...The Colorado Report The Colorado River Report describes the hydrology and sediment transport of the river basin. It also describes the relation to the political boundaries and basic agreements that manage the river. Then the report characterizes important problems, both current and future, associated with the way the river is managed. Finally, its policies, actions, and alliances that should help restore the Colorado River ecosystem to a more balanced condition are suggested. “An inhospitable desert has become a playground, and the Colorado River has become a plumbing system.” Although there is a lack of rainfall and high summer temperatures, this dry desert is now home to tens of millions of people. This includes some of the major agricultural areas in the United States. By exploiting the Colorado River, which gets most of its water from snowmelt in the Rocky Mountains, Americans have made the desert bloom with cotton, alfalfa, fruits, vegetables, specialty food plants, houses, and artificial recreation areas. By people settling on this area they have used a large amount of resources the river offers. Some of the problems the creation of this plumbing system has cause is it has wreaked havoc on the river resulting in most of the native fish are endangered, that major bird migration stops are severely truncated and degraded, that some of the most spectacular scenery in the world is less spectacular, and that the national and world economies are at risk. One of the problems...
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...Colorado River Report "An inhospitable desert has become a playground, and the Colorado River has become a plumbing system.” The Colorado River Report (2000) states that, “the erection of dams, reservoirs, and canals, along with countless diversions, has turned the river in a plumbing system, and today, the Colorado is a river no more.” The creation of this pluming system has imposed destruction on the river, such as “most of the native fish are endangered, that major bird migration stops are severely truncated and degraded, that some of the most spectacular scenery in the world is less than spectacular” (Colorado River Report, 2000), for example. The Colorado River Tasks Force concluded that “the current usage of the river is unsustainable. The existing plumbing system is vulnerable to sustained drought or earthquakes, as well as to engineering failure” (Colorado River Report, 2000). Simply put, all of these problems are the outcome of “unbalanced allocation of a critical natural resource, the water of the Colorado River Basin” (Colorado River Report, 2000). The study expresses that California’s allocation of the Colorado River is 4.4 maf/y, yet California diversions from the river have often exceeded this and have been as much as 5.2 maf/y. The six other basin states have insisted that California implement a 4.4 Plan (of the water that must be delivered by the Upper Basin states to the Lower Basin) to alleviate most or all of these problems. “To do this...
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...water will always be there, and this is becoming more and more evident as population increases and the supply decreases. Two major means for freshwater in the western United States are the Colorado River and the Ogallala Aquifer. These bodies of freshwater have had a vast history of disputes over how they should be allocated, maintained and treated. Up until now, there have been no agreements that have satisfied everyone. The allocation of fresh water resources in western America needs to be secured because if the status quo is maintained, the consequences will be enormous to humans and the environment, as well as the economy, whom are all dependent upon freshwater for survival. The Colorado River has had a long history of water allocation controversies. It is a major river that runs through seven states including Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, California and Nevada. It then continues into Mexico and empties into the Gulf of California. This river is 1,450 miles long and supplies water to over 40 million people. (Imperial Valley) The seven states the river runs through came together in 1922 and agreed upon the Colorado River Compact. This governs the allocation of water along the river by dividing the river into an upper and lower basin. The upper basin consists of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and parts of Arizona. The lower basin is the other part of...
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...Colorado River Native Riparian Vegetation in Grand Canyon: How Has Glen Canyon Dam Impacted These Communities? by Susan B. Infalt ABSTRACT Native riparian vegetation has changed considerably along the mainstem of the Colorado River between Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Mead since the closure of the dam. Old high water line (OHWL) plant species are in decline despite the shift some species have made into new, lower zones of the riparian area. Plants and sediment substrates directly adjacent to the river have been subjected to much less scour and desiccation with the post-dam hydrograph, and many woody species have been able to colonize much larger areas relative to pre-dam conditions. Novel communities such as return current channel marshes have developed in the canyon due to the lack of scour in backwater habitats. Overall, there has been a significant increase in the areal extent of riparian vegetation along this section of the Colorado River. The 1996 test flood was expected to scour existing riparian and marsh vegetation. Monitoring conducted after the flood revealed that vegetation was buried rather than scoured, and was able to recover to pre-flood levels within six months. Flows the size of the test flood, 45,000 cfs (1,274 m3/s), are inadequate to achieve current vegetation management goals, and will thus need to be modified if vegetation management goals are to be met. INTRODUCTION This paper will discuss the characteristics that make riparian zones in general extremely important...
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...Grand Canyon, immense canyon cut by the Colorado River in the high plateau region of northwestern Arizona, U.S., noted for its fantastic shapes and coloration. The Grand Canyon lies in the southwestern portion of the Colorado Plateau, which occupies a large area of the southwestern United States and consists essentially of horizontal layered rocks and lava flows. The broad, intricately sculptured chasm of the canyon contains between its outer walls a multitude of imposing peaks, buttes, gorges, and ravines. It ranges in width from about 175 yards (160 metres) to 18 miles (29 km) and extends in a winding course from the mouth of the Paria River, near Lees Ferry and the northern boundary of Arizona with Utah, to Grand Wash Cliffs, near the Nevada state line, a distance of about 277 miles (446 km); the first portion of the canyon—from Lees Ferry to the confluence with the Little Colorado River—is called Marble Canyon. The Grand Canyon also includes many tributary side canyons and surrounding plateaus. The greatest depths of the Grand Canyon lie more than a mile (some 6,000 feet [1,800 metres]) below its rim. The deepest and most spectacularly beautiful section, 56 miles (90 km) long, is within the central part of Grand Canyon National Park, which encompasses the river’s length from Lake Powell (formed by Glen Canyon Dam in 1963) to Lake Mead (formed by Hoover Dam in 1936). The North Rim, at approximately 8,200 feet (2,500 metres) above sea level, is some 1,200 feet (365 metres)...
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...abilities have vastly improved. These two changes, worldwide, have led to many large-scale projects that have altered the environment of sizable regions. This investigation focuses on three major water diversions- the Salton Sea, Aral Sea, and the Colorado River. Part 1: The Salton Sea 1. Describe the location of the Salton Sea. What is the climate and geography of the area? 2. How did the Salton Sea form? Explain what role humans played. 3. What is the present condition of this body of water? How has it changed over the last 25 years? Why? 4. Describe several ways the Salton Sea has altered the ecosystem of the region. Explain the stability of that ecosystem. How is it changing over time? 5. Outline 3 environmental and 3 economic reasons the Salton Sea is important. 6. What steps are being taken to remediate the Salton Sea? What are the chances of success? Explain. 7. Compare the similarities and differences between the Salton Sea and Lake Chad in sub-Saharan Africa. Part 2: The Aral Sea 1. Find the location and other geographic information about the Aral Sea from a current atlas. a) Which former Soviet republics border the Aral Sea? b) Which rivers mainly supply the Aral Sea? 2. What government agency is...
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...tools and equipment that could help them take care of the lands they owned. Due to irrigation many changes took place in Yuma and Southern Arizona in many ways. Dams were built and the population grew. The Yuma Project was extremely important to the people of Yuma County. Many great changes happened. Irrigation started to flow, farms started to appear, and the population grew. In 1912, towards the beginning of the Yuma Project, 13,767 acres were used for irrigation. There was an unknown numbers of farms but 470 farms were served with a population of 1,504 total. Only two towns were around, with an average population of 3,525 people. The total population of the area was 5,029. ”Statistics are taken from Annual Project Histories and Annual Reports for specified years.” As time progressed, the numbers went up. Farmers had more land, the population skyrocketed, and the amount of towns went up. More land was available so irrigation was able to be used in more of Southern Arizona. By the end of the Yuma Project, the population was up to 378,000 people in total, with six towns that had an average population of 35,100. The Yuma Project lead to a buy-out which helped the population of Southern Arizona even more. Economically, the crops yield went up a lot. The agricultural income went up, as well as the income from crops. The impact of the buyout had on the population was more noticeable than it was on the economy. At the time of the buy-out, the total population was dependent on agricultural...
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...The Barton Creek Greenbelt Unlike many cities in Texas, Austin has a plethora of picturesque swimming holes and parks. There are a handful of amazing recreational locations in Austin, but none quite like the Barton Creek Greenbelt. Barton Creek stretches about eight miles long from South West Austin into the heart of the city. When it rains and the creek fills with water, the swimming holes produced make for a great place to enjoy the outdoors. The Greenbelt in Austin Texas reveals itself to be unique and establishes itself as a great recreational location by bringing diverse people together who share a common goal, promoting a healthy lifestyle through exercise, and by inviting frequent park goer's to maintain Austin's beautiful scenery. The Barton Creek Greenbelt is a melting pot where all walks of life can come to enjoy a relaxing environment without the distraction of everyday life. Barton Creek has numerous swimming holes and hiking trails surrounded by plant and animal life. It's hard to tell that you're surrounded by a city with all the trees and plant life around. Every year, when the creek fills with water, it becomes a popular place to swim. One knows they're close when they hear the sounds of a drum circle or the whisper of a guitar on the wind complimented by echoing laughter. Every year I’ve gone to the creek, I always meet so many different kinds of people. It's unusual to see anything but good vibes and a positive interaction amongst the crowd...
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...UNV 501: Online Learning Environment Navigation Guide Introduction GCU’s Learning Management System (LMS) ANGEL and the www.gcu.edu Web site have many resources to help you become a successful student. Refer to the Module 1 Readings for more direction on how to find things. Directions Search ANGEL and the www.gcu.edu Web site for answers to the following questions. You should complete the guide while navigating ANGEL and the GCU Web site. Use this guide to assist you when completing the “Navigating the Online Learning Environment Quiz” due at the end of Module 1. ANGEL Questions 1. After you log into your UNV 501 course in ANGEL, find the Student Success Center link in the light purple band at the top of the screen. Click on this link. List some of the services provided to students at this link. Tutorials, writing templates, style guides, plagiarism do’s and don’ts, policy and handbooks. 2. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Writing Center link. What writing style is required for most 500-level courses at GCU? APA Style 3. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Support Services link. List the services available at this link. Financial aid, Library, Technical Support, Tutoring 4. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Succeed at GCU link. Click on the Tutorials link to the left. What tutorials are available for students at this link?Loud Cloud walk to class, transitioning from angel to Loud Cloud, Outlook live, Writing...
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...River Colorado This extraordinary river has many unique features and runs through 7 American states including Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja, California, and Sonora. Humans have benefitted from the river for the last 2000 years due to its huge potential. More water is exported from the colorado basin than from any other river basin in the US. However these human uses have caused various effects on the river discharge. Key Features: Big Thompson Trans-Basin Diversion Reservoirs including Mead, Powell, Flaming, Gorge and Fontenelle Dams such as Hoover, Davis and Parker Glen Canyon Grand Canyon The Colorado River Delta Figure 1 - shows the course of the river. The Upper Colorado starts at the source at La Poudre Pass Lake in the Rocky Mountain national Park in Colorado. Here the annual precipitation is very high in the park with as much as 2540mm of snow during the winter. Under the Rocky Mountains there is the Big Thompson Trans-Basin Diversion, which diverts water to 2 million people living in Colorado. The Colorado River begins to flow to the west into Grand Lake in Colorado. Once the Colorado River meets the U.S. southwest, it begins to meet several more dams and reservoirs including the Fontenelle (the first of 11 dams) and receives its principle tributary, the Green River before it reaches the Glen Canyon Dam which forms the reservoir Lake Powell in Southern Utah. Here the Colorado also joins with San Juan River. From here...
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...Case Study: Water Issues in the Southwest 1. Prior appropriation water rights are rights that are created on the appropriation doctrine, which is developed in Western states. These water rights are different from riparian water rights, which is rights for the eastern states. In the western states, water supplies are very limited and the right is also allotted to those who are “first in time if use.” Winters water rights is referred to as “reserved water rights.” The rights states that when an American Indian then states that when an American Indian reservation is established by either a treaty, statute, or executive order implied reservation of water rights is included in said treaty, statute, or executive order. These water rights apply to water sources that are either within he reservation or bordering it. The conflict is the controversy in some areas of water law including quantification and administration of tribal water rights. The Winters take a priority. 2. Southwest tribes have powerful rights to water, at least on paper. Most tribes have a priority water right that dates back to the creation of their reservations. Some tribes have entered into settlements regarding their water rights, but many have not. It is not possible to be ethical and address everyone’s water rights. Whether tribal water rights are settled, adjudicated, or as yet unquantified, global warming’s effects on water will only heighten the tension that exists with regard to access to the west’s...
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...Manicured golf courses and tree-lined streets belie the fact that there is very little natural greenery in the Coachella Valley. Notable exceptions are the scenic hikes in Indian Canyons, near Palm Springs. The longest of many hikes on this Native American land is the Palm Canyon Trail, a total of 15 miles. This trail follows Palm Canyon Creek, which may or may not have flowing water depending on the time of year and recent rainfall. Once you pass the tollgate, the second parking area reaches this trail. This is also the parking area that houses the trading post, which offers a nice collection of Native American crafts and gift items, along with restrooms. The Native Americans here are the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuila Indians, and they’ve lived in the Palm Springs area for centuries, growing melons, squash, beans, and corn. In the 1870s the federal government deeded 31,500 acres the tribe. Currently part of this land is within the city of Palm Springs. Visitors use these scenic trails with tribal permission and are required to respect tribal rules and regulations, including the price of admission and hours of operation. From the trading post, a short but steep trail leads down to the creek and the start of the trail system. There is a picnic area there, and some people find it pleasant to simply spend some time under the tall palms in this, the longest natural palm grove in the state, perhaps the country. From the picnic area, Palm Canyon goes two ways, the left being...
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...explore the effects of the All-American Canal and the ongoing battle against illegal immigration. The canal is owned by the federal government and operated by the Imperial Irrigation District (IID). This paper will examines both sides of the moral obligation and responsibility of the government and the immigrants that attempt to cross the canal. Keywords: Imperial Irrigation District, responsibility Claim: “It is permissible for the federal government to allow the drowning deaths of illegal immigrants at the All-American Canal to continue because they aren’t required to provide life saving equipment. Explanation of the claim: The All-American Canal is an aqueduct that conveys the last drops of Colorado River water into the Imperial Valley in California. The canal provides drinking water for 9 cities and irrigates over 500,000 acres. It was built in the 1930’s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation and completed in 1942. It’s owned by the federal government and operated by the Imperial Irrigation District (IID). Two thirds of our winter fruits and vegetables are grown using this water. The canal creates jobs in the farming industry and half of the people who pick the crops are illegal aliens who cross the canal from Mexico. The problem is the canal is 225 feet across and 20 feet deep with currents that can carry a person 8 feet per second once in the water. Since the double fences were installed on the borders of San Diego, Ca. and Mexico...
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...Few would argue that the Grand Canyon is the most desirable tourist destinations in the world. Adventures there include descriptive words such as “amazing,” “breathtaking,” “incredible,” and “magnificent.” How do you describe one of the seven wonders of the world? The Canyon’s elegance and beauty go far beyond people’s ability to describe. So much has been written about the wonders of Grand Canyon. The South Rim is overrun with plenty visitors, both from the US and international. Bumper to bumper traffic and large pushy crowds are the norm at the scenic sight. But the best-kept secret of the Grand Canyon adventure isn’t discovered by visiting the arid South Rim. The best way to see the Grand Canyon is to get “Off the Beaten Path” via the North Rim! It’s a visitor’s dream come true, with incredible views, improved trails and great facilities. The only thing the North Rim doesn’t offer you are the crowds. When approaching the northern canyon access, you travel through the scenic Kaibab Plateau-North Rim Parkway, which traverses the 1500 square mile North Kaibab National Forest-Grand Canyon National Game Preserve. Travelers drive through the gentle green forests, which rise dramatically to 9,000 feet in elevation. The Kaibab, which the Paiute Indians called “the mountain lying down,” changes from the Sonoran desert zone at one extreme, to the frosty climate of the sub-alpine zone nearer the canyon. Dense pine forests of the high Kaibab Plateau end abruptly at the canyon’s edge...
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...“Beauty in Nature” It was cold, dark, and quiet, and I was having the time of my life. As I was lying on my cot on that little beach at the bottom of the Grand Canyon, I started to relive the whole experience from start to finish and I suddenly relized how fortunate I was to have this experience. It all started in the beginning of January 2010. For my sixteenth birthday, my grandparents said that I could pick anything I wanted to do, anywhere in the country, and they would pay for my Dad, my Grandpa, and I to go. After a few weeks of indecision (I had so many ideas that I couldn’t decide) my Grandpa called me and told me that he had asked a travel agent for ideas. She informed him of a trip that consisted of visiting the city of Las Vegas, spending a day on a cattle ranch, and, best of all, a three day, two night rafting trip through the Grand Canyon. A decision that I had been struggling with for weeks was solved with a short phone call. This was the trip I wanted to take, the trip of a life time. The date was set, we would fly to Las Vegas at the end of May. This posed a slight problem in that school didn’t let out untill the fifth of June, and final exams were taking place in the last two weeks. After much effort on my part, I was able to exempt a couple of exams and convince the rest of my teachers to allow my to take their test early. Everything was in order, we were to leave a full week before the end of school. The plan was for my Dad and I to drive up to my Grandparents’...
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