...Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can cause psychological distress. A positive way to get rid of those behavioral patterns is that of reinforcement and be able to correct them. The therapist that works with Cognitive Therapy usually shows a lot of empathy to the client and will help the client as much as they can to be able to decide on a treatment plan that would be beneficial to them (Beck, A. T. (2012). Supporting Evidence Cognitive therapy was traditionally developed as a traditional therapeutic approach to mental illness. As mentioned previously; the goal of Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive Behavior Therapy is to teach the clients how to evaluate their behavior and how to accept and deal with the mishaps of life (Corey, G. 2009 p.279). The therapist will challenge the client’s...
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...Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Your Name Course Information Professor May 2013 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Abstract Depression is a common psychological problem that has both physical and mental symptoms. “Some authorities have estimated that at least 12% of the population have had or will have an episode of depression of sufficient clinical severity to warrant treatment” (Beck, 1979). Some of the features of depression include negative thought processes and loss of concentration or memory. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has emerged as one of the most promising treatments for the problem of depression. CBT has many advantages in treating depression, such as helping patients recognize and address negative thoughts. However, there are limitations and CBT is not always accepted as a viable treatment option for some. This paper addresses the goals of CBT in treating depression, the advantages and limitations of CBT for depression and explains how the therapy works to treat depression. Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 1 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy “Since its introduction in the 1970s, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression has become one of the most widely investigated...
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...The cognitive explanation of depression is a psychological explanation proposed by Beck. He believed that people who are depressed make fundamental errors in logic. Beck (1991) proposed that depression is rooted in three maladaptive assumptions: negative thoughts of self, of circumstances, and of the future which is known as the cognitive triad. He suggested that depressive people draw illogical conclusions which lead to a distorted reality. An example of these cognitive distortions is Maximisation, the tendency to exaggerate the significance of an event. There is also Minimisation, the tendency to underplay a positive event. Beck also does not rule out a genetic component as he also suggests that negative cognitions may be as a result of inheriting different characteristics and that traumatic events and negative treatment in childhood can create negative schemas. A strength of the cognitive explanation of depression is that it has practical applications for the treatment of depression. They have stimulated huge amounts of research that has contributed to our understanding of the disorder and how to treat it. They have given rise to one of the most effective treatment for depression – CBT. This theory therefore contributes to our understanding and treatment of depression. A further strength comes from the study conducted by Lewinsohn (1981). He measured self-esteem and depression related cognitions in adults for a year. He found that depression related cognitions arose alongside...
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... What separates depression from regular sadness is the amount of time it last. People who suffer from depression experience long term periods of sadness, those lasting anywhere from two weeks or longer. It prevents them from being able to complete daily activities due to a lack of desire or motivation (Depression, University of Maryland). Depression is a common disorder that affects 21% of women and 12% of men (Depression, Depressiontoolkit.org). Depression can be treated depending on the severity of the illness, an alternative medicine used to treat depression is St. Johns Wart. St. Johns Wart efficacy seemed to be based on the area where the studies where done. When they were conducted in Germany where the herb had a long history of medical use the study yielded more positive results. A systematic review was done on 29 clinical studies. The studies used St. Johns Wart, a placebo, and antidepressant...
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...mood or prolonged emotional state. Almost anyone can suffer from mood disorders including children. These disorders range from depression, bipolar disorder to mania. In each of the states of the disorder, the person is either in a euphoric state or extremely sad state of mind. Although a person may experience mood changes in their life, and may be happy at times and then sad other time, it become a psychological disorder when the symptoms last longer than a certain amount of time. Depression is the most common mood disorder. With depression comes feelings of overwhelming sadness, lack of interest in activities, and excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness. People who suffer from depression feel they have failed tremendously in life and therefore find it hard to be sociable, they are always tired, and they never feel comfort or pleasure. They find it hard to concentrate on anything and they lose interest in sex and food as a result. Some of the signs of depression include changes in short-term memory, insomnia, and in extreme cases suicide weighs heavily on their minds. There are two categories for depression; major depressive disorder is the term used to describe intense sadness, depressed mood, and loss of interest in almost everything. Dysthymia is a milder form of depression with the same symptoms, the difference being this form of depression only last for about two years. Mania is the state in which a person becomes euphoric, or extremely active, excessively talkative...
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...Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression University of Phoenix Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Introduction It is not uncommon for a person to experience feelings of unhappiness or depression. For a majority of people, such feelings are often short-lived. However, for others, it may be a long-term battle that lasts for a longer period of time; it’s those people who experience unvarying unhappiness or depression, which can be deemed as a depressive disorder. Having depressive disorders has the capacity to trespass into a person’s everyday life. Additionally, it has the ability to cause hurting associations between the person who is experiencing it and the people who are close with the person. Depression is a familiar state for most people; however, it can be a severe illness that can have far-reaching affects. Definition of Depression Depression is considered to be a psychological state that entails an elongated period of sadness (Lewis, 2003). Depression is depicted as a mixture of symptoms that slow down a person's capacity to function properly. Depression may only take place briefly within a person’s life, but it is typically recurrent. Depression has the capability to make the sufferer’s life agonizing; a sign, which means that adequate treatment, is required. It should be noted, however, that the illnesses within depressive are not all comprised of similar symptoms; the severity, regularity and period of symptoms...
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...life. Depression is a mental disorder that can affect how a person acts or feels on an everyday basis, but this must be present for at least two weeks before diagnosis. Something that can be said is that some people choose to be depressed, but no one chooses to be depressed and still something that person must live with (“10 Little Known Facts About Depression”). Also, if a person thinks that their depression is hard on them then they should know that it could be ten times worse on family members and friends (“10 Little Known Facts About Depression”). So when a person is depressed, they should not turn to drugs or alcohol,...
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...Mental illness is a range of mental health condition disorders that affect your mood and behaviour. Depression is a sign of weakness and change in mood that requires medical condition in emotional, physical, and behavioural symptoms you can and should be treated. Types of Depression is Major Depressive Disorder which is most common if people feel sad, hopeless, and lacks focus in their life. Seasonal Depression also known as Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD that is common between the seasons of fall and spring. Postpartum Depression is only in women and is common during the women’s hormone level, after the birth of her child. Bereavement Depression is common after grieving of a loss and often takes weeks, months, or years to recover but,...
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...Diagnosis: Major depressive disorder (MDD) Treatment: Sequence Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Justification for Diagnosis: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by the presence of five symptoms of the disorder appearing for a two week period and for there to be a change from previous normal mood. It must also be accompanied by depressed mood or loss of interest in activities. The case study gives insight from Gary saying he has felt sad “all the time” since the past month and this is supported by his son, whom states Cary has “not been himself” in recent months. These signs are indicative of a change in Gary’s regular demeanour as described by his son and also the symptom of MDD that includes experiencing depressed mood for nearly every day for more than a two week period...
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...Depression, one of the most common of the diagnosed mental disorders, is troubling the college students in an increasing rate. Psychologists define depression as mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for an extended period of time. Although it may sound simple, this ailment should not be underestimated; it must be understood well to avoid grave consequences. Most of the college students fail to notice that they are afflicted by depression, which in turn greatly affect their academic performances. It is imperative that these students be aware of this disorder in order to survive their university lives. First, it should be known to all that depression is caused by many factors instead of believing that it is caused by a one-time event such as failing an exam. Depression among college students may be rooted on their inability to adjust to the culture of their university. Changes in their environment, being away from the family, and new peers and influences stress these students, and when they fail to adapt, they inevitably fall into the abyss of depression. The increased competitiveness in the universities and greater academic demands of parents add to these factors which push students to be depressed. Failure to accomplish these goals and responsibilities over and over is another great leap to sadness and frustration. The different lifestyle of being a college student is another factor due to chemical imbalances, lack...
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...Discuss the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses an individual is likely to experience in response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis. Definitions: Physical: of body: relating to the body, rather than to the mind, the soul, or the feelings Cognitive: 1.concerned with acquisition (gaining) of knowledge: relating to the process of acquiring knowledge by the use of reasoning, intuition, or perception. Relating to thought processes. The interpretation of stimuli and the organization of thoughts and ideas. Emotional: a state of feeling. -a conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body (merriam webster) Behavioral: 1.way somebody behaves: the way in which somebody behaves Research: -Psychological responses of terminally ill patients who are experiencing suffering: A qualitative study According to leading theories, suffering is dependent on the threats that the patient perceives and the resources the patient uses to respond to such threats. Previously published reports have identified the occurrence of a terminal disease as a period of multiple threats that can generate intense suffering. Examples of such suffering include pain and other symptoms (Heath et al., 2010, Jurado-Martín et al., 2010, Abraham et al., 2006 and Lorenz et al., 2006), the progressive dependence...
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...Depression is a mental health condition characterised by feeling intensely sad, low and moody for prolonged periods of time. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders experienced. If depression is not treated or dealt with correctly, it can keep people from functioning normally and affect every aspect of their life, often leading to social isolation, and in the worst case scenario, can result in suicide. According to the Australia Institute of Health and Welfare (2007), a mental disorder affects one in four young people. Of all age groups, 18-24 year olds have the highest prevalence of mental disorders and the leading cause of death in 15-24 year olds is youth suicide (ABS, 2012). In Australia in 2010, mental and behavioural disorders accounted for 12.9% of the total...
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...2. What are the causes of teenage depression? How can teenage depression be treated? According to Focus Adolescent Services, depressive ailment in children and teenagers is defined as an illness when the feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and despair persist and interfere with a child or an adolescent’s ability to function. Depression can describe a normal human emotion; it also is referred to as a mental illness. There are many factors that contribute to depression in teens such as having and making friends, separation or divorce of parents, and breakup of a loved one. Peer relationships contribute significantly to social and cognitive development. In reality, the single best childhood is not receiving good grades, and not classroom behavior, but rather, the ability to get along with another child. Children that are mainly disliked, who are aggressive and disruptive, who are unable to maintain close relationships with other children, and who cannot establish a place for themselves in the peer culture are more susceptible to depression. Teens without friends tend to be more lonely and unhappy. They have lower levels of academic achievement and develop low self-esteem. As the teens get older, they are more apt to drop out and become involved in delinquent activities such as drinking alcohol, smoking marijuana, and rebelling against authority. Another factor, which contributes to depression, is the divorce of parents. Divorce is a difficult adjustment for...
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...Integrative Final Project Evon Stevenson CCMH 535 June 9, 2015 Dr. Robin Switzer Integrative Final Project Depression is the fourth leading cause of the worldwide disease burden, and approximately one in four elderly persons may suffer from depression or depressive symptoms (Glasser, Vogels, & Gravdal, 2009). It is a common and disabling disorder that goes undetected, causing unnecessary suffering (Almeida, & Almeida, 1999). This final project will evaluate a new instrument designed to assess depression in adults, ages 65 and older. Research will also be done on different assessment procedures to determine if Emily is clinically depressed or suicidal. Finally, ethical considerations and practice guidelines will be discussed in how to work with Emily and her family. The new instrument is called the Depression Inventory for the Elderly (DIE), it is a self-administered inventory, there are 90 items relating to such depressive symptoms as withdrawal, depressed mood, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, difficultly making decisions, vegetative functions, self-evaluation and interpersonal behaviors. The test takes 35 minutes to administer. The scoring uses a five-point scale of distress ranging (0-4), from “not at all” (0) to “extremely” (4). DIE yields raw and T scores for the Total Score and Primary Dimension Scores. The results are hand scored; T scores above 65 on the Total Score and the Primary Dimensions are considered in the “clinical range.” The normative...
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...Depression is not an inclination, nor is it a feeling. It is an emotional instability that influences numerous individuals. It has been around for a huge number of years. Depression comes in numerous structures. It influences all races, ethnicities, and religions. Depression is defined as “a condition of mental disturbance characterized by such feelings to a greater degree than seems warranted by external conditions, typically with lack of energy and difficulty maintaining concentration or interest in life”. (New Oxford American Dictionary). Major depressive disorder also known as unipolar depression or recurrent depressive disorder is the most severe depressive disorder out of all of the depressive in my estimation. Major depressive disorder is a condition in which affects a person’s family, work or school life, sleeping, eating and general health. It is important to emphasize that we can understand the mechanics of this disorder and how it affects people with major depressive disorder. Etiology By understanding who gets a particular illness it is possible to better develop methods to control, treat, and prevent a particular condition. However, depression is so widely experienced by so many people it is important to establish the patterns that might further help manage this disorder. It is clear that depression impacts many people personality and professionally, it dramatically reduces the quality and quantity if creative and productive work and often ruining people’s careers...
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