...Step 1: Select secret image S and target image T. If the size of the target image T is different from that of the secret image S, change the size of T to be identical to that of S Step 2: Convert target image into HSV image by using the equation (1) to form new target image T Step 3: For performing color conversion, first means and of S and T are find out and then find standard deviation quotient from equation (3.5) for each color channel Step 4: Limit mean value by eight bits and standard deviation quotient to seven bits Step 5: Based on this value, for each pixel p in each secret image S with color value c where c = r, g, or b, transform c into a new value by (3) Step 6: if is not smaller than 255 or if it is not larger than 0, then...
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...Lynne Andrew NB 1110 / M 5 – 7:50 Lab 1 February 2, 2015 pH and Buffer – Using Red Cabbage Indicator to Measure pH Introduction This experiment was performed to evaluate the following hypothesis: Red cabbage indicator can be used as a measure of pH. According to Campbell, et al, in Biology: Concepts and Connections, red cabbage contains a water-soluble pigment called anthocyanin that changes color when it is mixed with an acid or a base. The pigment turns red in acidic environments with a pH less than 7 and the pigment turns bluish-green in alkaline (basic) environments with a pH greater than 7 (2012). The pH indicating property of red cabbage indicator is well accepted in the scientific community and is a useful standard for us to become familiar with. As stated in the lab text, having a known set of standards is important to gaining information about unknowns (2011). Red cabbage contains high levels of anthocyanins, which give the cabbage its deep purple hue. The pigments also change in relation to changes in pH, according to the lab text (2011). According to a University College London lab experiment titled Red Cabbage pH Indicator, with most pH indicators, the compound gains a proton at low pH (lots of H+) but loses it at higher pH. Although this may seem a slight change, it is enough to alter the wavelengths of light reflected by the compound. As a result, we see the color change with respect to pH. The lab description continues to state anthocyanins have...
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...Luis Martinez Mr.Kronk Honors Chemistry Bell 1 29 August 2015 Lakota West Lab Purpose The purpose of this lab is to identify physical and chemical changes and differentiate between the two. Procedure Procedure is found on the Physical and Chemical Changes lab at Lakota West lab. Use plastic pipets. On #4 change the experiment to mixing 5 mL of NaCl with 2-3 drops of silver nitrate. On #9 replace regular test tube with a disposable one. Omit the last experiment. Materials Disposable Test Tubes Magnet Test Tubes Paper towels Plastic Pipets Beakers Bunsen burner Rubber Policeman Splint (for burning) Test Tube rack Tongs Safety Don’t stare at burning magnesium. On # 9 have beaker of water ready prior to burning mixture, also when plunging mixture in the water submerge the entire test tube. Data Table Experiment Observations 1 | Wax melted yellow and cooled yellow. | 2 | Formed a white precipitate floating on top. | 3 | Forms a milky, chunky mixture. | 4 | Tiny “poof” noise. | 5 | Burns an extremely bright white light. | 6 | Turned the powder white and produced smoke, water turned it back to blue. | 7 | Turned white and mixture dropped in temperature. | 8 | Pulled the iron out of the mixture. | 9 | Not magnetic pull. | Conclusion The purpose of the lab was achieved because physical and chemical changes were both identified and differentiated. A possible source of error was on #4 the reaction could have ended...
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...Lab Report for Experiment #4 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes Student's Name __________ __________ Date of Experiment ___ _________ Date Report Submitted _________________ Title: (copy from lab, 1 point) Purpose: (copy from lab, 1 point) Changes to the Procedure by Instructors: 1. Do not test the odor of the samples. 2. In this lab the test tubes can get very dirty and cleaning is difficult. Your test tube may break, but don’t worry about it you will not need them again this term. Dispose carefully in the trash. Have you made any changes to the procedure? Please explain: Fill out the data sheet (page 3) for the experiment and answer the questions. Note: read the lab introduction for clarification on the difference between physical and chemical changes. Remember that a physical change often occurs during a chemical change, but a chemical change does not always happen when a physical change occurs. If you still have questions ask your instructor. From experiment # 1 we learned that a chemical change results in a color change, the formation of bubbles, the formation of a precipitate, or a change of temperature. Keep that in mind when you are deciding whether a physical or chemical change has occurred. Data Table (8 points) Read carefully before you begin your experiment! Be complete when writing your observations. One word observations are not usually complete. If there is a color change, include the color before and after. For...
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...120 Date 2-24-14 Scientific Method Lab Objective – For this lab, our objective was to identify the five mystery powders given to us which we were similar in appearance and to check their solubility and reactivity with water, vinegar and iodine. The objective was also to record information as accurate as possible and also to make observations in the reactions of five mystery powders with water, vinegar and iodine. Hypothesis- if we are using all the household mystery powders them they should all dissolve in water because I think all the household powders are soluble in water. Background information- we were given five different mystery household powders. So, as being different powders their physical and chemical properties will also be different such as some of them will react to water, some will react to vinegar and some to iodine. 1. To ensure that the data is correct all of us the group members did our recordings whatever we saw or observe and then checked it with all of the group members. 2. We also did all the tests one by one first with water, second with vinegar and then with iodine. I thought that if sodium bicarbonate reacts with vinegar then it will also react with iodine which wasn’t true. It reacted only with vinegar. 3. From our observations we used solubility and litmus paper to distinguish one [powder from another. 4. For most of this lab we used qualitative observations because at first before even starting the lab we looked at the unknown powders, potato...
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...Introduction: The microbiology of food and the environment are two very important fields in the large scope of microbiological research. Because microorganisms exist almost everywhere, it is important to determine the influences that they place on the food we depend on for survival, and the environment in which we humans call home. In this lab, we conducted five experiments in these two fields, and in doing so gained a better understanding of the influences and importance of microbes in food and the environment. The first exercise was the enumeration of soil microbes. This experiment showcased the immense diversity of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi found in soil. This diversity ranges from microbes that are beneficial to the environment by decomposing dead organic matter into energy sources usable by other organisms, to the pathogenic bacterial and fungal spores that can infect humans and animals alike. The techniques used are serial dilutions, which allow for quantification and a close estimation of the amount of said organisms found in a soil sample. (1) The second exercise that we conducted was the microbiology of water experiment. This is a very important standardized experiment used to determine the density of coliforms found in a 100 mL sample of water. It also can be used more specifically to determine the density of Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning amongst other illnesses. The techniques used are the multiple tube fermentation method, which involves...
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...Lab: 3—Chemical Composition of Cells: Sugars Purpose of this lab: To learn about sugars and the test used to identify them. Introduction The organic macromolecules known as sugars are a type of carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, which are single, sugar unit monomers. Two sugar units linked together are known as a disaccharide. In this lab, we conducted tests on various substances with Bendict’s solution to determine which sample contained sugars. Benedict’s solution is a turquoise blue color and reacts with sugars after being heated in a boiling water bath, resulting in a color change. The color change varies with the concentration of sugar present, with strong positives indicating a high sugar concentration and weaker positives correlating with lesser concentrations of sugar. The color changes are as follows: orange-red (very high), orange (high), yellow-orange (moderate), yellow (low), green (very low), no change in color (no sugar present). Materials and Methods: --6 test tubes marked at 1cm and 3cm from the bottom --Benedict’s reagent --substances to be tested: water (control), glucose solution, onion juice, potato juice, starch suspension, and an unknown substance --hot plate with a beaker filled with water for a boiling water bath Each substance to be tested was filled in a separate test tube to the 1cm mark, with the exception of onion and potato juice, to which 5 drops of each were added to separate...
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...I Intro In this lab we are going to observe chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is the rearrangement of stuff into new stuff. When a chemical reaction occurs there is color change, temperature change, energy change, gas release, odor, and precipitation. There are 5 different types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion. A chemical reaction has to be balanced because of the law of conservation of mass. Conservation of mass is mass neither created nor destroyed. The product has to be the same amount of substances as the reactants. II Purpose The purpose of this lab is to observe different typed of chemical reactions. III Data / Observations Reaction #1: 2Mg + O2 2MgO Synthesis * Burning magnesium metal turns it into an ultraviolet light while on fire. Product is a white powder. Reaction #2: Mg + HCl MgCl2 + H2 Single displacement * When magnesium was added to HCl, it started to bubble and the test tube became hot. When a flame lit on a wooden splint was added it made a loud pop sound. Reaction #3: (NH4)2 + CO3 (NH4)2 + CO3 Decomposition * Ammonium carbonate was added into a test tube and heated up it up with fire. After adding a piece of litmus paper a strong odor was released. The litmus paper turned from a color pink to a color of blue. Reaction #4: CaCo3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2CO3 Double displacement * When HCl was added to calcium carbonate it began...
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...What Influences Enzyme Activity Biology Lab 2010-09-25 Summary In this lab we learned about what influences enzyme activity. We learned many terms and concepts in this lab. Enzymes decreases the amount of energy needed in a reaction. Catalyst speeds up reaction. A substrate is what the material with which catalyst reacts. A product is the modification of the substrate. This was a very informative and good lab. Materials 1. 1 Reaction spot plate 2. 3 Small Cups 3. 3 Plastic pipettes 4. 1 Bottle starch indicator solution. 5. Prepared starch solution 6. Prepared diastase solution 7. Distilled water 8. Clock with second hand 9. Bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) solution- 0.1 % 10. Bottle of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)- 0.1% 11. Test tubes 12. 2 Glucose test strips 13. Glucose Test Strip Color Chart 14. Clock or Stopwatch Procedure: Activity 1- Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Activity 1. Obtain approximately 10 mL each of the prepared starch solution, the diastase solution, and distilled water and place each of them in one of the sample cups. Label each of your solutions properly. 2. Using two different plastic pipets, place one drop of enzyme in each of 12 successive wells on the spot plate, followed by four drops of distilled water. Quickly put one drop of starch solution in each of the wells using a third pipet. Be...
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...In today’s lab we were able to get a hands on look at the osmosis and diffusion process as well as analysis the nutrients in food. We were separated into groups chosen by the Teachers Assistant and began our lab. There was a brief lecture with notes and what we would be looking forward to within the lab. We were given more information on what osmosis and diffusion were. Further into the discussion we learned about controls and variables. As we finally began the experiment we needed to make sure we had the required items such as the beakers, testing strips and the chemical solutions. From there we were able to go over the instructions and carefully do the assigned tasks. For our first experiment which was the Osmosis and Diffusion lab. We needed...
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...monitored by the change in color of Methylene Blue, it is blue in the presence of oxygen and colorless in the absence of oxygen. Hypothesis: The rate will reach completion in a closed system by speeding up the reaction, using a catalyst, Potassium Hydroxide, while using Methylene Blue to see the change by the color of the solution. Materials: Half gallon of Water Erlenmeyer Flask Glucose (white cane sugar) Potassium Hydroxide Flakes [2 lbs.] (KOH) (catalyst) Methylene Blue Saturated 1% (indicator) Syringe [1 mL] Glad Cling Wrap Table Heavy Duty Reynolds Wrap 2 Plastic Spoons 2 Safety Glasses Paper Towel Roll Procedure: Organize your materials Pour the water into an Erlenmeyer flask and fill until 300 mL Add Glucose to the flask [ one teaspoon ] Stir until visually dissolved Measure the time that the solution took to dissolve the Glucose Add Potassium Hydroxide flakes to the flask [ one teaspoon ] Stir until visually dissolved Measure the time that the solution took to dissolve the Potassium Hydroxide Prepare the lid Add two drops of Methylene Blue to the flask Quickly seal the container/Erlenmeyer flask Observed the color initially and any color change Swirl the flask in a vortex motion Observed any color and any...
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...In this lab, we had four different procedures to complete, and therefore, we divided them among the group members. Randy performed procedure 6.1, procedure 6.2 was performed by Uddi, procedure 6.3 was performed by Mohammed, and procedure 6.5 was performed by me. The setup for the experiments was done by all group members and therefore the following steps were taken: 1. Put gloves on. 2. Placed a piece of paper towel on the table to put the solutions on. 3. Obtained sample portions of the solutions to be tested which included sucrose solution, Glucose solution, distilled water, reducing sugar, starch solution, egg albumen, honey, amino acid solution, protein solution, salad oil, salad oil and water, known lipid solution, known lipid solution, apple juice, white grape juice, and an unknown 4. Two group members obtained sixty-eight test tubes and labeled them with the appropriate solution. 5. The other two group members added 10mL of each solution into a test tube. Afterwards, each group member performed his/her assigned procedure. Procedure 6.1- 1. Align 17 test tubes in a row containing appropriate substances in each. 2. Record the initial color of each solution into your data table. 3. Using a sterile pipette add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to each test tube. 4. Place all of the test tube into a hot water bath for 3 minutes. 5. Take out all of the test tubes after 3 minutes pass and let them cool for 2 minutes. 6. Record your final color observations into...
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...Purpose--The purpose of our lab is to answer the research question of how do different brands of sugar free spearmint gum go through change when it is heated? First, we must understand what gum is used for. One use is that it can be used to freshen up your breath. Also, a use for gum is to chew it when you have an upset stomach when Tums are not available. Another use is to use gum as an adhesive when nothing else is around. Gum’s melting point is about 125 degrees fahrenheit (mentalfloss.com). By knowing this we hypothesized that the gum would melt to a liquid. In our experiment we used spearmint sugar free gum of four different brands: Extra, Icebreaker, Trident, and Orbit. In order to answer this research question, we must first know the...
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...alcohol chain increases the solubility of water will decrease which shows of an inversely proportional relationship. Their chemical properties consist of combustion, as this is true because alcohols are able to burn because the end product they produce is water and carbon dioxide. A very obvious reaction they undergo is dehydration of course since they break down and produce water. In this lab, three different types of alcohols are evaluated...
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...This report discusses two lab experiments on studying mixtures. The first lab was called Investigating Mixtures. The objective of that lab was to observe that not all liquids behave the same way when mixed with other liquids. We had to determine what would happen when you put vegetable oil into water. My hypothesis was when the vegetable oil is mixed with the water the oil will stay on top of the water. The second lab was called Mixed Substances. The objective for the lab was to see how properties of individual substances compare with properties of a mixed substance. Before we started the lab we had to define the different types of mixtures we would be working with. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances mixed together physically but not chemically. A homogeneous mixture is a uniform structure or composition throughout a substance. And lastly, a heterogeneous mixture contains dissimilar parts or elements. My hypothesis was that when you mix water with cornstarch you would get oobleck. Next, I will share what i learned from the experiments....
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