues. Neuropsychological cases have been crucial in developing our understanding of brain modularity...
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...provided some example questions. Remember the likely sources of exam material: • Material Found in Book & Slides (found both places) – MOST LIKELY • Material Found Only In Slides (I have placed an ASTERISK on slides with non-book content that is exam material) • Material Found Only In Book (e.g. definitions, frameworks,…) Strategy & Strategic OB: K&K Chapter 1: Definitions (key terms): contingency approach, human capital, management, organizational behavior, social capital, Theory Y, total quality management Reading: p.5-16 (just the top of 16) Key concepts Human Relations Movement Theory X, Theory Y Total Quality Management Deming’s 85-15 Rule Contingency Approach Human Capital Social Capital Congruence Model Organizational Culture & Socialization: K&K Chapter 2: Definitions (key terms): adhocracy culture, anticipatory socialization, change and acquisition, clan culture, enacted values, encounter phase, espoused values, hierarchy culture, market culture, mentoring, onboarding, organizational culture, organizational socialization Reading: p. 36-54 (just the top of 54) Key...
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...Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Computer Science Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Available online 14 September 2007 Abstract Since its birth, more than five decades ago, one of the biggest challenges of artificial intelligence remained the building of intelligent machines. Despite amazing advancements, we are still far from having machines that reach human intelligence level. The current paper tries to offer a possible explanation of this situation. For this purpose, we make a review of different learning strategies and context types that are involved in the learning process. We also present the results of a study on cognitive development applied to the problem of face recognition for social robotics. Ó 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Intelligent systems; Cognitive development; Context; Social robotics; Face recognition 1. Introduction The golden dream of artificial intelligence (AI) remains to design and build systems showing human-like intelligence. Nowadays, the machines can perform remarkable things: there are chess algorithms able to play at international masters complexity levels, applications to coordinate the deployment of troops on the battle field, computer aided tools which allow us to design from the most powerful microprocessors to the most sophisticated airplanes. But, on the other hand, despite of the high complexity of the previously mentioned systems, none of them is able to, for instance, interpret the...
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