...and the S.U. The two major beliefs of each of these countries clashed immensely, Democracy vs. Communism. This effected the home front of the U.S. greatly in many ways, one of which was an increased spending and growth of the federal government. The Cold War became almost a competition for the U.S. to show its strengths and power, it had to “one-up” the S.U. where ever it could. National Security began to consume a big part of the nation’s resources. In 1947, Congress passed the National Security Act. This created the Secretary of Defense as well as the Department of Defense. The CIA became a major role the new security act and the advising of the President on U.S. foreign policy. By the end of Truman’s presidency 10 percent of the national gross product were defense allocations. All of this was justified by the argument that these expenditures for the military programs and defense employed hundreds of thousands of American, backed big American businesses and helped with economic...
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...Democracy Vs. Communism Following WWII Following World War II, the Western World was once again in disagreement. However, the disagreement following World War II was not based on countries, but instead on political ideologies. Democracy was supported by the West against communism which was supported by Russia and Eastern Europe. To determine the better of the two systems, the US and the USSR engaged in a 30 year, largely non-violent war to be the best. The winner would be the country to decide the political ideologies of the countries freed during World War II as well as throughout the rest of the world. The USSR emerged from World War II as a world power, and through the next three decades engaged in a battle with the Western World to spread communism, forcing eight Eastern European nations as well as other Asian and Middle-Eastern countries to remain communist until the end of the century. World War II left the USSR as a world power but in a state of complete disarray, leaving the USSR to rebuild and expand their own government beliefs. During the war, the USSR faced the most civilian and military casualties out of any other nation by far. Through the course of the war, 19 million soldiers were killed, with over 5 million civilian casualties, resulting in a total loss over almost 13% of the USSR's population. An additional 5 million prisoners of war, political enemies, and people that had committed crime were in forced labor camps. They were forced to harvest natural resources...
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...models – graphs 3 key economic ideas 1) People are “rational” ( weigh benefits vs cost 2) People respond to econimic incentives --- money, cars ect... 3) Decisions are made at the “margin” not “all or nothing” (optional) Margin : means next or additional Widgets Subjective (Your point of view. Scarciy ( 3 Questions 1) What to produce? “Individules” Producers, Consumers, Gov 2) How much to produce? Man vs machine 3) Who gets it? Income Distrubution Should the gov intervie??? (tax code) Trade offs Opportunity Cost 1. Job 2. Education Micoeconimics VS Macroeconimics Micro • Small • People/firms make decisions? • How do they interact in markets? • Gov try to interfere??? Macro • Large • Econimy as a whole • World/International (orginations, trade • Inflation • Grouth • Unemployment Economic Systems (Gov) Centrally planned Gov decides how resources will be allocated. Exmp: Soviet Union : Communism/Socialism • Tough to produce @ lowest cost (bueracry) • Low standard of living • Political dictatorship • Exmp Cuba & N. Korea Market economies • Interactions between buyers and sellers determine allocation • “trend” towards high-income democracies • Privatlly owned firms. • Firms produce what consumers want, or else they...
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...In a way, communism is an extreme form of socialism. Many countries have dominant socialist political parties but very few are truly communist. In fact, most countries - including staunch capitalist bastions like the U.S. and U.K. - have government programs that borrow from socialist principles. "Socialism" is sometimes used interchangeably with "communism" but the two philosophies have some stark differences. Most notably, while communism is a political system, socialism is primarily an economic system that can exist in various forms under a wide range of political systems. Comparison chart | |Communism |Socialism | |Philosophy |From each according to his ability, to each according to |From each according to his ability, to each according to| | |his needs. Free-access to the articles of consumption is |his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed | | |made possible by advances in technology that allow for |among the society or workforce to complement individual | | |super-abundance. |wages/salaries. | |Economic System |The means of production are held in common, negating the |The means of production are owned by public enterprises | | |concept of ownership in...
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...issues came to light that many wanted to fix. Many strong people and organizations rose up to try to resolve these social issues. The two main issues during the 1950’s were civil rights and sexism. Both were large issues that many fought to try to resolve during these times. Civil rights was arguably the biggest issue during the 1950’s and saw many positives towards success. The NCAAP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) become the most influential organization during the civil rights movement in the fifties. Important figures like Martin Luther King Jr. would also show up during this period. The NCAAP would imply a strategy of breaking uncivil laws through the legal system. It would work as in 1954, the legal case Brown vs. Board of Education would allow African Americans the practical right to study among Whites. This ruling was a big success for the NCAAP and African Americans everywhere. By 1955 MLK would begin his bus boycott around the south urging for non-segregation on Public transportation. The NCAAP would also influence the charge for the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and push for stronger push from the Government. Women would also be making a charge for equality in the 1950’s. During WWII many women for the first time held jobs and responsibilities outside the house. Following the war though women were forced out when the men returned. The tactic used against them were pressuring them and even government interference. Even though it worked for the most...
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...between the USSR and the US without the Second World War. World War II ended with the US and the USSR as the only remaining world superpowers. The ravaged post WWII Europe provided perfect conditions for imperialism by other countries; the war created two superpowers with polarizing ideals. Due to the defeat of Nazi Germany and the concern over post-war settlements, their alliance broke and the ideals of communism and capitalism turned on each other in an effort to control the influence in Europe. The arguments pertaining to the Cold War being the cause of the Second World War has been going on for a long time and historians can’t seem to agree one perspective. The cold war was, to a certain extent, the result of the Second World War. World War II saw the union of the western democracies and the USSR due to the desire to defeat a common enemy: fascism and Germany. Once the war was over, this interdependency ended as well, and the result was two victorious superpowers with totally different ideologies. The defeat of fascism meant the ideologies of capitalism and communism were left to clash. The US used the atomic bomb on Japan without informing her ally, the USSR. Not only was this lack of contact a problem, but it also marked the start of a deadly new arms race. The USSR developed their own nuclear weapon in 1949 and both nations soon acquired the deadlier hydrogen bomb. There was also a delay of opening a second European front during the war angered Stalin, as he believed...
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...remember being taught in school but I do know that it was. Before I conducted the interviews bellow I myself did not recollect as much as they did. Having talked to them I now have a better understanding and more knowledge on the Cold War. Below you will find the questions that I asked and their word for word answers. Interview Transcript Question 1: What words or phrases come to mind when you think of the cold war? Marty: “Communism, Iron Curtain, Berlin, Wall, Good vs. Evil, Olympic boycott, nuclear war dictator, freedom and poverty.” Rusty’s Mum: “Duck and cover, bomb shelter, air raid shelter, communism, missiles, nuclear attack, espionage and radioactive.” Adam: “Threat of nuclear war, heavy espionage, communism, "tear down this wall" and the KGB.” Question 2: Did you ever study the Cold War in school? If so, what are some aspects of the Cold War that you remember? Marty: “Yes. The word “war” didn’t mean fighting and killing. It was a competition between two super powers trying to dominate the world. Communism vs. Democracy.” Rusty’s Mum: “No. In my memory there were no studying materials. Maybe not available yet? I don’t know how often school books were replaced, but I also don’t really recollect any discussion of the Cold War.” Adam: “Yes it was taught in school but I don't remember it.” Question 3: Who were the parties involved in the Cold War? Marty: “Russia and U.S. Although many countries were affected.” Rusty’s Mum: “The two major...
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...according to two dimensions. The first is the degree to which they emphasize collectivism as opposed to individualism. The second is the degree to which they are democratic or totalitarian. (collectivismtotalitarian; individualismdemocratic) 4. Collectivism: Collectivism refers to a political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals. (socialism, communism, social democracy) 1. Socialist: Someone who believes in public ownership of the means of production for the common good of society. 2. Communist: The communists believed that socialism could be achieved only through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship. (eg: china, cuba, north korea) 3. Social democrats: committed themselves to achieving socialism by democratic means, turning their backs on violent revolution and dictatorship. 5. Individualism: individualism refers to a philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his or her economic and political pursuits.(freedom of expressions, economic self-interest) 6. Democracy vs Totalitarianism (communist, theocratic, tribal, right-wing) 1. Democracy: Political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives. 2. Totalitarianism: Form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and opposing political parties are prohibited. A. Communist Totalitarianism: A version of collectivism advocating that...
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...capitalism vs. communism and both wanted to spread their power and control in the world. Their incompatible ideologies from the start together with their troubled relationship since 1918 when the west intervened on the Russian civil war on behalf of the White Army, created an uneasy alliance in 1941 that that was most certainly ‘bound to fall apart’ when the common enemy was defeated in 1945. In order to come to a conclusion on the extent to which “An unnatural alliance that was bound to fall apart after the defeat of the common enemy” explains the origin of the cold war the essay will be divided into four parts: the opposed ideologies, events from 1919 to 1945, the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, and events subsequent to the conferences until 1949. The Bolsheviks seized power in 1917 leading to the establishment of the world’s first socialist state whose guiding ideas were those of communism. For the leaders of the western countries these ideas threatened the very basis of their societies, economically and politically, as they followed an ideology of Capitalism. For the USSR, capitalism which revolves around private enterprise was seen as creating divisions between rich and poor and thus the communists believed that all goods should be taken over by the government and distributed to individuals accordingly. (Phillips P4-5). Furthermore, a communist state was a one-party state, with the Communist Party representing the people whereas the West embraced liberal democracies where each...
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...Assignment 2 Individual Project World History American Intercontinental University Everett Smith The United States economy was greatly stimulated by the War of 1812, even more so than World War I. The depression was brought to an end and new industrial buildings were built all over the United States. Spared by the physical destruction of the war, the US economy dominated the world economy. After about four years of military buildup, the US had also become the leading military power. The position of the United States as world leader was more obvious now than ever. Economically, the war effected American society as many workers were frozen in their jobs and could not join the armed services. The ones that lost their jobs were the poor souls that ended up being drafted into the war. Those working made a lot of money from the overtime and premium pays but had no place to spend any of it, due to the rationing that came in stages during the war. Many food supplies were rationed, like butler, meats, etc., as well as, gas tires and clothing. Most all Industries had been converted to military goods, making consumer goods extremely hard to come by. Many War Bond rallies were held in order to stem inflation all the many excess dollars and too few goods would have caused inflation rises. In effect, the American population financed World War II by purchase of what we know today as “savings bonds”. All major industries had to expand to fulfill war requirements...
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...C211 COHORT GLOBAL ECONOMICS FOR MANAGERS Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Peng Chapter 2 Understanding Formal Institutions: Politics, Laws, and Economics Wade C. Roberts, Ph.D. Education: Economics Doctorate, University of Utah Expert Fields: Development, Labor, Public, Health, Gender, Forensic Economics Current Research: Microfinance, Poverty & Socioeconomics in Cambodia “The Success and failure of firms around the globe are determined by firms’ ability to understand and take advantage of the different rules of the game”. Understanding Institutions… • What is an institution? • “The humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction” • Douglass North (Nobel Laureate) Understanding Institutions… • Institutional Framework • Formal and informal institutions governing individual/firm behavior. • Supported by three pillars: • Regulatory • Normative • Cognitive Understanding Institutions… • Regulatory Pillar (formal) • Coercive power of governments • Laws, regulations, rules • Normative Pillar (informal) • The values, beliefs and actions of a group (emotions) • Cognitive Pillar (informal) • Internalized values and beliefs that guide behavior • Culture & Ethics (logic) • How do these pillars shape behavior? Understanding Institutions… • What is the KEY ROLE of an institution? • Reduce Uncertainty! • Institutions constrain the range of acceptable actions. • Uncertainty surrounding economic transactions...
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...protests are tolerated * Propaganda and censorship are widely practiced * Italy: Benito Mussolini (1922) Great depression, unemployment level high * After WW1 many countries had to suffer from unstable European economy * However to boom in the U.S. helped to sustain worldwide trade * 1929 stock market crashed (Great Depression) * Unemployment level rose * Power leaders and government promised success through military buildup and imperialism Japanese Expansionism: * 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria for raw materials * Sino-Japanese war 1937 * 1938 Japan and Soviet war Fascism Vs. Communism * Production is controlled by the government * Media and all other aspects of society are property of the government * 1930 war the rise of totalitarian regimes * Hitler used peoples fear of communism taking over Europe in Germany to rise power in 1933 Appeasement: * Is the act of giving in an enemy’s demand in order to avoid conflict * In 1938, Hitler argued that Czechoslovakia should give up the Sudetenland because the Germany population living there was mistreated * Britain and France...
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...1945-1991, United Sates foreign relations were chiefly guided by containment and its philosophy. Where as strategic action would be taken to stop the spread of communism. Devised by George Keenan and adopted by Harry Truman, containment was created during the Cold War to stop the spread of Soviet influence, and communist rule. Examples of this doctrine are the war in Vietnam, Korea, Iran, and other countries where democracy seeking countries were looking for U.S support over communist governments. Although containment was heavily influenced within the U.S foreign relations principles, there are a few examples where U.S policy was not guided by Cold War thinking. The first example comes from negotiations between the U.S and Russia, called...
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...end of the 2nd World War? The end of the 2nd world war brought a huge change in the relationship between the two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, however early underlying ideological factors may have led to an alliance and strong friendship after the war always being unlikely. The complete contrast of a Communism system, adopted by the USSR, and a Capitalism system, adopted by the USA, was a huge underlying ideological factor that hindered the relationship between the two superpowers not only at the end of the 2nd world war, but also very early on in their relationship. The Russian Revolution could be seen as the starting point of this contrast in societies between the superpowers, as it highlighted the first communism vs. capitalism divide. Communism was viewed by many governments in the west of Europe as a highly destabilising force, and they began to build a pre-conception of communism and the countries that adopt communism. The Economies and Political systems differed hugely between the communist and capitalist societies, for example in capitalist economies the incentive of individual gain was a direct contrast to the community responsibility encouraged by communism, and therefore any possible solutions to help re-build countries such as Germany after the end of the 2nd world war that suit both superpowers societies successfully would have been near enough impossible. It was not only the Communist/Capitalist divide that became an underlying ideological factor to why the...
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...Capitalism. · Capitalism vs Socialism. · Capitalism vs Communism. · Types Of Capitalism. · Advantages Of Capitalism. · Disadvantages Of Capitalism. · Criticism On Capitalism. CAPITALISM An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. It is easy to forget that capitalism was coined not so long ago, in the mid-19th century, when the Industrial Revolution was in full swing, and individual entrepreneurs were creating new industries and amassing wealth. Terms for the other two major competing economic systems of the past two centuries— socialism and communism—were also coined around the same time. Also, about the same time it became common to designate all such coinages as “isms”: terms formed by adding the suffix -ism to a root word in order to expand its meaning to encompass a related system, theory, or practice. Thus from a fairly old word, capital, the relatively newer word, capitalism, was formed to describe the then emerging economies of the West. On the surface, the meaning of capitalism seems straightforward, referring to an economic system in which private individuals, rather than governments, own property and businesses. But beneath the surface, strong currents of opinion and theory swirl about the term. Capitalism vs Socialism Capitalism...
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