...Running head: HOW IMPORTANT IS COLON PREPARATION FOR COLONOSCOPY? 1 How Important is Colon Preparation for Colonoscopy? Wendi McDonough Western Governor’s University HOW IMPORTANT IS COLON PREPARATION FOR COLONOSCOPY? 2 How Important is Colon Preparation for Colonoscopy? Gastroenterologists perform screening colonoscopy to exam the colon for precancerous polyps, with the intent of removing them before they have a chance to develop into colon cancer (Cohen, Kastenberg, Mount, & Safdi, 2009), (Lichtenstein, 2009), (Nguyen & Wieland, 2010). Physicians prescribe bowel preparations prior to colonoscopy to cleanse the colon of stool. Colonoscopy has a number of primary risks involved. These include complications from anesthesia, side effects from preparation, perforation, missing a lesion, and being unable to complete the exam (Hendry, Jenkins, & Diament, 2007). Complications that arise because of poor preparation include increased complexity of the exam, decreased detection of colonic lesions, and increased healthcare spending (Roberts-Thomson & Teo, 2009), (Athreya, Owen, Wong, Douglas, & Newstead, 2011), (Nguyen & Wieland, 2010). The most important function of the colon is to absorb sodium, water, and some fats from the food we eat (Adamcewicz, Bearelly, Porat & Friedenberg, 2011). Complications arise from colon cleansing for a number of reasons. The patient may experience a suboptimal exam with multiple possible complications from poor preparation. These include...
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...each other. On the other hand, physiology is a science that evaluates the various body functions. The body functions are categorized as physical, mechanical or biochemical. This essay is based on an article titled “New DNA Tests Aimed at Reducing Colon Cancer.” This article appeared in the October 28, 2010 issue of The New York Times newspaper. The article contains findings of DNA tests that were conducted on colon cancer patients. It is estimated colon cancer afflicts at least 150,000 persons annually. The cost incurred in terms of medical spending is approximately US$14 billion. It is generally believed that the findings of the tests will help in avoiding unnecessary colonoscopies. Only those patients whose tests turn positive will be referred for colonoscopy. The DNA tests are seen as the next viable alternative for invasive colonoscopies which involves insertion of a seeing tube into the colon. When fully introduced, DNA tests are bound to be cheap and affordable. The number of patients being evaluated and the detections will also increase due to the accuracy of the tests. The tests can be carried out in two different ways: (i) Testing for the presence of four altered genes in samples of stool. The four altered genes enable colon cancer diagnosis. Exact Sciences of Madison were the innovators behind this test. This test has the capability of determining both pre-cancerous and cancerous tumors. These can then be cured or removed before they degenerate. (ii) Observing blood...
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...Axia College Material Appendix F Comprehensive Grammar CheckPoint Enter the correct answer for each item by typing A or B in the second column. Provide an explanation for each choice in the Rationale column. The boxes expand to accommodate the text. |Item |Correct Answer |Rationale | | |(A or B) | | |1. |B |A nurse can either be male or female. | |2. |A |The second sentence makes a statement girls aren’t good in math. | |3. |B |The first sentence stereotypes a specific religion. | |4. |B |The sentence does not make reference to what race he is. | |5. |A |It tells the age of the child that needs counseling and why. | |6. |B |The experience is necessary not the age of a person. | |7. |A |It tells the special need of the child for the trip. | |8 |A ...
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...Volvuli can occur at many points along the gastrointestinal tract, including the sigmoid colon(65%), cecum(30%), transverse colon(3%), or splenic flexure(2%).1 Cecal volvulus involves the cecum, terminal ileum, and proximal ascending colon, affecting approximately 2.8 to 7.1 per million persons annually.2 While it frequently progresses to ischemia of the bowel, a delay in diagnosis may lead to bowel infarction, perforation, sepsis, and/or death.3 The mean age of diagnosis within the US is 53 years, younger than in patients with sigmoid volvulus, which typically occurs in elderly patients.4 There are 2 types of cecal volvuli, axial volvulus and cecal bascule. Axial volvulus involves rotation of the cecum around the ileocolic mesenteric vessels,...
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...Developing Multiple Intelligence – Learning Styles (MI-LS) – Integrated Lesson/Unit The following steps given by Harvey F. Silver, et al. is coined in the acronym IDEAS: 1. Identify the type of lesson you wish to teach and specific standard(s), outcome(s), and objective(s) you want to address. In this step ask self these questions: a. Am I developing a lesson: i. Using learning styles and multiple intelligences to achieve specific content objectives? ii. Focused on the development of particular styles or intelligences? b. Am I developing a lesson: i. That’s part of a year – long curricular theme? ii. To teach a specific objective? iii. To address a specific student need (i.e. for a student educational plan)? 2. For each intelligence, develop a list of possible learning opportunities for students to achieve your objective(s). In this step, ask yourself the following question: (V) How can I incorporate word, writing, listening, discussion, language? (L) How can I incorporate calculation, problem –solving, reasoning, math? (S) How can I incorporate art, video, graphic organizers, icon colors? (B) How can I incorporate manipulative, hands – on learning, use of body? (M) How can I incorporate music, musicality, beat, lyrics, and sounds? (P) How can I incorporate cooperative learning, partnership, role playing? (I) How can I incorporate emotion, reflection, self – assessment? (N) How can I incorporate interactions with the natural...
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...What are the symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease? The main symptoms of Hirschsprung disease are constipation or intestinal obstruction, usually appearing shortly after birth. Constipation in infants and children is common and usually comes and goes, but if your child has had ongoing constipation since birth, Hirschsprung disease may be the problem. Symptoms in Newborns Newborns with Hirschsprung disease almost always fail to have their first bowel movement within 48 hours after birth. Other symptoms include green or brown vomit explosive stools after a doctor inserts a finger into the rectum swelling of the belly, also known as the abdomen lots of gas bloody diarrhea Symptoms in Symptoms in Toddlers and Older Children Symptoms of Hirschsprung disease in toddlers and older children include not being able to pass stools without laxatives or enemas. A laxative is medicine that loosens stool and increases bowel movements. An enema is performed by flushing water, or sometimes a mild soap solution, into the anus using a special wash bottle swelling of the abdomen lots of gas bloody diarrhea slow growth or development lack of energy because of a shortage of red blood cells, called anemia. How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed? Hirschsprung disease is diagnosed based on symptoms and test results. A doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your child's bowel movements. Hirschsprung disease is much less likely if parents can identify...
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...Esteban Garcia ENG101W Sec. 1008 Ms. Dickerson 29 September 2011 Everlasting Youth In Josh Weil’s narrative “The Summer That Ended All Summers” he conveys the theme that liberty always ends along with youth. He uses several literary features, the most predominant being his vivid use of imagery in addition to his clever use of syntax, punctuation and tone. Weil manages to paint pictures that illustrate the sense of freedom and exploration. He then uses syntax along with certain punctuation to create a tone that mimics his imagery and expresses his sense of losing his liberty. The end result is a narrative that relays to its readers the theme that liberty ends along with youth. In Josh’s narrative he begins by alluding to what might have caused a spinal disk to burst and how it ended his summer in North Africa. Then he goes on to recounting the fun moments he had while a kid with his brother during summer. They would travel over the world. Some of the places Josh mentions in his narrative are,England, Scotland, France, Spain and even the city of light, Paris! Unfortunately this came to an end after Weil’s injury and now rests with his brother’s family, still thinking of exploration. The entire narrative is filled with imagery. In the beginning, Josh paints the image of freedom that he as a young person had. He begins by painting in the first paragraph vivid pictures pyramids and valiant scenes of men leaping from tussock to tussock. He does this throughout the his narrative...
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...Pt identified x3 (Name, DOB, Last 4 of SSN) Pt given biopsy results: 5 small colon polyps were removed completely, 3 were precancerous (tubular adenoma) which means they have the potential to develop cancer if not removed within 10-20 years. The other 2 were lymphoid aggregate which is completely benign and has no significant malignancy potential. Pt encouraged to repeat colonoscopy in 3 years due to the 3 precancerous polyps that were removed. All of pt’s questions/concerns were answered and addressed. Pt verbalized understanding of all discussed. The polyp that we removed during you colonoscopy was called a tubular adenoma, this is a pre-cancerous polyp that was completely removed and poses no further threat to you. It was not cancer. You are at risk for having more polyps like this, and the current guidelines recommend that you have a repeat colonoscopy in 5 years. Unable to reach pt. Left message for pt to call GI clinic at 915-742-2222 or 742-1741 IOT receive message. Pt identified x3 (Name, DOB, Last 4 of SSN) Pt notified Rx is ready for pickup. Reminded pt to have labs drawn this week. Pt verbalized understanding. No questions or concerns at this time. Pt identified x3 (Name, DOB, Last 4 of SSN) Pt informed of biopsy results. Most likely gastritis non-h.pylori, but with focal activity we are unable to rule out the h.pylori with these biopsies. Esophagitis is the most likely cause for your symptoms. Dr. Goldberg recommends you stop the Nexium for 2 weeks...
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...GLOSSARY OF COMMON GRAMMATICAL AND WRITING TERMS Grammar terminology is useful when we describe and correct problems with writing. Though we’ve tried to de-emphasize terminology and teach through examples throughout this book, sometimes you need a definition. We’ve tried to emphasize areas that are both commonly used and commonly misunderstood, such as the use of modal auxiliaries like can, could, shall, should, etc. Punctuation marks are not included in this list; they have a separate section in this Appendix. “People who are experts in grammar don’t always write well, and many people who write well no longer think consciously about grammar … but when something goes wrong in a sentence, a knowledge of grammar helps in recognizing the problem and provides a language for discussing it.” — H. Ramsey Fowler – 265 – The Tongue and Quill a/an Active Voice Adjective Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds Shows the subject as the actor. (pages 73-74). Describes or limits a noun or pronoun. It answers “Which one? What kind? or How many?” Modifies or limits a verb, adjective or another adverb and answers “When? Where? Why? How much? How far? To what degree?” Conjunctive or Connective Adverb—transition words that often appears to connect clauses. Adverbs Antecedent Appositive Article Bibliography Noun, phrase or clause to which a pronoun refers or replaces. (pages 99100) Word, phrase or clause preceding or renaming a noun. Small set of...
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...Colon Cancer Curtis Boutte COM/156 Kate Marciniak Colon Cancer can be cured through various medical procedures including early detection. I really was surprised to find out that if you do the screening process and not wait for symptoms it can save your life. Many people don’t realize that there are different colon cancers. Colorectal cancer (cancer of the colon [Large intestine] or rectum) is the third most common cancer in men and women. Cancer of the colon or rectum is called colon or colorectal cancer. It develops in the digestive tract from polyps that initially are benign, but that over time mutate into a cancerous tumor. The cancer cells invade and destroy nearby tissue, and can break away to form new tumors in other parts of the body, a process called metastasis. Colon cancer is very serious and can kill many people. I have had two grandparents die from this cancer. Colon cancer is not the leading killing cancer but is second to lung cancer. The following conditions may put you at a higher risk for colon cancer. Your family history according to (www.cancer .org) you are more likely to get colorectal cancer if one of your parents, a brother, or a sister has had the disease. If in the past you have had other types of cancer, a history of colon polyps, or inflammatory diseases of the bowl. Your lifestyle has a lot to do with your chances of getting colon cancer. If you smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol all the time, if you are lazy, obesity, and...
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...Fiber Genevieve Keefe SCI 241 September 23, 2010 Fiber Fiber is an important part in a person’s diet and aids in the waste elimination process. Fiber comes from plant materials that our bodies do not digest and provides many health benefits like lower cholesterol, reduces the risk of certain cancers, and heart disease. There are two types of fiber; soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water, has shown it can lower cholesterol and increase heart health. Soluble fiber comes from foods like oat, fruits, and beans. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water, but is a gut-healthy fiber that supports regular bowel movements and reduces the risks of colon cancer. Insoluble fiber is found in whole grain foods like wheat, bran and vegetables (Bell Institute, 2006). Dietary fiber added to our daily diet improves cardiovascular health, lowers cholesterol, and makes you feel fuller, which reduces caloric intake to aid in weight loss (The American Heart Association, 2010). The daily recommendation for fiber in a person’s diet depends on age and caloric intake. According to the American Heart Association children older than two should start to adopt a diet of reduced saturated fats and obtain most of their caloric intake from complex carbohydrates. Increasing complex carbs provides the dietary fiber and nutrients needed for a child. Recommended grams of fiber are 10 grams per day for a child age five and increasing in fiber to 25 grams and above as they reach...
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...Many people fear getting checked for colon cancer. They hear stories of how painful it might be and how uncomfortable it is. According to Clinaero, Inc. (2006-2010), “Colon cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States” (para. 1). Colon cancer usually starts in the large intestines from something called polyps. This then can expand into nearby tissues and organs. It can also break away and move into the liver and lungs, which in turn can cause new tumors. Symptoms of colon cancer vary drastically. There are also many options for treatments if someone does have colon cancer. Having colon cancer can be deadly and people need to be aware of signs and treatments. Symptoms of colon cancer vary and can be nonspecific. Some symptoms can include bleeding and or blood in your rectum and stool, cramping, weakness, and weight loss. Another symptom could be a change in your bowel movements. Sometimes you will either get diarrhea or you will become constipated. Many people who experience these types of symptoms don’t even realize that there is anything wrong. This is why it is good to talk to your doctor if you experience any of these. The quicker you catch the cancer, the better off you might be of getting rid of it. Surgery is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer. Typical procedures that may be used in the treatment of colon cancer are: colonoscopy, open colectomy, laparoscopic surgery, and palliative surgery (Cancer Consultants, 1998-2010). Depending...
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...feeling that you need to have a bowel movement that is not relieved by doing so • Rectal bleeding, dark stools, or blood in the stool (often, though, the stool will look normal) • Cramping or abdominal (belly) pain • Weakness and fatigue • Unintended weight loss Most of these symptoms are more often caused by conditions other than colorectal cancer, such as infection, hemorrhoids, or inflammatory bowel disease. Still, if you have any of these problems, it's important to see your doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed. (“FITWAY,” 2013) Colorectal cancer would be diagnosed after having a colonoscopy that would hopefully reveal the cause of the bleeding, change in bowels, etc. If there is colon polyps the surgeons will remove the polyps during the procedure. If the polyps and/or mass are too big to remove during the colonoscopy the surgeons will schedule patient for an abdominal procedure to remove it. Men and women both can equally be affected by colorectal cancer as they increase in age. This type of cancer occurs more often in people age 50 and over but is not limited to these ages. . The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends these screening test for ages 50 and over; annual high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), or fecal immunochemical test (FIT/iFOBT); sigmoidoscopy every five years, with FOBT every three years; or colonoscopy every 10 years. Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) should...
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...10 Vital Grammar Rules and Best Writing Practices The best writing follows the rules of grammar (or breaks those rules only with good reason) and is clear, coherent, and consistent. Most writers don’t want their work to be weak or dull. We want our writing to be strong and vibrant. If we learn the grammar rules and adopt best practices in the craft, our writing can shine. Here are ten of most frequently ignored (or unknown) grammar rules and writing practices: 1. Commas: except for the period, the comma is the most common punctuation mark and the most misused. It’s a tricky one because the rules are scarce, leaving usage up to style guides and writers’ best judgement. In weak writing, there are too few or too many commas. Be consistent in how you use commas and strike the right balance. 2. Avoid weak words: very, really, and the verbs to be, to have, and to do are often markers of weak, amateur writing. Sometimes, we need to use these words, but there is often a more specific or vivid word available. 3. Verb and tense agreement: these errors are often the result of shoddy editing and proofreading. A sentence that was originally in perfect past tense is changed to simple past tense but one of the words in the sentence is overlooked and you end up with something like She went the store and had shopped for produce. Another example would be The cats has one bowl. 4. Stay away from passive voice: avoid passive constructions like The book was read by the girl. Passive...
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...then excreted. What fiber does to our bodies is helps reduce risks of diabetes, digestive disorders, heart disease and certain types of cancers. There are different types of food sources to help maintain a healthy daily amount such as oats, beans, peas, wheat bran, whole grains and fruits and vegetables. Fiber is never found in fish, meat, or poultry. There are two major types of fiber, soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber in fruits, vegetables and grain products help lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or “bad cholesterol” which is a major risk of heart disease. Soluble fiber also helps reduce the risk of diabetes. Insoluble fiber aids digestion in which it hardens stool to help alleviate constipation and help prevent colon cancer. Kids have to start adapting to the dietary recommendation at the age of two. Both kids and adults should be consuming between 14-28 grams of fiber a day. Adult men must consumer higher amounts of fiber than adult women as well. One thing I learned about fiber that I was not aware of prior top this reading is that fiber is not actually consumed but instead it is passed through the system. Unlike vitamins and minerals that the body absorbs to maintain a healthy lifestyle I did not think that fiber, something that is not absorbed, would be just as...
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