...colony. Later, they left Greenland for North America where they saw virgin land with exotic plants, animal species, and indigenous people[1]. The Vikings returned home with stories about the marvels of the places they had visited, but their home authorities lacked the will power or the resources to make a follow-up on these explorations. As a result, European states continued to make commerce across the Mediterranean Sea with North Africa for many years that followed. Research has shown that the methods and motivations of exploration were unique from one state to the other. As Europeans continued their explorations, we will examine the similarities and differences on how the Spanish (1492-1548) and English (1584-1648) conducted their exploration and expansion. Comparison Between the British and Spanish in North America The first Spanish to arrive in America was Hernan Cortes in 1519. He did the groundwork for the creation of the Spanish colony. In 1607, Christopher Newport set foot in what would later become Jamestown, laying the foundation of the British Empire in North America. Explorers, such as Christopher Columbus, wanted to go to Asia before they ended up in North America. The Spanish saw the Americas as a good source of resources. There are several ways in which both the English and Spanish explorers had similar motives and effects. Negative Perception of the Native Indians On arrival in North America, most Europeans would say that...
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...1. Similarities between British colonialism and French colonialism: - They justify their colonization that they have responsibilities to civilize undeveloped countries. In reality, everybody knows that it is not their goal for colonization. - Their goals are for economic reasons. Their colonization is all about profit they get from their colonies. - Their ambition is also about land. France and Britain compete in who will win more lands in the world than the other. They try to possess as more lands as they can. This is obviously seen by their colonies spreading all over the world in Asia, Africa, and North America. 2. Differences between British colonialism and French colonialism: - The British colonialism runs their colonies by giving them a kind of self-government. The French colonialism, on the other hand, doesn’t run their colonies in that way. Most of the heads of French colonies are appointed by the French government. In Vietnam, they divided the country into three parts: the North, the Central, and the South. This policy tries to break the Vietnamese unity apart so that they can easily run the country. - The British colonialism tries to make their colonies more developed. They pour a lot of money into colonies to promote businesses, build infrastructure, and so on. Hong Kong is one of successful examples of the British colonialism. In contrast, the French colonialism is more brutal than the British colonialism. Their policy for colonization is to exploit their...
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...past through the eyes of the present. But this is not true and it’s actually the opposite looking at the ideological forces that have shaped North (First World) and South (Third World) countries relations for half a century. In this essay one will be looking at the question of to what extend can the process of colonialism be blamed for the problems being experienced by developing countries today? Also matters pertaining to African migration, the spread of Islam, gold and slaves will be included in this essay as they are central to the process of colonialism. Towards the end of the last century, with a long history already behind it European colonization branched out in quite different forms according to the place and the interests of the metropolis. According to Thirlwell (1994:60) it was “a transitional period in which brutal power relations existed alongside paternalist feelings of responsibility towards natives who needed to be civilised” thus, great powers put the then dominant ideas into practice opening up the way to the so called “development” (Thirlwell, 1994). According to Rist (1997:100) “colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another”. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. Thus, one believes that this root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political...
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...Typology of Colonialism Nancy Shoemaker, October 2015 In the past several years, settler colonial theory has taken over my field, Native American studies. Comparative indigenous histories focused especially on British-descended “settler colonies”—Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States—have proliferated. And settler colonial theory is now dogma. At my last two conference presentations, a fellow panelist was astonished that I didn’t deploy it. My research on native New England whaling history made me more globally comparative, but it also forced a reckoning that many places experienced colonialism without an influx of foreign settlers. As scholars parse settler colonialism into its multiple manifestations, colonialism itself remains undifferentiated. One of settler colonialism’s leading theorists, Lorenzo Veracini, juxtaposes the two completely. “Colonialism and settler colonialism are not merely different, they are in some ways antithetical formations,” he wrote in the 2011 founding issue of the journal Settler Colonial Studies. For Veracini, “colonialism” apparently refers to the late 19th-century European scrambles for Africa and Asia—in popular imagery, plantation colonies where members of a white ruling class dressed in white linen lounge on the edge of a cricket field, sipping cocktails served up by dark-skinned natives. Indeed, most of the literature on colonialism explores the history of the plantation colonies of that era. Instead of casting colonialism and settler...
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...Define Colonialism (Western) Colonialism: A political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. The purposes of colonialism included economic exploitation of the colony's natural resources, creation of new markets for the colonizer, and extension of the colonizer's way of life beyond its national borders. In the years 1500 – 1900 Europe colonized all of North and South America and Australia, most of Africa, and much of Asia by sending settlers to populate the land or by taking control of governments. The first colonies were established in the Western Hemisphere by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th – 16th centuries. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the 16th century, and Britain colonized North America and India in the 17th – 18th centuries. Later, British settlers colonized Australia and New Zealand. Colonization of Africa only began in earnest in the 1880s, but by 1900 virtually the entire continent was controlled by Europe. The colonial era ended gradually after World War II; the only territories still governed as colonies today are small islands. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonialism#ixzz1lYMQdYfY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure...
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...Administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo, Uyo. Submitted To Dr Uko Uwak Lecturer in change Pol 314; Politics of Development and Underdevelopment Department of political science and public administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo, Uyo. July, 2014. BOOK REVIEW Title: Development and underdevelopment: Politics of the north-south divide Author: O. O. Okereke/ A. E. Ekpe Place of Publication: Enugu-Nigeria Publishers: John Jacobs Classic Publishers Ltd. Year of publication: 2002 Numbers of Chapters: Nine Chapters Price of the book: Not Stated Numbers of pages: XV + 198 = 213 ISBN: 978-050-276-9 Reviewer: Johnson, Nsikak Emmanuel INTRODUCTION - PURPOSE OF THE BOOK Development and underdevelopment: The politics of the north-south divide is written specifically to keep the students and the general public abreast of the causes and reasons for Africa, Asia and Latin America Perpetual underdevelopment despite the enormous human and materials resources God deposited in the continent. According to the author of the book, development and underdevelopment: Politics of the north-south divide was written with the intention to familiarize the readers with exciting and challenging subject of political economy of development and underdevelopment. It endeavour to expose the students to various strands of perspectives that are inherent in the study of politics of development and underdevelopment- it is the anticipation of the author that the...
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...Connie Aiello Student No. 500447896 Professor Terry Roswell SOC103 Environmental Racism and Transnational Corporations “All Americans have a basic right to live, work, play, go to school, and worship in a clean and healthy environment” (Bullard, Dixie xiii). Unfortunately, this is not true for all. Afro-American communities in the South and other visible minorities across the globe, live through the harsh realities of environmental racism every day. (Bullard, Racism 3) In Confronting Environmental Racism, Robert D. Bullard defines environmental racism as: Racial discrimination in environmental policymaking. It is racial discrimination in the enforcement of regulations and laws. It is racial discrimination in the deliberate targeting of communities of color for toxic waste disposal and the sitting of polluting industries. It is racial discrimination in the official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in communities of color. And, it is racial discrimination in the history of excluding people of color from the mainstream environmental groups, decision-making boards, commissions, and regulatory bodies. (3) Environmental justice on the other hand, is a form of environmental equity. It refers to “the equal protection of environmental laws amongst all people, irrespective of their race or social status. (Peluso 389) With very little influence in decision-making from minority groups, policymakers deliberately target...
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...Early Colonization Ethnic and cultural diversity is an internationally shared social experience. In today’s society several countries possess “natives” of different ethnicity. Many ethnicity who are believed to be original natives of their country are usually descendants of colonists or a race made up of a mixture of ethnicity from a particular region. Early colonialism is one cause for such diversity. Colonization is the establishment of a colony through the organized migration to an outside territory. From the 1600’s to 1800’s Western Europeans were the colonized groups dominating many parts of the world for a variety of reasons. Many conquest to other countries were to discover natural resources like, spices, gold and other trade-able material unique to its region. Some expedition set out to explore for other reasons like proving a theory or to follow up on stories told by their fellow explorers. Once reaching their destination, other factors made them stay such as the discovery of monetary gain, religious freedom and political powers. While some countries like China, were unable to become colonized, others were dominated to the extent of their people eventually becoming a minority in their own land. Imperialistic ambition was a major element in the colonization of many third world countries. As immigrants settled on foreign soil, they believed they were legitimately entitled to occupy the land. They eventually impose their economic, religion, and social systems onto an...
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...Year 11 Preliminary English Assessment Task Task: Motorcycle Diaries Question Two: Define Communism. Discuss its origins and how and where it was spread. In your discussion you must refer to at least 3 countries, which have adopted communism and examine its success and failures and the reason behind both. You must also examine the role Marxism plays in Communist ideology. Communism is an economic and social system in which all, or nearly all, property and resources are collectively owned by a classless society and not by individual citizens. It’s an ideology theory of government where all wealth is shared equally so there is no class system, that is, no poor class and no wealthy class. Everything is shared and everyone is equal, whether you’re a doctor or a factory worker. In such a communist society, the wealth and resources were to be regulated according to the needs, abilities and contribution of the people. Differences between manual and intellectual labour and between rural and urban life were to disappear, opening up the way for unlimited development of human potential. Based on the 1848 publication ‘Communist Manifesto’ by two German political philosophers, Karl Max and his close associate Friedrich Engels, it envisaged common ownership of all land and wealth and the withering away of the power of the state. Max and Engels believed that capitalism (private ownership of all property) should be diminished and that uneven distribution of wealth and resources should...
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...The Battle of Elderbush Gulch and The Shirt Mia Duan THTRFLM 1T03 Dr. Glen Norton March 14th T03 In two films The Battle of Elderbush Gulch and The Shirt are both talk about colonization that occurred in North America. They illustrated two different and perspectives on colonialism. Based on the group discussion, these two films were happened in two different time periods, this shows the change in discourse about colonial history and the treatment of Native Americans throughout history. However, The Battle of Elderbush Gulch more focus on the white colonialist perspective but The shirt focus on post colonial perspective. Compared to the background, this essay is going to illustrate how the cinematography and background setting portrays the representations of the colonial and postcolonial perspective. These two films start from very different ways in terms of cinematography. By watching the Battle of Elderbush Gulch, majority scenes are using medium shots to telling story, and never moving cameras. Meanwhile, through medium shots, audiences could see more elements which shown in the movie. When film using medium shots, viewers saw white people’s family life, which proves that white people's happy and civilized life. However, native people are trying to eat puppies, which show how native people violent, savage, and uncivilized are. Comparing to Elderbush Gulch, the cinematography of The shirt is not using too many ways. Pan shots are the major shot in the film...
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...them in an ethornogophy. Fred dads was a scientist, did well in biology. Expanding your own experience, adventures, see things that most people wouldn’t see other perspectives. Let’s listen to Dr. Regna Darnell tell us more about linguistic anthropology Began with Boaz who taught himself linguistics when he wanted to study languages that had not been written before he had done fieldwork with them. First eskimo, later various north west coast languages. Do it yourself linguistic in terms of field work. Out of all his students, Saphir was the only one who came out as a professional’s linguist. But in the late 19 century there was no professional linguist so up until 1925 founding society of The Linguistic Society of America (LSA). The linguist were in language departments, mostly german or they would do anthropology or working with American Indian and making up linguistics. Tribe North American Indians, linguistics is what made people close to one another, similar. Migration patterns and relationships. Sound changes. Culture hisorty of north America. A general characteristic of post-colonial states is that they are politically and economically weak. Let's listen to Dr. Robert...
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...feel about it as a German citizen?- What do you think will be the lasting effects of the Great War? 20- What changes did the Russian revolution bring about within Russia and in world affairs?- focus on the events and the effects of the events- review the Revolution of 1905, February Revolution, October Revolution, Red Terror, new Economic Policy 21. What were the causes and effects of political unrest in Latin America in the 19th and 20th centuries?- Understand the different tensions common in Latin American during this time period: conservative vs. liberal, elite vs. masses, peaceful change vs. violent change, dictatorship vs. democracy and nationalism vs. imperialism. Be able to apply this to Mexico during this time period. 22- How did colonialism lay the groundwork for the emergence of the modern Middle East? Be familiar with the regions (Ottoman Empire/Turkey, Syria and Lebanon, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa) Be able to explain how European powers engaged in colonialism in the regions, how the region was affected by said colonialism. What nationalism is and how it was a reaction of imperialism. Be able to analyze and comment on imperialism versus nationalism. 23- What accounted for the rise of totalitarian states after WWI? Know the word inevitable (was going to happen no matter what), what factors led to the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe after WWI? – be able to cite specific examples of this. Be able to analyze the question...
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...A. Discuss the rise of imperialism or colonialism in one area of the world from the following list: • South America • North America • Central America • India • Southeast Asia • Africa 1. Explain how the indigenous people of the area discussed in part A reacted (via protest, rebellion, accommodation, etc.) to imperialism or colonialism. The rise of imperialism and colonization in India was met with ambivalence by the people. By the 1750's, Britain had established viable relations with India through the East India Trading Company. (Soomo, India and the Indepedence movement, 2013). Items traded were cotton, teas, pepper, and indigo. India was important to Britain for, at that time, it was Britain's only foothold into the East due to growing competition from the Dutch. The EITC governed large areas of India, using private armies and British troops. (Soomo, India and the Indepedence movement, 2013). India was a popular "conquer" for England and held a certain mysticism and romantic allure due to its beautiful adornments, culture, and language. It became known as the "Jewel of the Crown". (Soomo, Bridging World History episode 121: Compexities of Colonialism: Refashioning Colonial Identities, 2013). Trading posts were established with approval from the Indian people. In fact, due to outside conflicts, lack of communication between their own Indian rulers, and inconsistencies within their government, the EITC quickly moved into India's administration without...
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...Chapter three which is entitle : Africa’s contributions to the capitalist development of Europe-the colonial period.] Here Walter talks about how surplus was drawn from Africa to develop capitalism in the metropolitan sector. “Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation but one whose essential purpose was to repatriate the profit to the so called mother land” [page 177].It means that the development of Europe as a part of the same dialectical process which Africa was Underdeveloped. African labourwas cheap. The employer often required more from the worker but paid him less not even enough to maintain his physical self. This was not the case in Europe when feudalism gave way to capitalism. Employers paid their employees a living wage. Wages paid to workers in Europe and North America was far higher than that of Africans. The Africans were discriminated from occupying official positions and even when they did they were paid less compared to the wages of the European officials. This chapter’s main point is to explain how much greater was the exploitation of African workers. Walter Rodney’s How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Part 4-6 The fourth chapter is entitled Europe and the Roots of African underdevelopment to 1885. It evaluates the European slave trace as a dominant factor in African underdevelopment, all in the interest of European capitalism. Further, a penetrating discuss on the advancement of Europe technology as against that of Africa which is stagnant (this...
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...The establishment and governance in North America determined how the relationships would be with the Native Americans. The Spanish, English, French and Dutch are motivated by the three D’s, Gold, Glory and God. These three motives reinforce each other and cause problems with the natives. The English colonies wanted land in North America. Their goal was to find Gold but did not find any. They were known as the settler colonialism. The English colonies ruled over by governors sent from England. In Jamestown they lacked food and labor. Tried to fix problem by indentured servitude, provide free passage to new world in exchange for years of work. . Some came for the wealth. Others came to escape religious persecution or religious freedom. Also importing of slaves from Africa. Eventually they survived by growing and selling tobacco. The relationship between the English and Native Americans was good, but because the new settlers wanted land it led to the down fall of their good relationship. Didn’t want to convert them but some did convert....
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