...Commerce international Introduction Grâce à la globalisation, et au développement des technologies de l’information et de la télécommunication, les entreprises des pays industrialisés font une grande partie de leur cycle de production dans des pays en voie de développement où ils ont un avantage compétitif. Donc, ce qu’on appelle la chaîne de valeur mondiale est née. Le cycle de production est complété dans plusieurs endroits : la conception est faite en Amérique du Nord, la production en Chine, la distribution partout dans le monde et le service de l’après vente dans plusieurs pays comme l’Inde (centres d’appels). Malheureusement, selon un rapport du Ministère des affaires étrangères en date du 19 février 2007: « les entreprises canadiennes ne s’adaptent pas aussi rapidement que les entreprises d’autres pays à cette nouvelle réalité » (chaîne de valeur mondiale). Ainsi malgré l’amélioration connue depuis 2004 le commerce du Canada est encore fortement dépendant du commerce avec les États-Unis. Ceci constitue un point de faiblesse de l’économie canadienne et une préoccupation pour le gouvernement et la société canadienne. Dans ce cadre, le gouvernement canadien a lancé depuis trois ans la stratégie commerciale mondiale qui repose sur les éléments suivants : 1) stimuler la participation des entreprises canadiennes aux chaînes de valeur mondiales; 2) obtenir des conditions d’accès concurrentielles aux marchés et aux réseaux mondiaux pour les entreprises canadiennes...
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...International trade and transactions For the past couple of weeks, we have learnt the methods of payments when dealing with the international transactions. Popular methods of payment used in international trade include: Cash with order (CWO)-the buyers pay cash when he places an order. Cash on delivery (COD)-the buyer pays cash when the goods are delivered. Documentary credit-a Letter of credit (L/C) is used; gives the seller two guarantees that the payment will be made by the buyer: one guarantee from the buyer's bank and another from the seller's bank. Bills for collection -here a Bill of Exchange (B/E) is used Open account-this method can be used by business partners who trust each other; the two partners need to have their accounts with the banks that are correspondent banks. Letters of Credit The letter of credit (LC) allows the buyer and Seller to contract a trusted intermediary (a bank) that will guarantee full payment to the seller provided that he has shipped the goods and complied with the terms of the agreed-upon Letter. This instrument, although inherently simple, can have many variations. The LC serves to evenly distribute risk between buyer and seller since the seller is assured of payment when the conditions of the LC are met and the buyer is reasonably assured of receiving the goods ordered. 1 This is a common form of payment, especially when the contracting parties or unfamiliar with each other. Although this instrument provides excellent assurances...
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...(proba plutôt élevé que ça tombe) Accroche : représentant de la comission des finances américaines (cf poly). Spécificité des politiques américaines : tax cuts pour agir sur la conjoncture. Les pays européens rechignent à l’utiliser. Ce qui explique que les taux de P0 en France soit d’une certaine facon rigide aux alentours de 40% depuis 1980 environ. Auparavant durant les années 60, taux PO aux alentours de 30%. Le taux n’a donc pas cessé de s’élever tendanciellement. A connu un pic en 1999 à presque 45%, qu’il a été réduit depuis aux environs de 40%. Ce taux de PO, pourquoi est il aussi élevé ? I. Les PO se justifient par la nécessité de défendre ou de générer des ressources d’intérêt général qui sont source d’efficacité à LT A. La fisca peut se justifier (sous parties inversables dans le I) pour défendre des ressources rares ou en raréfaction Cas de la fiscalité « pollueur payeur » proposé par Pigou : faire prendre conscience à ceux qui génèrent des externalités négative du cout que cela peut avoir du point de vue social. Il existe un seuil optimal de pollution et on a pu montrer que des solutions plus simples plus efficaces résidaient dans des droits de propriété sur les ressources qui se raréfient (Coase). Cependant on avait aussi dit que la fisca pouvait rester une solution partielle aux externalités négatives ne serait ce que parce qu’elle était une incitation, une prise de conscience que ce soit pour les conso ou les producteurs, de la raréfaction d’une ressource et...
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...International Commercial Risks Maria Mendoza Suarez LAW 421 June 16, 2014 Michael Green International Commercial Risks International law is not a simple process to adhere to, especially when trying to conduct business abroad. According to Melvin (2011), international law is best defined as a “body of rules and principles of action binding on countries, international organizations, and individuals in their relations with one another” (p. 631). Contracts and legal agreements are a crucial instrument or tool used when building relationships with other nations. There are many issues than can arise within a period of time that be minimized, if not avoided completely. There are factors that will need to be considered when deciding to take any legal action against the other nations, meanwhile respecting their customs and laws. There are plenty of risks associated in international law that organizations must take into consideration when conducting business with businesses abroad. There are possibilities of disputes and disagreements between the businesses that could either damage their relationship or help improve the growth of their business. There are major issues involved that would need to be considered when a local business decides to take legal action against the nation whom the local organization is conducting business with. The first and second major issue is the understanding of choice-of-law and forum clauses. The choice-of-law is a clause are terms written within...
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...CBP Electronic International Commerce System 1.0 Executive Summary In 2008, “U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) collects over $30 billion annually, the second largest revenue generator for the U.S. Government” ("Overview of revenue:," 2008). Believe it or not, the U.S. government is behind the times in terms of technology when it comes to commercial trade and the potential for revenue has grown exponentially. Many partakers in this industry are greatly affected by this lack of updated technology and would jump at the opportunity to invest into a new program that would allow for more efficiency. The companies participating in commercial international trade need one source that contains all import and customs clearance information for any commodity. The government has agreed to invest, has had the programs/software built, and has made the technology available to the public. This software is the single most important step forward in efficiency for U.S. international commerce. Companies that would subscribe to such a service provided by CBP include self-sufficient importers, air, vessel or vehicle carriers, bonded warehouses, and Customs brokers. These teams work in conjunction to complete all of the regulations of international trade that U.S. Customs requires, while dealing with the apparent out of date technology provided and therefore are the potential customers. After taking the step to invest in technology that would allow their company to interact technologically...
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...Influence of Internet and E-commerce in international business Introduction: Commencing from 20th century, enormous use of Internet was witnesses in all the fields with a major impact on international business. Although the Internet and web 2.0 serve as improving trend of economy and business, there is negligible research done to advocate their impacts on international business and marketing (Urban, 2003). The present literature review essay is an attempt to address the gap of existing literature whereby necessary recommendations can be made to improve use of technology in business. For the purpose of this essay, extant literatures in the fields of international business, technology, science, marketing and e-commerce have been studied and reviewed. Research objective: To serve the purpose of the literature review, investigation of Internet and e-commerce over international business processes is performed with the primary research objective as the consequence of Internet on international business. Research questions: In order to study research objective, a set of research questions have been devised upon which a review is presented in the following essay. The research questions devised are: • Influence of Internet in international business. • Consequences of Internet on international entrepreneurship. • Impact of web 2.0 on international business processes. • Influence of e-commerce in international business Literature...
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...deal with problematic international issues like cultural differences, language barriers, system infrastructures, legalities and finances. As a customer-centric company, the key to survival is customer satisfaction. Identifying cultural sensitivity issues to elicit customer satisfaction at the local level is challenging, because human behaviors are uniquely different; however to entertain this issue on an international front, requires hefty research and development budget. It is fallible to assume that people behaviors are all the same everywhere; therefore, the same customer service model can be used. Language barriers present another international impediment for a small business. According to Becker (2008), “…research have shown that customers are more likely to buy goods and services from Web sites in their native languages, even if they can speak and understand English well” (chapter 1.3, Background section, para. 1). Using language translation software on a Web site is not a viable option as human subtleties, colloquialism and idioms maybe lost in translation to the native reader. Language translators and Web designers who are experts come at a pricey rate. The system infrastructures to support languages are costly due to different encoding schemes. There is not a universal standard code for information interchange, which means that there is not one standardized language used by all end users. Another international consideration in e-commerce is the legal issue...
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...Objectives 4.1 Differentiate between types of employment relationships and associated the legal considerations. 4.2 Differentiate between types of discriminatory issues and the associated legal considerations. 4.3 Determine methods for managing legal risk arising from regulatory compliance issues. Readings Read Ch. 31 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 32 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 33 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 43 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 44 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 45 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read Ch. 46 of Business Law: Legal Environment, Online Commerce, Business Ethics, and International. Readings Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Participation Participate in class discussion. 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. DQ 1 due Day 3 and DQ 2 Due Day 5 2 Nongraded Activities and Preparation Podcast Listen to the Week Four podcast. Learning Team Reflection Check out the local and national news sources and find a current event that reflects what we...
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...Overivew of Alibaba’s Business Alibaba is the largest e-commerce (online and mobile) company in the world based on gross merchandise volume in 2014. It is also the biggest e-commerce company in China dominating more than 80% of the country’s e-commerce market share. Alibaba operates a similar business model to eBay by providing technology infrastructure and marketing reach in the form of online marketplaces for merchants to conduct online transactions with cosumers and businesses. Unlike Amazon, Alibaba does not hold or sell any merchandise. Instead, Alibaba plays the role of a middleman to connect buyers and sellers and facilitating the transactions between them (MarketWatch: Alibaba, 2015). Thus, purchase of the physical merchandise is made directly from the 3rd party businesses (eCommerceFuel: Alibaba vs Amazon, 2014). Supporting Alibaba’s business through maintaining buyer’s confidence is its secured online payment platform, Alipay that provides escrow services. Alipay manages the bulk of the transactions that take place on Alibaba’s China marketplaces. Alibaba operates both China and global marketplaces. Its China marketplaces include Taobao, Tmall and Juhuasuan whose presence continues to dominate China’s e-commerce marketshare. At the end of 2015, Gross Merchandise Volume (GMV) transacted on these retail marketplaces was RMB964 billion (US$149 billion), an increase of 23% over 2014. Alibaba’s global marketplaces include Tmall global –an extension of Tmall, Aliexpress...
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...significant for international firms? Technology: The technology of a society is the mix of the usable knowledge that the society applies and directs toward the attainment of cultural and economic objectives; it exists in some form in every cultural organization. Technology surely plays a vital role in business today. Businesses have become reliant on technology and if it didn’t exist, almost all business operations around the world could not function. Technology is used in all industries extending from the most basic to the most complex of operations. Commerce and trade around the world most definitely is thriving because of technology. Long before there were computers the world has been doing business; starting from the simple concept of barter trade when the concept of a currency was not yet introduced but trade and commerce was still slow up until the point when the computer revolution changed everything. Technology is used for Point of Sales systems, information management systems capable of handling all kinds of information such as employee profile, client profile, accounting and tracking, automation systems for use in large scale production of commodities, package sorting, assembly lines, all the way to marketing and communications. It doesn't end there, all these commodities also need to be transported by sea, land, and air. According to Ball, “Technological superiority is the goal of most companies, of course, but it is especially important to international companies for...
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...Importance of information technology to business organizations? Information Technology (IT) is: "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Today, the term Information Technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The Information Technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include: Data Management Computer Networking Database Systems Design Software design Management Information Systems Systems management In this definition, the term "information" can usually be replaced by "data" without loss of meaning. Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly include the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Strictly speaking, this name is slighty redundant. Why Is Technology Important in Business? Technology is essential to the success of many businesses. No matter the...
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...1. Threat of new entrants – high. Malaysia is becoming an important expansion base for Western retailers. Even as big retail brands and labels focus their attentions on the emerging markets of China, India or even our ASEAN neighbors, they too have seen it fit to establish a presence in Malaysia as well. Increasingly, Malaysia will see more international retailers venturing into the market directly as opposed to via the traditional gateways of Hong Kong and Singapore. In the past year itself, there has been an influx of international brands, which compete on the same playing field as Padini, the most recent being Japanese behemoth Uniqlo and Swedish fashion retailer H&M, which have opened their flagship stores in the Golden Triangle. We believe that given the growing size of the pot, the main barrier to entry would be with regards to the prime retail space which is getting scarce. 2. Bargaining power of buyers – high. The rising income levels, better education and greater access to a variety of brands and labels have resulted in a class of consumers more sophisticated in their needs and preferences. Where customer loyalty is of the utmost importance, retailers have strived to attain superior customer responsiveness by employing various methods of advertisements and promotions, loyalty programmes, as well as to increase customer’s perceived value of a brand. Brands catering to this expanding group of consumers have become numerous but more often than not, these brands...
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...interactions. It is one of the major reasons why the expansion of business activities into the digital cyberspace have been an absolute necessity for an organization to be competitive in its market. What business to business transactions mean in the digital age is the interaction of commerce between two businesses electronically either through the internet, intranet, extranet or some other private network, which can also include VAN (value added network). The introduction and advancement of many web based technologies has given more companies the ability to have their influence felt in cyberspace. This includes communicating between other businesses and their customers and also made their transactions between the various parties much more efficient and simpler. It has gone as far as some business models incorporating business to business transactions in to their supply chain theories. This makes sense because the business to business transaction systems are quickly becoming a normality in the business market and not just a comparative advantage. In other words, it is quickly being a viability factor and not an advantage factor. In regards to the type of market that business to business commerce are used in, there are two types of markets. A vertical market transaction is one that involves other businesses that are involved in the same production...
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... 3.2 Compare and contrast US religious views with Ireland. 3.3 Compare and contrast US and Irish social structures and organizations. 3.4 Compare and contrast education in the US and Ireland. . 4.0 What are the implications for US businesses that wish to conduct business in the region? 4.1 Foreign investment decisions. 4.1.1 Type of investment. 4.1.2 Future of investment opportunities. 4.1.3 Mergers and acquisitions suitability. 4.2 Analysis of business differences from Ireland to the US. 4.2.1 Strengths of Irish business practices. 4.2.2 Weaknesses of Irish business practices. 4.2.3 Opportunities for Irish business system development and expansion. 4.2.4 Threats to Irish businesses, solutions provided through international commerce. 4.3 Thoughts for the Christian businessperson...
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...Please fill with the following terms into an Irrevocable Documentary Credit Form to issue usance credit payable at sight. (1) Credit is available with the advising bank by acceptance of beneficiary’s draft at 90 days sight on the advising bank. (2) Drawer bank’s discount and/or interest charges and acceptance commission are for the account of applicant and therefore the beneficiary is to receive value for the term drafts as if drawn at sight. (3) We are authorized to pay claim in respect of your discount amount relating to this credit in excess of the credit amount. (4) Upon receipt of full set of documents in conformity with credit terms, we shall credit draft amount as indicated on BP Advice plus discount and other charges at maturity to the credit of your Beijing Office DEM account with us. |Name of Issuing Bank: |Irrevocable | |COMMERZE BANK AG. |Documentary Credit Number329485 | |Place and Date of Issue: |Expiry date and Place for Presentation of documents | |Hamburg, 2 March, 200X |Expiry Date: | | |Place for Presentation: | |Applicant: | ...
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