...Colonisation of a wasteland is the plant succession which occurs in an urban area which has been abandoned or untouched for 5 years. This form of colonisation is a form a secondary succession. Plant succession is the process in which one plant species replaces another over time which may be influenced by changes in the environment. The first plants to develop are the pioneer plants. They are able to exist in areas where there is little water, obtaining nutrients by photosynthesis and grow in places with very little soil, like concrete. Some examples of pioneer plants are lichens and mosses. When these plants die they provide a mat of organic matter which, mixed with the weather mineral matter produces a protosoil that other plants can root into. Stage two of the colonisation of the wasteland is when the Oxford ragwort starts to grow. It grows in the cracks in the surface because they provide sheltered places where seeds can germinate and retain moisture. During this stage, plant succession is rapid. As these higher plants die off, they produce a thicker and more nutrient-rich soil. Taller plants can then become established. One of the most common is rosebay willow herb, which spreads initially by seeds and then by rhizomes which can extend up to 1m a year. A rhizome is an elongated horizontal underground plant stem producing shoots above and below the ground. These plants gradually shade out the lower plants stopping them from growing as they can’t photosynthesise. ...
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...Aboriginal COLONISATION AND ITS EFFECTS Australia’s colonisation impacted on the indigenous culture significantly. From the time Europeans first came to the Sydney Basin everything changed for Aboriginal people. From the time the white people landed in Australia all they saw was death and despair to their people. The Aboriginals suffered extreme loss in terms of lives, land, families, culture and health. They do not view the colonisation of Australia as a great day but as an invasion which destroyed their way of life. Before Australia was colonised the Aborigines had lived for thousands of years off the land as they were nomadic who moved around. They believed the land should not be owned by one person but had to be looked after by everyone. The land flourished and there were about 750 000 Aboriginal people and over 600 tribes. They hunted ,fished and gathered food from plants and vegetation. From the moment the white settlers took control of the land , Aborigines were treated inhumanely with no recognition of them occupying Australia. They had no respect and believed themselves superior to the indigenous people. The Aborigines were viewed as savages who had no beliefs or customs. They used extreme force and brutally killed any Aborigines who resisted the white settlers take over. They were driven off their land. Entire families lost their loved ones. The Aborigines tried to resist, however the white settlers had firearms which proved to be deadly. Others who did...
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...invasion of Australia in 1788, there have been many severe and devastating impacts on Indigenous people. First came the arrival of strangers who carried new diseases and involvement in violent conflict, which resulted in the death of a vast number of Aboriginal people. This colonisation also brought a lot of destruction to the native flora and fauna as they were building new houses and settlements on the sacred land of the aboriginal people, as well as many new introduced species to the australian environment. The impact of the white settlers changed the indigenous communities and the lives of the future generations forever. When settlers arrived in Australia they brought with them a number of European diseases so when contact was made with the aboriginals their immune system was unfamiliar to these diseases so their population decreased rapidly. The major cause of many of these diseases was when the convicts and settlers were ship transported this making it spread easily and due to the lack of education and knowledge of how the diseases are treated the aborigines had no way to cure their symptoms this then leading to death among tribes. when the europeans came to australia the main objective of the colonisation was to clear the lands of Aboriginal people to enable development of the land. Poisoned flour was distributed to Aboriginal people, and introduced diseases such as measles, chickenpox and influenza which had dramatic effects on people who did not have the immunity to such...
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...jHow important were economic factors in bringing about Britain’s colonisation of Africa? The latter half of the nineteenth century, between eighteen-seventy to the early twentieth century, entailed what historians call the biggest spread of imperial influence from a European power ever. The British Empire spanned across some nine million square miles, with approximately four hundred and forty four million people under British rule, over a series of continents. The colonisation of Africa is said to be due to a multitude of factors, but the underlying factor was economic. It is very evident that economic gain from Africa drew the British in. For example, British interest in North Africa, specifically Egypt, was due mainly to the Suez Canal, which was a vital and inexpensive mode of transport for the British to travel to India and other trading points. Interest within North Africa was explicitly economic. Likewise, the fact that cotton wasn’t being produced in Britain and Egypt had cotton of a very high quality, this bolstered economic interest within that region even more. In addition, the South of Africa was a vital route of travel for boats to get to India due to the strategic position, and it gave them control of the southern ocean to which they could protect their assets. Lenin argues that this was the case for Britain; issues with the capitalist system meant that too many nations were pursuing too few markets, and Africa presented a fresh market for which raw materials...
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...Prior to colonisation, the Australian Aboriginal people is believed to have enjoyed better health in 1788 than most of the people living in Europe. However, the effects of colonisation have been disadvantageous to the physical, social and psychological wellbeing of indigenous people. This essay will describe how colonisation has determined the health of the indigenous. This social disadvantage is directly related to dispossession and characterised by poverty and inability to thrive, are revealed in processes of education, employment, and income. Aboriginal health can be measured through three key health indicators; life expectancy, low birth rate and morbidity (rates of disease). Lifespan between indigenous and non- indigenous Australians in...
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...Title: Assignment 1 Case Formulation Student Name: Briony Leonard Student Numbers: U1063496 Examiner: James Brown Word Count: 1529 Case Introduction The video clip, Feminist Counselling (Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net, 1997) documents a one to one counselling session between Robin (the client) and her therapist Dr Lenore Walker (Psychotherapy with the Experts). Robin is a 29 year old mother, married, with a two year old son, Cameron. Robin indicated in her initial conversation with Dr Walker that she has attended counselling due to her ‘bond’ that she has developed with her son and how that she feels lost in direction and within herself as an individual. Robin has suggested that she feels that her own self-identity has become less apparent now that she is a mother. “Where does Robin the individual fit in all of that, because I’m not always going to be a mother’’ As Robin continues her session with Dr Walker, the focus shifts away from her concerns about herself and looks deeper into the relationship she has with her husband Ed, her relationships with her immediate family and also Ed’s family. The focus then shifts back to possible occupational directions for Robin. Presenting Complaints and Goals Robin initially presents with concern for her self-identity as a person as she discusses that she has solely focused herself on being a mother for the last two years. Robin appears to be lost in her direction as an individual, has a lowered self-esteem and has feelings of being...
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...Question Describe the evolutionary developments that enabled the successful colonisation of terrestrial habitat by the early plant? Plants evolved from an aquatic algal ancestor during the Devonian period. The transition from water to land had some useful advantages. Land provided a good substrate with nutrient rich soils and there were no predators in form of herbivores and microbes. Carbon dioxide concentration in air was very high and readily diffuses in plants than when dissolved in water. Sunlight levels in air were very high and these conditions favoured photosynthesis (Raven et al, 1992). However life on land presented challenges that led to morphological adaptations and to the subsequent evolution of present day plants. Life on earth presented problems of acquisition and distribution of nutrients, preservation of water support and reproduction. The earliest evolutionary adaptation was multicellularity, differentiation and specialisation of structures. The plants evolved an aerial structure that is photosynthetic and functions in gaseous exchange. They also developed an anchorage to the substratum, soil. Meristems evolved and provided the much needed cells that differentiated and specialised into useful structures (Campbell and Reece, 2005). In bryophytes the cells differentiated into rhizoids, antheridia and archegonia, setae and capsule. In Pteridophytes they developed into xylem and phloem, fronds, roots and root hairs (Solomon et al, 2012). This differentiation...
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...Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality Webster J, Pritchard MA Background - Methods - Results - Characteristics of Included Studies - References - Data Tables and Graphs [pic] Dates Date edited: 19/05/2006 Date of last substantive update: 31/01/2003 Date of last minor update: 05/04/2006 Date next stage expected 31/05/2006 Protocol first published: Issue 2, 2002 Review first published: Issue 3, 2003 Contact reviewer Joan Webster Nursing Director, Research Teaching and Research Royal Brisbane and Royal Women's Hospital and Health Service Districts Level 6, Ned Hanlon Building Butterfield Street Herston QLD AUSTRALIA 4029 Telephone 1: +61 7 3636 8590 Telephone 2: +61 7 3636 3140 Facsimile: +61 7 3636 2123 E-mail: joan_webster@health.qld.gov.au Contribution of reviewers Internal sources of support None External sources of support Centre for Clinical Studies - Women's and Children's Health, Mater Hospital, Sth Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA Department of Health and Ageing, Commonwealth Government, Canberra ACT, AUSTRALIA What's new This review updates the existing review of "Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality" which was published in The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2003 (Webster 2003). No new trials were identified as a result of this updated search. The conclusions of the review are...
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...How far do you agree that population growth was the most important factor in causing social change between 1625 and 1688? * Population growth * Colonisation- North America colonies and also The Caribbean * The growth of London and its impact on economic development Throughout the 17th century Britain underwent substantial social change beginning most prominently under the Stuart monarchs Charles the 1st and 2nd. Many things changed drastically in and around this period which lead to drastic social change for example firstly there was a big spurt in population going from around 2 million inhabitants in Britain in the 15th century to around 5 million in the 16th, Britain’s great colonisation successes in the North Americas and the Caribbean building its economy and strength as a world power competitively and finally the growth of London and the impact it had on the rest of the country and Europe as it emerged as the no1 trading centre in the whole of Europe eventually which bettered the lives of many. I believe that population growth was by far the most significant factor in causing social change between 1625-1688; this is mainly because this was in a way a catalyst for change as the economy and infrastructure had to cope with the ever-growing and demanding population of Britain. For example the development of the national markets in the country only came about after the much smaller and local markets which existed where becoming too small, so this here lead to...
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...settlement in Australia during 1788 thousands of Aborigines died from diseases that the colonists have spread. At first contact there were over 250,000 Aboriginals in Australia. 3) What period of time did it effect? European settlement effected Australia from 1770 till today. 4) How global was the consequence? European settlement/colonisation has not only happened in Australia but all over the world stretching out from the Americas to Asia, Africa New Zealand and the Pacific islands. 5) How has Hindsight history explained the event? Australian history is not taught properly, kids at schools learn more about the European colonisation side of Australia and how they developed the country rather than the Aboriginal side. Australian history should be taught about the ancestors and the original custodians of this land the dream time stories, the stolen generation and the wars they had also the culture and language. If kids at school learn about the ancestors of Australia they will understand what ‘Australia day’ really means, 6) Has History repeated itself? History has not repeated itself European colonisation has stopped to this day and era, but the opposite is happening immigrants from other countries that have had a past of invasion from European settlement are now doing the same to western countries. An increase number of foreigners in western countries almost seems like an invasion because the quantity of...
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...Colonisation of a wasteland is the plant succession which occurs in an urban area which has been abandoned or untouched for 5 years. This form of colonisation is a form a secondary succession. Plant succession is the process in which one plant species replaces another over time which may be influenced by changes in the environment. The first plants to develop are the pioneer plants. They are able to exist in areas where there is little water, obtaining nutrients by photosynthesis and grow in places with very little soil, like concrete. Some examples of pioneer plants are lichens and mosses. When these plants die they provide a mat of organic matter which, mixed with the weather mineral matter produces a protosoil that other plants can root into. Stage two of the colonisation of the wasteland is when the Oxford ragwort starts to grow. It grows in the cracks in the surface because they provide sheltered places where seeds can germinate and retain moisture. During this stage, plant succession is rapid. As these higher plants die off, they produce a thicker and more nutrient-rich soil. Taller plants can then become established. One of the most common is rosebay willow herb, which spreads initially by seeds and then by rhizomes which can extend up to 1m a year. A rhizome is an elongated horizontal underground plant stem producing shoots above and below the ground. These plants gradually shade out the lower plants stopping them from growing as they can’t photosynthesise. The...
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...underdevelopments is the history of colonial exploitation and extraction and the slave trade. Empirical evidence shows that the underdevelopment has historical connections to the European colonisation (Rodney, 45). This paper analyzes how slave trade and colonisation led to underdevelopment of Africa. Analysis The Europeans invaded Africa at a time when the continent was endorsed with a lot of natural resources, which were still not yet exploited. When they started colonising the continent, they exploited these resources and send them back home to develop their continent. They made very little efforts to develop the African continent. This left the continent prone to underdevelopment due to the exploitation of the resources without any meaningful investment. Moreover, slavery and the slave trade led to a decreased number of people in the continent. The strong men from Africa were captured and sold for slave trade to work in the European farms. This left Africa with no people to work in the farms and the small industries. In fact, research by some scholars shows that population in Congo reduced by over 50% during the colonisation. This left the countries without the human power needed to develop the continent. The loss of human capital in Africa as a result of colonisation had both direct and indirect impact on development. A good example of effects of the slave trade was that when the population reduced in areas infested with tsetse flies, people fled to...
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...Does the Spanish Conquest constitute genocide? Do you agree or disagree? The late 1400’s brought about the period of colonial expansion, initiated under the crown of Castile and the Spanish Conquistadors. This expansion continued over the next 4 centuries, seeing the Spanish Empire expand over most of Central and South America. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Incas spanned over decades and was not a peaceful conquest without bloodshed. The Conquista unleashed violence, death and destruction on a scale unknown until then. Charny acknowledged that it was possible for genocide to occur during the process of colonisation, as seen in the colonising of North America and similarly in Australia. This essay will discuss the various elements of genocide as defined by the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, as well as other sources. Through this discussion, the essay will relate it to circumstances and events related to the Spanish Conquest of Latin America, discussing the possibility of a connection between the conquest and genocide. There are a number of elements that must be satisfied in order to find a case for genocide. When defining an act of genocide, the UN definition is the internationally recognised and the framework by which this essay will follow when referring to an act of genocide. As found in the UN definition of genocide; the act committed must have the intent to destroy the target, in whole or in part, a national, ethical,...
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...Tuesday, 12 August 2014 STRUCTUAL ! A lot of health services are not as accessible and user-friendly for Indigenous people as they are for non-Indigenous people, adding to higher levels of disadvantage. Sometimes this is because more Indigenous people than non-Indigenous live in remote locations and not all health services are offered outside of cities. Sometimes health services are not culturally appropriate (do not consider Indigenous culture and the specific needs of Indigenous people). Also, some Indigenous people may not be able to use some services because they are too expensive. (Slide show) Social and emotional wellbeing is a term used to talk about a person’s overall social, emotional, psychological (mental), spiritual, and cultural wellbeing. Factors that are important to social and emotional wellbeing include a person’s. (refer to slide show) Social and emotional wellbeing is often confused with mental health, but it is much broader: social and emotional wellbeing is concerned with the overall wellbeing of the person. On the other hand, mental health describes how a person thinks and feels, and how they cope with and take part in everyday life. It is often seen, incorrectly, as simply the absence of a mental illness. (Slide show) Important determinants of Indigenous health inequality in Australia include the lack of equal access to primary health care and the lower standard of health infrastructure in Indigenous communities (healthy housing, food, sanitation etc) compared...
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...incorrect. Slavery was caused by economic conditions, and it was slavery that caused racism, not the other way round. – The economic conditions that caused slavery had to do with colonisation. Britain, France, Spain and Portugal (countries that had been at war with each-other on and off for centuries) were in a race to take over territory in the Americas – not only because they wanted the wealth that the new territories would bring, but also because if they didn’t take over a particular territory their enemies would get it instead. – Some of the European powers attempted to divide up the Americas between them through negotiated treaties, but this didn’t work. The treaties were ignored and colonisation was a free-for-all; if you could occupy a territory, set up a colony, and defend it against your enemies, then that territory was yours. – In the early days of colonisation black slaves worked alongside enslaved Native Americans, Chinese coolies, and white indentured labourers. The black slaves were not particularly looked down on more than any of these other unfree labourers; if anything it was the Irish who were particularly despised. – The British knew that slavery was wrong, but they thought it was justified by the greater good of building up the British Empire. They believed that they were spreading civilization and Christianity around the world. They also believed in mercantilism, an economic doctrine which held that increased economic activity would bring a better...
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