...Locating the Boundaries: The Scope of Congress's Power to Regulate Commerce Bork, Robert H., Troy, Daniel E., Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy The Congress shall have Power ... To regulate Commerce ... among the several States. --U.S. Constitution, Art. I, [section] 8, cl. 3 I. INTRODUCTION In the wake of the American Revolution, neither the Continental Congress nor the States acting on their own could respond effectively to the external and internal trade disputes that threatened the new country's prosperity and peace. "It may be doubted," wrote Chief Justice John Marshall, "whether any of the evils proceeding from the feebleness of the federal government, contributed more to that great [constitutional] revolution which introduced the [modern constitutional] system, than the deep and general conviction, that commerce ought to be regulated by Congress." (1) Accordingly, although the federal government was to be limited to exercising only enumerated powers, those powers included the power to regulate commerce, thus remedying this deficiency in the Articles of Confederation. Regrettably, but perhaps inevitably, "[t]he ink was not yet dry on the Constitution when its revision began." (2) Almost immediately, Congress began pressing beyond specifically enumerated powers granted it in Article I. As a result, today, Americans encounter a national government far more expansive than the Framers and men of their generation could ever have imagined. Despite this...
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...Greenwich School of Management / plymouth university | E- Commerce | PC303 | | Sonny Tella Leshie : SN/129122 | | | Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2 2.0 Introduction 2 2.0 E-Commerce 3 3.1 Benefits of E-Commerce 3 3.2 Limitations of E-Commerce 4 4.0 Features of E-Commerce 4 4.1 Ubiquity 5 4.2 Global Reach 5 4.3 Universal Standards 6 4.4 Richness 6 4.5 Interactivity 7 4.6 Information Density 7 4.7 Personalisation/Customisation 7 4.8 Social Technology 8 5.0 Privacy and Security Issues 9 5.2 Security 9 6.0 Ethical Factors 10 6.1 Privacy 10 7.0 Recommendations 11 8.0 Conclusion 11 9.0 Bibliography 11 Appendix 13 1.0 13 2.0 14 3.0 15 4.0 16 5.0 17 1.0 Executive Summary This is a report of a critical review of the E-Commerce website of “Alfasud Parts Online”. The report will look at the general role of e-commerce in contemporary business and the advantages or otherwise for Alfasud. A critical analysis of the implementation of the unique features of E-Commerce shall be undertaken and their business significance for the company will be evaluated. This report will evaluate the security provisions on the e-commerce website and the employed technologies and methods for ensuring security and privacy. An evaluation of necessary ethical considerations and others issues arising on the website will also be conducted. The report will draw conclusions and make recommendations to the board...
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...Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) [pic] Chapter 1: Introduction o Background information Electronic commerce has revolutionised the entire process of business operation and transaction itself in the day-to-day business. The growth of electronic commerce is mainly with the technological advancements and the innovative methods of sales and conducting transactions over the Internet. Alongside, the increase in the competition and the continuous globalisation of the business organizations with the presence of conglomerates both at the national and international markets has created the need for electronic commerce as an alternative to leverage growth in business and generate revenue. Retail sector in the UK accounts for a major portion of the nation’s annual revenue. The increase in customer demand for new products as well as the flexibility for shopping online, the electronic commerce has made a tremendous impact in the actual form of retailing itself. In this report, the author aims to analyse the impact of electronic commerce over the retail sector and the extent to which electronic commerce has reached the general public. o Aim and Objectives The aim of this report is to analyse the impact of electronic commerce on TESCO Plc: the leading retailer of the UK. The research is accomplished through the following objectives • To analyse the growth and impact of electronic commerce in the business society of the UK. • To research the effect of electronic commerce on the...
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...M-commerce(Mobile Commerce) is “the delivery of electronic commerce capabilities directly into the hands, anywhere, via wireless technology” and “putting a retail outlet in the customer’s hands anywhere.” This can be done with just a mobile phone, a PDA connected to a mobile phone or even a portable PC connected to a mobile phone. M-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless handheld devices such as cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to access the Internet without needing to find a place to plug in. The emerging technology behind m-commerce, which is based on the Wireless Application Protocol, has made far greater strides in Europe. M-commerce allows one to reach the consumer directly, not his fax machine, his desk, his secretary or his mailbox, but ones consumer directly, regardless of where he is. Internet use has grown to such a level on the strength of PC networks. Due to the huge base of installed PCs, which is predicted to grow in a faster pace in the days to come, electronic commerce and other communication applications are bound to thrive further. Also, these computing systems will have greater power and storage capability, the best ever price-performance ratios, more powerful and sophisticated applications will likely emerge for desktop computing and the Internet. However, there are two major limitations on PCs. First , users have to sit in front of them...
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...Glossary |Term |Definition | |Electronic Commerce |Electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide | | |Web. | |Etsy/Pinterest |Online websites for buying and selling products and ideas. | Executive summary The main objective of this report is to identify and analyse the benefits and problems associated using the E-commerce. The case study evolves the client, Miss Amanda Jane Walter in which her horse riding apparel business is threaten as many customers search and buy the products online compared to Amanda Jane who only sells the items directly to their customer. This report explains how E-commerce can be incorporated to help the company, Amanda Jane Horse Wear, to improve its business operations and improve on its advertising to outreach to a greater target audience within the horse-riding community. Some benefits identified include increased business efficiency, reduced operations cost, providing additional convenience to customers and expanding the company’s current customer base. On the other hand, the report will highlight the challenges that the business might face in...
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...Introduction of e-commerce Electronic commerce can be defined as sales or purchase of goods and services or any commercial transaction through electronic systems such as internet, telephone and e-mail. There are several forms of e-commerce, including: Business-to-Business (B2B) is the electronic transactions between enterprises for conducting business. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) is the business sell of products or services directly to customers, such as Gmarket, Alibaba etc. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) is the business conduct between consumers. This usually is a form of auction or forum site, such as E-bay. Consumers post what they intend to sell on the webpage, other consumers can access and bid for the item. Customer-to-business (C2B) is a form of business offered by consumer to business to exchange for money. For example, designers sell a design to a multimedia manufacturing company online. One of the major subset of E-commerce is mobile commerce. It is the sale and purchase of goods or services or conducts any business activities through internet connection using handy devices such as mobile phones and tablets. Mobile commerce is getting popular and can be defined as the next generation of e-commerce. Businesses conduct e-commerce to stay competitive. Some of the businesses are successful with the use of e-commerce, such as online shop Amazon and DBS Bank. Amazon provides a massive range of products. They are focus on their selection, price and convenience. Customers can...
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...record and deliver information across distances and at rates expanding exponentially. This is also referred to as the information age. Digital technology has changed the economy. The new terminology being used is e-marketing where the primary source of value creation for consumers has shifted from physical goods to services and information. This does not mean that everything we previously knew about business becomes irrelevant and obsolete, but it does mean that significant changes in business environment justify new approaches to thinking of the best marketing strategy and management. In summary E-commerce can be defined as an exchange of goods and services between parties, individuals and organizations as well as the electronically based intra and inter organizational activities that facilitate such exchanges.(Dave.C.,2007,p,4) There are four categories of E-commerce:- a) Business to business b) Business to consumer c) Consumer to business d) Consumer to consumer Most business still carries out the traditional ways of conducting business. This is by having a physical address where they have their products and services and translations are made there. Due to the new dot com community and ways of doing business many businesses have taken up the opportunity of conducting business online. This is because of the benefits brought about by doing business using electronic medium, some of these benefits are:- 1) Increasing market share ...
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...LIMITATIONS OF E-COMMERCE Technical Limitations Lack of sufficient system's security, reliability, standards, and communication protocols. Insufficient telecommunication bandwidth. The software development tools are still evolving and changing rapidly. Difficulties in integrating the Internet and electronic commerce software with some existing applications and databases. The need for special Web servers and other infrastructures, in addition to the network servers (additional cost). Possible problems of interoperability, meaning that some E-commerce software does not fit with some hardware, or is incompatible with some operating systems or other components. Non-Technical Limitations Cost and justification (35% of the respondents) The cost of developing an EC in house can be very high, and mistakes due to lack of experience, may result in delays. There are many opportunities for outsourcing, but where and how to do it is not a simple issue. Furthermore, to justify the system one needs to deal with some intangible benefits which are difficult to quantify. Security and Privacy (17% of the respondents) These issues are especially important in the B2C area, and security concerns are not truly so serious from a technical standpoint. Privacy measures are constantly improving too. Yet, the customers perceive these issues as very important and therefore the E-commerce industry has a very long and difficult task of convincing customers that online transactions...
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...E-Commerce A Brief Examination of a Popular Electronic Information Technology The purpose of this assignment is to “demonstrate an understanding of information systems, define and display how information technology may be used strategically in organizations.” The following discussion specifically focuses on the electronic business of E-Commerce and identifies how this industry uses information technology to compete, provide goods/services and offer innovative trends within the consumer market place. Characterizing Commerce Commerce is generally defined as “a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of good and services from a producer to the consumer.” It also encompasses the “trading of information and funds or other entities” that maintain economic value. Characterizing E-Commerce E-Commerce is commonly referred to as “electronic marketing.” It consists of buying, selling or the exchange of goods and services over an electronic medium such as the internet or other computer based networks where a transaction or “terms of sale” are performed electronically. E-Commerce Popularity Since the advent of the internet and the potential uses information technology brought to the business environment, nearly all main stream commerce related industries discovered an opportunity to establish a presence in the electronic marketing environment due to the low entry cost and reductions in transaction expenses that provided increasing...
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...2/24/2015 Carolina Guerraz John Cabot University E-commerce Industry Analysis Contents Introduction 2 Industry Background 2 PEST Analysis 4 Political 4 Economic 5 Social 6 Technological 7 Michael Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 7 Threat of New Entrants 7 The Power of Suppliers 8 The Power of Buyers 8 Threat of Substitutes 9 Rivalry 9 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 11 Introduction The objective of this paper is to analyze e-commerce industry in Italy and to determine its attractiveness by applying PEST analysis and Michael Porter’s Five-Force Analysis. E-commerce is defined as the sale of products and services through computer networks. As the world changes and technology advances, firms must adapt to new trends so that new competitive advantages can become part of the industry. In e-commerce industries, information and communication technologies (ICT) and merchandise are the suppliers, online retailers are the players, and end-consumers are the buyers. After having described the e-commerce industry background and its trends, both on a global perspective and specifically in Italy, an environmental analysis will be described as a way to determine the industry attractiveness. Industry Background The e-commerce industry is one of the fastest growing industries throughout the world even though differences exist in the stage of development from country to country. According to Euromonitor, global online retail sales have increased 17% from 2007 to 2012. In addition...
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...In your opinion, will e-commerce replace the traditional business transaction within the next ten years? Justify your stand and support your arguments with reasons and examples. You should write between 600 and 650 words. Instructor : Ms Jane Chai En-Huey E-commerce (Electronic commerce) is refer to all business transaction happened through electronic platform such as internet. Recent years, e-commerce has expanded rapidly and is believed to continue at this rate of expansion or even accelerate. As the Internet continues to grow exponentially, e-commerce becomes more general in our lifestyle unlike the traditional business transaction. Traditional business transaction can only be conducted in the form of face-to-face which may confront a lot of difficulties like communication and transportation problems. Due to the advancement of technology, business transaction has become easier and faster, thus, speed up the transaction between sellers and buyers. Therefore, it is strongly believed that e-commerce will replace the traditional business transaction within the next ten years. There are some reasons that prove traditional business transaction is replaceable such as lower cost and improvement in customer service. E-commerce can play an important role in future economy because lower cost is needed to conduct a business through internet than traditional business transaction. The labour cost is reduced because no salesmen are needed in e-commerce. The e-payment can also...
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...Running head: E-Commerce Commerce over the Internet is Relatable Safe Insert Name Insert Grade Course Insert Tutor’s Name 23 November 2010 Outline Introduction This section defines the term internet commerce and gives a brief overview of its history. Requirements for E-commerce It gives some of the major requirements involved in starting up an E-business. This includes; 1. Online store- for processing or transactions, and making purchases 2. Website- for marketing products 3. Secure interface- for preventing unauthorized people from accessing critical information Benefits of E-commerce This section gives some of the benefits and opportunities accrued to a business involved in E-commerce. They are; 1. Large number of potential customers- A large number of people rely on the internet thus they are likely to access information pertaining a particular product 2. Timeliness- transactions are facilitated quickly and customers get their products on time 3. Reduced marketing cost- requires very minimal marketing costs as compared to direct marketing 4. Reduced communication cost- communication is done online which is a bit cheaper than use of mobile phones or mails Limitation and challenges This part of the research paper gives some of the disadvantages associated with E-commerce 1. Limitation on the type of product- not all products can be sold over the internet because...
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...CHALLENGES OF SECURITY, PROTECTION AND TRUST ON E-COMMERCE: A CASE OF ONLINE PURCHASING IN LIBYA Abdulghader.A.Ahmed.Moftah1,Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah2,Hadya.S.Hawedi3 Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) 1, 2 Center of System Science, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Science ,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia . 3 ABSTRACT : E-commerce is a successful business-based innovation via internet. This form of business transaction strategy offers many opportunities for growth in business and marketing services in various aspects. Online shopping is an intermediary mode between marketers or sellers to the end user or the consumers. Nature of online transaction in Libya is constrained by instability resulting from insecurity, unprotected transaction as well as trust. Online shopping could become predominant source of shopping method, if the barriers associated with insecurity, trust and customer’s protection are tackled. Owing to the significance of e-commerce towards Libyan economic growth, this paper highlights the limitations associated with e-commerce transaction in Libya and proposes relevant steps towards overcoming these constrains. Relevance of integrating e-commerce in Libyan economic system is discussed with. Keywords: E-commerce, online shopping, security, protection, trust . I.INTRODUCTION E-commerce encompasses buying and selling of products and services...
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...Prepared By Mohsin rubel Instructor Prof. Emilia Butu ISM 510 Stratford University Falls Church Campus 06/27/2014 E-commerce is the use of internet and the web to make business transactions. Millions of people make purchases on the web, so what makes e-commerce so special? There are 8 unique features of e-commerce that make it so successful. The first thing that makes e-commerce so great is Ubiquity; it is available everywhere at anytime. Online the stores never close. Online shopping has hurt traditional businesses in some ways and helped it in other ways. A positive thing is clicks-and-bricks; you can order online and pick it up at the store. E-commerce has forced business to get online or loss business. One of the negatives is that e-commerce takes away business from traditional businesses. It hurts small "mom and pop" shops as well as big business. Office supply companies like Staples and OfficeMax send out coupons offering $10 off $50 if you buy in-store instead of online so they can reduce in store stock and increase sales. Many companies have a sales quota to make for each store and if they don't they will have to close that store. Global Reach is a great feature of e-commerce. It takes the marketplace to marketspace. You can go "shopping" all around the world in one place. This has given businesses a chance to reach other markets and to billions of potential customers. I think that traditional businesses traditionally advertised on the radio...
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...E-commerce In its simplest form ecommerce is the buying and selling of products and services by businesses and consumers over the Internet. People use the term "ecommerce" to describe encrypted payments on the Internet. Sometimes these transactions include the real-time transfer of funds from buyer to seller and sometimes this is handled manually through an eft-pos terminal once a secure order is received by the merchant. Internet sales are increasing rapidly as consumers take advantage of lower prices offer by wholesalers retailing their products. This trend is set to strengthen as web sites address consumer security and privacy concerns. There is several ways of looking at e-commerce • Communication perspective • From a business perspective • Interface perspective • From online perspective • Structural perspective • Market perspective Beginning & Future of eCommerce eCommerce basically began (although debated) in 1994 when Jeff Bezos started Amazon.com out of his own garage. Well known eCommerce stores include sites like eBay, Dell, Walmart and many more. Since 1994, businesses of all shapes and sizes have began launching or expanding their Online presence. At any given time, there are approximately 8 million consumers worldwide that actively shop and buy through Web based stores or retailers (nearly one tenth of our world population). Online studies have claimed that online retail revenues will surpass the quarter-trillion-dollar mark by...
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