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Communication and Information Technology Paper

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Communication and Information Technology Paper Althea McDaniel HCS/240 March 25, 2012 Tralicia Brown

Human communication is "the process through which individuals in relationships, groups, organizations, and societies create and use information to relate with others" (Edwards, 2007). "As individuals, communication is our link to the world, our means of making impressions, expressing ourselves, influencing others, and giving ourselves" (Ruben & Stewart, 2006). Communication involves interaction between two or more individuals. "Communication is the means of pursuing joint activities, relating to each other, and sharing ideas" (Ruben & Stewart, 2006). The ability to perform communication is what we take for granted. Every day we use speaking, reading, writing, and understanding skills. We express our feelings, share thoughts and opinions, exchange information. We cannot imagine our lives without communication, which is the foundation we build our lives on. However, according to World Health Organization approximately 10% of world’s populations are disabled people. Main types of disabilities that make communication challenging affect hearing (deaf people or those having a hearing loss), language (people having difficulties with speaking, reading, writing and understanding others), cognition (people with problems regarding remembering, learning, understanding, or problem-solving) and movement (people having difficulties moving their muscles to speak, use gestures, turn pages and write). Thus, people with disabilities include those are hearing, vision, intellectually, physically impaired or have learning or psychiatric disorders. These people are obliged to adapt to their disabilities and use different ways of communication in comparison with people who are not able physically (or mentally) challenged. Regardless of their disabilities, these people do not have fewer rights for communication. Some ways used for communication include speech, gestures, body language, facial expressions, sign languages, writing, typing, drawing, spelling on a letter board, using communication devices Over the last years, the impact of information technologies has become at its pitch. It is obvious that communication technologies affect and even reshape our society offering new and improved means of inter-personal communication. Technology increases the ways in which information can be communicated its speed and volume that can transmit at one time. Communication revolution has created a number of digital devices. A modern technology aimed at those who are supposed to possess the abilities to see, hear, and use hands. Because of this, people with physical, sensor, and cognitive disabilities cannot have the access to these technologies. Thus, it becomes more important to ensure that disadvantaged people not left behind, that the potential of new technologies is available to everybody. It is vital that elderly-friendly user interfaces created; new technologies are adapted to the needs of disabled. Current services available for the elderly and disabled nowadays include Smart Homes. In order to provide independent living, many homes will have to supply by assistive technology for specific needs including intelligent user interface that enables control of house appliances by means of portable devices. It helps people with physical, sensory, and mental disabilities to live independently. Typical smart home applications exploit developments in telecommunications and microelectronics. Basic facilities like smoke alarms, sprinklers, safety alarm systems, systems of regulation of central heating by thermostats, systems controlling home environment (for example, opening and shutting curtains from a central console). It has planned that in the future every device will use Bluetooth or wireless LAN technology for data transmission, care services these are health-monitoring systems based on advanced telematics for aiding in preventative health care. They are, for example, special devices for measuring vital signs and sending this information to care specialists via the Internet or via the mobile Web Services. The Web is the main mechanism for the transport of information; it also serves as a vehicle for commercial transactions, education, gives access to world news etc. New technologies focus on making the Web accessible foe disabled users. Access to the Internet is possible through different devices in addition to the traditional PC, such as mobile phones, digital televisions, and information booths. Specialized interfaces are needed for people with limited functionality; audio and virtual reality navigation around web pages. Speech control of browsers; for people with sight impairment - adjustable screens; for people with cognitive impairments these are intelligent agents that help to browse the web text telephony over the Internet using automatic speech for translation texts; video telephony with audio translation of web pages for blind people Mobile Services. Mobile phones, personal organizers, and satellite trackers are assisting people. People with sensory impairments, old people with confusion or disorientation problems, and people with learning disabilities can use integrated systems offering GSM mobile voice and data together with GPS and GIS (Graphical information systems). Users can explore an unknown locality and prepare a travel route. Mobile devices integrated with health monitoring systems and stored key information about an individual (name, address, contact person) can help in emergencies. Assistive systems are being developed allowing self-adaptability and customization of devices and multimodal access. Assistive Technology aids for the deaf or the blind. There are products with speech synthesis and speech recognition system; smart cards for accessing to self-service terminals. There are adapted interfaces, which include operating sticks for head, chin and mouth switch operated by eye gaze, breath systems, adapted keyboards for finger and mouth control, predictive text and picture keyboards. Interpersonal communication also makes up this category. Text, mobile, video telephony with integrated fax and Internet facilities Relay services, hearing aids, alerting systems (for instance, disaster alarms). Language based products, which can help with learning. Wheelchair interface devices e.g. communication aids, environmental control devices, robotic manipulators. There are software products with incorporated pictures and symbols for supporting people with cognitive disabilities; systems for visually impaired people that help them access to screen based telephony services. There is a particular danger of exclusion elderly people from new communication technologies. Our society should be adapted to the needs of the elderly and people with special needs, offering specific support for particularly disadvantaged group of users. Thus, they can be empowered to actively participate in all facets of life and take full responsibility as members of society. New projects are researching the area to make new technologies become available to a group of citizens to whom it had previously been denied in order to support social integration and enhance quality of their life. Currently services are very fragmented but expected that in the future these services are likely to become more holistic and integrated systems.

References
Aichholzer G. (2001). Report on changes and trends in service delivery. IST PRISMA project
(IST-1999-29088) Deliverable D2.1
Edwards, D. (2007). Introduction to Communication Theory. Retrieved from http://mycoursepack.com
Holzinger, A. (2002). User-Centered Interface Design for disabled and elderly people: First experiences with designing a patient communication system (PACOSY), in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 2398, K. Miesenberger, J. Klaus, and W. Zagler, Editors. Springer: Berlin et al.

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