...Gender Differences in style and content of S.M.S messaging by Iranian youth Mahnaz Zhale Islamic Azad University of Isfahan Author Note Mahnaz Zhaleh, Department of English, Isfahan branch, Isfahan-Iran Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mahnaz Zhaleh, Department of Foreign Languages, Islamic Azad University of Isfahan. E-mail: ghalamgostar@gmail.com Abstract This is a quantitative study aim to examine gender differences in text messages sending by cell phones. 20 young girls and 20 young boys aging 20 to 28 participated this study and 150 text messages sent by girls to their female friends and relatives and 150 text messages sent by young boys to their male friends and relatives were randomly selected. All data were then categorized based on their senders' genders, contents, topics and styles. Finally, data were examined and compared based on study above said variables. The results indicated that females use more emotional and formal addressing terms when starting their communication in text messages by cell phones. They also use more emotional expresses. Moreover, girls send more acknowledgement messages. Men mostly send jokes and use informal terms or no term to address their communication partners. They also send shorter messages rather than females. Girls send more daily messages while boys prefer to use voice calls in the case of long time communications. The results of this study can shed lights for psychologists, sociologists...
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...Proposal: Male Coaches in Female Sports Research Methods in Exercise and Sport Science 5315 April 28, 2011 Chapter I Introduction Ever since women became involved in sports, they have been in a constant battle to gain recognition in a sports world mainly revolving around men’s sports. Events such as Billy Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs on the tennis court and the U.S. women’s soccer team winning the World Cup in 1999; women’s sports have slowly gained interest from others. For many years, only women coached women’s sports, but since Title IX was passed there has been a gradual increase in male coaches in women’s sports. Studies have shown that approximately 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, & Smith, 1994). In the studies discussed in the review of literature, researchers chose to focus on determining female athletes’ opinions and experiences when being coached by a male coach. However, there is limited research on this topic. Therefore, this study will further analyze the different reasons why female athletes prefer to be coached by a male coach. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to research why female athletes prefer male coaches. The study will analyze the different reasons for female athletes preferring male coaches. This study will contain only college female athletes. Significance of Study The significance of this study is to show why 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, &...
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...Communication Theory Sharron foster HCS/320 03/26/2012 Communication Theory When working in an organization such as a hospital, effective communication is the key aspect concerning the care of patients involved. As in any healthcare organization everyone faces challenges with communication. Because of the gender differences, cultural differences, and the inability to communicate effectively, there may be some problems with communicating. Circumstances such as these could affect how certain tasks are completed and how well employees, patients, and family members interact. To understand some of the challenges facing the hospital, in accordance with communication we will discuss how gender and cultural differences influence communication within the hospital when it comes to coworkers, managers, patients, families and caregivers and improvements that can possibly be make. Gender Differences Female When working in a hospital where there are both male and female employees, one may view s different approaches between male and female employees when communicating. This occurs because females tend to be more nonverbally expressive, talk more and reveal more personal information than that of men (Axia, 2012). Female employees seem to have better communicating skills when taking care of patients, families, managers and other employees. Females are valued to be more likely to discuss problems and seek out advice before making important decisions...
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...SMS Text Analysis: Language, Gender and Current Practices Muhammad Shaban Rafi1 Abstract This article tests the assumption that SMS language is like a pidgin in every speech community. The article also examines the assumption that a great motor of SMS lives among females whose lexical and morpho-syntactic choices are different from males. It further speculates influence of SMS language on language of media. One hundred messages were taken randomly from 20 cell phones and perceptions of 25 males and 25 females were recorded on an ordinal scale for analysis. The text was analyzed to look into lexicology, morphology and syntactic levels of texters, and influence of SMS on language of commercials. The results show that a novice intelligible language has evolved through SMS, which is influencing language of media. A significant difference is found between male and female texters’ linguistic properties. Introduction Short Message Service (SMS) language tends to create a novice language, which has become an integral part of the multilingual world. It pursues simple sentences structure for communication. It is assumed that SMS syntactic and lexical choices by the texters are not so different from a child language. A child expresses his feelings through simple present progressive tense e.g. mom eating for ‘Mom is eating’ and Eating for ‘I am eating’. The empirical data show that SMS language over-looks orthographic and syntactic rules of a language with a great emphasis...
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...Research Methods Quantitative Project APA Notation Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self-perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 420-427. Literature Review The variable selected for this research project was willingness to communicate, a popular variable among communication research. Willingness to communicate is studied to further explore why and when humans choose to communicate or not to communicate with each other. Once this is discovered we can evaluate and learn to address each instant of varying willingness to communicate. This continues to appear in studies based on the heuristic nature of past studies dealing with willingness to communicate, humans and communication will always change and research continues to find more information on willingness to communicate. In this study, willingness to communicate is defined as “…the probability that an individual will choose to communicate, specifically to talk, when free to do so” (McCroskey & Baer, 1985, 420). Meaning, willingness to communicate is ones personal level of communication in various situations, when that person is given the opportunity. Past findings have agreed that “willingness to communicate is the one, overwhelming communication personality construct which permeates every facet of an individual’s life and contributes significantly to the social, educational, and organizational...
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...HCS 320 COMMUNICATION THEORY PAPER Axia College of University of Phoenix Instructor:…………. Date:…………. [Page Break]Communication Theory Paper When working in an organization such as that of Hospice, effective communication is one of the key aspects concerning the care of the patients involved. As in any health care setting, an organization designated to hospice care may face challenges when it comes to communication because of gender differences, cultural differences, and in some cases the inability to communicate effectively with the individuals obtaining service. Circumstances such as these may affect how certain tasks are completed within the organization, whether or not an individual wants to continue using hospice services, and how well employees, patients, and family members interact together. Therefore, to understand some of the challenges facing this type of organization in accordance to communication we will discuss how gender and cultural differences influence communication within the organization Legacy Hospice when it comes to coworkers, managers, patients, families, and caregivers, and improvements that can be made if any. Gender Differences Females When working in an organization dedicated to hospice care one is most likely to encounter both male and female employees who are dedicated to the care and health of the patients involved however, they are also going to encounter different approaches when it comes to styles of communicating. In...
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...in South Africa in 2004 and 2007. We report on the differences between male and females students access to and use of ICTs for learning. In particular we note that whilst equal opportunities do largely exist for both genders, there are subtle differences in terms of female students practical access and sense of personal agency. Findings about use are complicated with male students using ICTs more frequently particularly in the sciences disciplines and for activities such as information seeking and communication (in contrast to research elsewhere). In order to try and better understand our findings we explore four different theoretical perspectives namely; Bourdieu’s notion of habitus; Feminist Standpoint Theory; Critical Information Systems Theory; and Expectations States Theory. We then suggest using Bourdieu’s notion of habitus as we believe it offers us the most flexibility whilst enabling a gender focus to be maintained,. Introduction Research findings about gender differences and ICT access and use are complex and contradictory. While only a decade ago researchers were united about gender difference with regards to ICT access and use, recent discussions about gender divides are less emphatic, but more varied. Although more studies are now reporting no gap between men and women with regards to ICT use in education (Rice and Katz 2003; Pejout 2004; Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott 2005), others are noting that differences continue to exist, but more subtly than was previously...
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...wanting in water than a woman be at a loss for a word”. It is commonly believed that women talk more than men. Moreover, some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different...
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...Communication theory In many workplaces today organizations have consolidated jobs where one person no longer has just one responsibility, the concept of organizations have changed from individual to team and groups. Communication is an extremely important factor for teams and group to work effectively together. When there is poor communication within the team, the success of the whole is affected because team and groups work collaboratively together to achieve goals if one area does not achieve the whole does not achieve. Team leaders, managers and supervisor are leaders of communication, they work firsthand with the team or groups showing how effective lines of communication not only make their team stronger but also lead to success. Fellow Coworkers Gender and Cultural differences affect communication between coworkers in different ways. Within my organization there is not much diversity, there are mostly females and staff culture is African American with an exception of a male from India. Language is not the cultural difference in communication; it is the way respect is shown. In the Indian culture man and female do not walk side by side the male walk ahead of the female or if he or she are approaching each other the male walk on the other side of the hallway as a sign of respect. The gender communication with other coworkers is only a slight difference; male coworkers go straight to the point where female coworkers will take the long road to arrive at the same point...
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...Communication Theory Luz Hutchinson University of Phoenix HCS 320 Health Care Communication Strategies Professor Paul Wing March 22, 2011 Having been employed in an establishment such as that of a hospital, effective communication is definitely one of the very important aspects with regard to the care of the patients. As in any health care setting, an organization established to hospital care may stand in front of challenges when it come to communication for the reason that of gender and cultural differences, and in some cases the lack of ability to communicate effectively with the individuals obtaining service. Circumstances such as these may have an effect on how certain tasks are achieved within the organization, whether or not an individual want to continue using hospital services and how to a huge degree employees, patients, and family members interact together. Therefore, to comprehend various challenges facing this type of organization with accordance to communication we will address how gender and cultural differences does impact communication within an organization of a hospital, especially when it involves fellow coworkers, managers, patients, families, and caregivers along with improvements that can be made if any. Having work in an organization dedicated to hospital care one will come across both male and female employees dedicated to the care and health of the patients; however, one is also going to...
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...An Observational study to investigate gender differences in touching behaviour in a social situation Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: Abstract The aim of this study was to conduct an investigative observational study into gender differences in touch behavior in a social situation. A study by Henley (1973) concluded existence of gender asymmetry – a tendency for men to be significantly more likely to touch women than vice versa. The investigation was conducted within a shopping precinct in Washington Metropolis, following a naturalistic observational methodology. It uses independent design and random sampling of 10 young couples of opposite sex aged between 13 and 19 years. The study excludes same sex couples so as to enable testing of the hypothesis: tendency of adolescent males to touch adolescent girls in public is greater than the reverse. Findings reveal greater overall touch tendency for adolescent males to touch females than vice versa; a tendency for adolescent males to initiate touch than females. It also shows a tendency for greater adolescent female same-gender compared to adolescent male same-gender touch. The study results also show greater tendency for adolescent fema.les to react more positively to touch relative to their male counterparts. The findings support the hypothesis and Henley’s (1973) touching behavior model. Thus, the alternative hypothesis is accepted while the null hypothesis is rejected. Introduction ‘Touch’ is a basic behavioral...
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...wanting in water than a woman be at a loss for a word”. It is commonly believed that women talk more than men. Moreover, some researchers argue that there is a significant difference in a way how men and women communicate. One group of scientists insists that differences in men’s and women’s speech prove a controversial idea that “Women's American English” exists. On the contrary, others assert that the reason why males and females tend to use certain words and phrases is caused by social factors. They believe that society has different expectations from men and women relating to their social statuses, family roles and job preferences which may influence women's linguistic behaviour. The difference in communication styles of males and females doesn't prove the existence of women's language; on the opposite, it shows that women have found the most convenient way to express themselves in the mainly male-dominant society. The entire literature review will investigate how social norms and expectations have influenced women's speech and whether there is discrimination on the basis of gender in speech. It will be organized using a thematic style of presentation. First of all, it will be shown whether there are differences in usage of linguistic forms, such as vocabulary, syntax and tone, between males and females. And then, the concept of report and rapport talk in women's and men's speech will be examined. There is no reason to deny that men and women tend to use somewhat different...
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...together hand in hand to create the child into society’s ideal male or female. Different changes occur, such as biologically, psychologically, and emotionally, depending of the gender of the baby; however, social situations and upbringing will not only be exposed according to the sex, but also the individual child. Certain times, the gender and the sex of an individual do not coordinate with one another. This uncertainty has caused and is currently causing misunderstandings to numerous psychologists, neuroscientists and parents. The origin of the development of gender begins at conception, and the point creates a separation between the male and female gender roles. This paper will discuss interactions between hormones and behaviors, as well as, how the interactions affect the determination of gender identity. Biological psychology takes into consideration the gender from different perspectives of the functions coming from different sexual organs and the underlying physiology (Wickens, 2005). Biological and environmental factor will also be explored, as well as, the influence of nature versus nurture in an individual’s gender identity. Jeffery Nevid (2009), defined gender identity as the “Psychological experience of being a male or female” (Nevid, 2009, p 406). The identity of and individuals gender comes from a foundation of a legal status of the individual, environmental situations, and social communications. According to Jeffery Nevid (2009), related to gender identity...
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...Nonverbal communication is a very interesting aspect of communication. What is nonverbal communication? “Nonverbal communication includes all aspects of communication other than words”(Wood 2013). In my opinion nonverbal communication is more interesting than verbal communication. Sometimes someone does something nonverbally purely out of instinct that tells us more than anything verbal could. Over the past couple of days I have been watching how people interact and trying to make mental notes of their nonverbal communication. Most of my observations come from the workplace. The first subject I want to touch base upon is the difference between nonverbal communication between men and women. For example the polite thing to do when you see a coworker for the first time for the day is to greet them. I noticed that the way I and my male co workers greet each other is different than I or them greet female co workers. More often than not when I greet a male co worker I say something along the lines of “hey how’s it going” and shake their hands. When I greet a female coworker I usually say the same thing but the handshake is absent. Another difference between male/female nonverbal communication I’ve noticed is the “head nod” versus the smile. Usually when I pass a male coworker in the back room I give him a slight head nod to acknowledge them. The difference when I see a female coworker is instead of the head nod we usually just exchange a friendly smile. To me, the most interesting...
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...effective communication is very important when working in a health care organization especially when it concerns the patient’s care. A good example of this organization would be Magnolia Place Health Care. Patient care are faced with many problems because of the lack of communication, difference in culture, the different genders and the lack to communicate properly with the patients that are being serviced. When this problem occurs, it might even affect the way in which many employees are doing their job in their organization. Magnolia Place Health Care deals with many challenges when it comes to communication; and I will be discussing some of them by explaining how their families, caregivers, managers and co-workers influence the different genders and the different cultures. The Different Genders in females: The Magnolia Place healthcare organization hires both female and males, because their main concern is taking care of their patients and while doing so they will face many problems with communication. Some female employees have a better relationship with their patients, families, managers, and other co-workers because of their communication skills in the Magnolia Place healthcare organization. The majority of females sometimes seem to be more nonverbally expressive, they seem to talk more, they also seem to engage in partnership-building behaviors, and they tell their patients and families more of their personal business than men do (Axia2007). A female seems to take...
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