...A2 Russia and its Rulers 1855–1964 Past Questions workbook How to use this booklet Your Russia and Cold War teachers will discuss what they want you to do in each Cold War lesson (now that your coursework is finished). This booklet has a page for each examination question that has been asked about our course since the change of course in 2010. For each question there is a section from the guidance given to examiners for marking it, and a section from the examiner’s report on each question. Each page also contains a section where you can record what you have learned about answering each question. Tackling past questions is an excellent way of revising. You could be doing several things in any order: * Reading the examiner’s remarks; * Planning an answer to the question; * Using your notes to find the evidence you’ll need to answer each question; * Sending a plan to a friend for constructive criticism. Before you get going – please note the advice that the Chief Examiner has given to his exam markers for the last year: ------------------------------------------------- “Candidates are expected to demonstrate understanding of the issues in each of their selected questions over a period of at least a hundred years (unless an individual question specifies a slightly shorter period.) Candidates are reminded of the synoptic nature of the Unit. Answers are required to demonstrate understanding of the processes of historical continuity, development...
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...of building the foundation of a socialist economy.” NEP was unpopular within the Bolshevik party and so the fact that Lenin went through with it, shows his impact as an individual. Similarly ,before Lenin, Witte had been significant by reforming the economic policies of the Tsars by improving the Russian currency aswell as making the Russian market for accessible for foreign enterprises. This had long term significance as investments were more likely to come to Russia and thereby strengthen the Russian economy. All Tsars attempted some form of economic reforms, however in comparison to Lenin and stalin they did not succeed. From this it can be argued that individuals did play a role in the shaping of Russia, however it was very much dependant on the time an d situation in which they found themselves. One factor that was more important than the individual was the political structure in Russia. Alexander II,...
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...of the Communist Party continued and intensified many aspects of the Tsarist regime including use of the secret police and an intolerance for opposition and democracy in general. The communist regime were just as authoritarian as the Tsars before them. In terms of ideology the fall of Tsarism in 1917 was a significant event as Tsarist belief in total control and centralisation of power was replaced by the Provisional Government, who had introduced liberal reforms and aimed for a democratic Russia. Ideology came to have a far more significant impact under the communists. It was not completely absent under Tsarist rule as the Russification policy of Alexander III shows, however it had virtually no effect in comparison to Stalin’s purges. Even though the ordinary Russian citizen initially saw little difference between Nicholas II and the new Provisional Government, the authoritarian regime of the Tsar had not simply been exchanged for another in the short term. However in the long term Lenin’s Bolsheviks had seized power in the October Revolution. This was a significant turning point as the totalitarian Government of the Communist party were little different to the autocratic regime of the Tsar to some extent, especially under Stalin. His version of communism differed from that of Lenin before him which resulted in Stalin effectively being a ‘red Tsar’, devoted to his vision of Russia no matter what the cost...
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...INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD PAPER: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE INTERTESTAMENTAL PERIOD 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ALEXANDER THE GREAT THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD THE SELEUCID PERIOD ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES THE MACCABEAN PERIOD THE HASMONEAN PERIOD THE ROMAN PERIOD THROUGH HEROD‟S SONS AND JESUS CHRIST CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 3 5 5 6 6 7 9 9 10 12 II 3 INTRODUCTION In this Intertestamental Paper, I will briefly give a brief history describing the Second Temple Period, beginning with the period of Alexander the Great and continuing through the reign of Herod the Great and his sons. I will also address how various events, individuals, and groups that impacted the Jews and land of Israel leading up to and during the time of Christ. The following highlighted historic events, individuals and groups I will address will include: Alexander the Great, The Hellenistic Period, The Ptolemaic Period, The Seleucid Period, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, The Maccabean Period, The Hasmonean Period, The Roman Period through Herod‟s Sons and Jesus Christ. I will conclude with how these events affected the first century world of the New Testament. ALEXANDER THE GREAT Alexander the Great, born in 356 B.C. in Pella, Macedonia, was the son of Philip of Macedon and Princess Olympias of Epirus. As a young boy he was always fearless, strong, and eager to learn. He went on to inherit each of his parent‟s best qualities. His father was an excellent general and organizer, while...
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...A Research Paper for the FOURTH GRADING Technology and Livelihood Education II I. INTRODUCTION: Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a liquid transmitter, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were "dynamic" - their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The dynamic kind survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument. Early telephones were locally powered, using either a dynamic transmitter or by the powering of a transmitter with a local battery. One of the jobs of outside plant personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the battery. During the 20th century, "common battery" operation came to dominate, powered by "talk battery" from the telephone exchange over the same wires that carried the voice signals. By the end of 2009, there were a total of nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers. In some countries, many telephone operating companies (commonly abbreviated to telco in American English) are in competition to provide telephone services...
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...translation of the Catiline and Jugurtha have been thoroughly revised in line with the most recent scholarship. Vol. I. ISBN 978-0-674-99684-7 LCL TRANSLATED BY E. C. MARCHANT O. J. TODD REVISED BY JEFFREY HENDERSON This volume collects Xenophon’s (c. 430 to c. 354 BC) portrayals of his associate, Socrates. In Memorabilia (or Memoirs of Socrates) and in Oeconomicus, a dialogue about household management, we see the philosopher through Xenophon’s eyes. Here, as in the accompanying Symposium, we also obtain insight on life in Athens. The volume concludes with Xenophon’s Apology, an interesting complement to Plato’s account of Socrates’ defense at his trial. All volumes in the Loeb Xenophon Vol. I. ISBN 978-0-674-99098-2 Vol. II. ISBN 978-0-674-99099-9 Vol. III. ISBN 978-0-674-99101-9 Vol. IV. ISBN 978-0-674-99695-3 Vol. V. ISBN 978-0-674-99057-9 Vol. VI. ISBN 978-0-674-99058-6 Vol. VII. ISBN...
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........................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 The Persian Empire .......................................................................................................... 4 Cyrus the Great (539-530 BC) ........................................................................................ 4 The Decline of Israel (530-331 BC) ............................................................................... 5 The Greek Conquerors ..................................................................................................... 6 Alexander the Great (331-320 BC) ................................................................................. 6 The Ptolemaic Period (320-198 BC)............................................................................... 6 The Seleucid Period (198-167 BC) ................................................................................. 7 Antiochus IV Epiphanes as a Ruler ............................................................................ 8 Antiochus Epiphanes and Egypt ................................................................................. 9 Persecution of Jews under Antiochus Epiphanes ....................................................... 9 Jewish Self-Rule .............................................................
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...BIBLIOGRAPHY PMM 225 CHURCH YEAR Adam, Adolf. The Liturgical Year: Its History and Its Meaning After the Reform of the Liturgy. Pueblo, 1979. Alexander, J. Neil. "Advent, Christmas and Epiphany" Liturgy (Summer 1984), 9-16. Alexander, J.Neil. "A Sacred Time in Tension" Liturgy (Volume 13, Number 3), 5-10. Alexander, J. Neil. "Rejoicing in the Glorious Company of the Saints-the Origin of the Feast" Liturgy (Volume 14, Number 3), 1-15. Alexander, J.Neil. The Liturgical Meaning of Advent, Christmas, Epiphany: Waiting for the Coming. The Pastoral Press, 1993. Asendorf, Ulrich. "Luther's Sermons on Advent as a Summary of His Theology" in A Lively Legacy: Essays in Honor of Robert Preus Edited by Kurt Marquart et al. CTS Press, 1985. Babin, David. Week In-Week Out: A New Look at Liturgical Preaching. Seabury, 1976. Bainton, Roland. Martin Luther's Christmas Book. Augsburg Publishing House, 1997. Bainton, Roland. Martin Luther's Easter Book. Augsburg Publishing House, 1997. Bass, George. "An Introduction to Liturgical Preaching" Response (Easter 1978), 29-32. Bass, George. The Renewal of Liturgical Preaching. Augsburg Publishing House, 1967. Baughman, Harry F. Preaching From the Propers. Board for Publications Of the United Lutheran Church of America, 1948. Beckwith, Roger. "The Origin of the Festivals of Easter and Whitsunday" Studia Liturgica 13 (1979-1980), 1-20. Bergerm Rupert and Hans Hollerweger (editors). Celebrating the Easter Vigil. Pueblo Publishing,...
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...description, major contributions, means of maintaining empire * Tried to conquer Greece * Maintained Empire through fear 3. Hebrew view of Man, view of God View of God a. One b. Sovereign c. Transcendent d. Good View of Man e. Created by God f. A rule or ethical system g. A choice or moral freedom h. Dignity and autonomy of human beings 4. Persian Wars – who fought, why, who won, how, significance i. Who Fought? i. Persians vs. Greeks j. Why? ii. Fundamental differences, East vs. West iii. Disputed territory in Asia Minor iv. Greece as a stepping-stone to Europe k. Who Won? v. The Greeks l. How? vi. Superior Military Skill m. So What? vii. Persians locked out of Europe forever viii. Athenian Imperialism ix. Delian League – Greek alliance between city states to prevent future attacks from Persia x. Launches them into Athenian Golden Age 5. Sparta –description, major contributions, contrast with Athens * Formed Delian league to fight against Athens * Experienced Land Military while Athens had an Experienced Navy * Athens was focused on cultural expansion while Sparta loved war 6. Cosmologists – role in origins of Greek philosophy, methods, examples, significance Methods n. Physical Matter o. Mathematical Order – Pythagoras p. Logical...
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...1.0Introduction 1.1Background to the Problem Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the causative agent of lung disease Pneumonia. Pneumonia was described as early as two thousand five hundred years ago by the Hippocrates. DR. Williams Osler, whom has studied pneumonia throughout his career, described pneumonia as the “captain of the men of death” owing to its great effect on humanity (Pneumonia,2006).The term pneumonia refers to any infection of the lung. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the term that is used to describe pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal pneumonia not only affects the lungs but other parts of the body such as upper respiratory tract, middle ear, or the nervous system causing pneumococcal meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis has a high fatality rate when compared to the other infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The means of transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae is via respiratory droplet from the mouth or nose of an infected person or a carrier. Penicillin became available in the 1940’s which changed radically the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia which was based on watchful waiting. Despite this major development pneumonia still posed a major clinical problem today because of the resistance the organism developed against anti -microbial agents.Penicillin resistance is caused by a mosaic mutation of penicillin binding Protein (PBP) genes due to interspecies recombination of homologous genes. It is also recognized that a penicillin...
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...Accounting Principle Based Accounting System Part: 3 Comparisons of Principle and Rules Based Accounting Standards Conceptual Framework Flexibility of Rules and Principles International Accounting Platform Comparability of Financial Statements Realistic Representation of Accounting Information Part:4 Findings of the Research Study Part :5 Conclusion Reference Appendix Appendix 1: Narration on Figure 1 - Qualities of Accounting Information Abstract The proposed research paper attempts to illustrate the importance of a global accounting system and the impact of standards on the global market, as well as, providing the means for comparable financial reporting for decision making by both investors and corporations. This research provides understanding about the major differences of a Rules-based and Principal Based Accounting Systems, including the benefits and drawbacks of such a shift. Proponents of principles-based accounting blame the Rules-Based Accounting System for the major accounting scandals. They believe that the Rules-Based system encourages the use of financial structuring to achieve desired accounting results, which will undermine the quality of financial reporting. Supporters of rules-based accounting argue that principles-based accounting relies heavily on judgment, which will reduce the consistency and comparability of financial information. The current study tries to make a theoretical comparison of both Principles-Based and Rules-Based Accounting...
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...understanding of nihilism is through the fiction of Turgenev and Dostoevsky. Neither of these authors were particularly sympathetic to nihilism and provided nihilist characters primarily as a frame with which to drape their morality tales. The version of nihilism offered by these authors is then, primarily, a snapshot of the popular culture in which nihilism dwelt as much as it is a recollection of the trend. This time in Russian history is part of the story of nihilism and will be part of the story in bridging the gap between the mythological Bazarov, Verkhovensky, or Raskolnikov and figures like Nicholas Chernyshevsky, Dmitry Pisarev, and to some extent Sergey Nechayev. What then was nihilism? Nihilism was a youth movement, a philosophical tendency, and a revolutionary impulse. Nihilism was the valorization of the natural sciences. Nihilism was a specific fashion style. Nihilism was a new approach to aesthetics, criticism and ethics. Nihilism was the contradiction between a studied materialism and the desire to annihilate the social order. Nihilism was also a particularly Russian response to the conditions of Tsarist reform and repression. Nihilism has become much more than it originally would have been capable of because of the viral nature of its value-system, practice, and conclusions. Nihilism’s effect is traceable through the history of Anarchism, through the formation and modern practice of terrorism, and through philosophical trends from deconstruction to existentialism. ...
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...Foundations: c. 8000 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Major Developments 1. Locating world history in the environment and time 1. Environment 1. Geography and climate: Interaction of geography and climate with the development of human society a. Five Themes of Geography – consider these 1. Relative location – location compared to others 2. Physical characteristics – climate, vegetation and human characteristics 3. Human/environment interaction – how do humans interact/alter environ a. Leads to change 4. Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups 5. Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas b. E. Africa first people – 750,000 years ago started to move 1. moving in search of food c. Role of Climate – End of Ice Age 12000 BCE – large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable – big game hunters already migrated 1. Geographical changes - 3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests – N. America 2. Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean...
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...ASSIGNMENT NO: 01 | Title: Evolution of Old Masters Painting & Modern Art | Spring 2012History of World and ArchitectureSubject Code: GED 302Semester: 6thSection: 01Submitted To: Selima Quader ChowdhrySubmission Date: April 4, 2012 | Submitted By NAME: SHAIKH KHADIJA NO ID: 102011058 | “Evolution of Old Masters Painting & Modern Art” Index: Subject | Page No | I. Introduction | 03 | II. Italian Renaissance | 04 | III. Comparison between the paintings of the Italian Renaissance artists | 05 | IV. Modern Art | 08 | V. Comparison Between The Old Masters Painting And Modern Art | 09 | VI. Conclusion | 11 | VII. Reference | 12 | Introduction I am a student of “history of World Art and Architecture”. In this subject I am learning about analyze and evaluate the major movement, and trends in the visual arts of “Western Civilization”. For this reason, In 29 February, 2012 my classmate and I went to Bangladesh National Museum with our course teacher. It was a magnificent experience in my life. The 3rd Floor decorated with Pictures of International politicians, artists, scientists, famous pictures and three international galleries- Korean, Iranian and Swiss. We had a class on the Western arts gallery. The “Western Arts” gallery is enhancing with many famous artists painting. They all are reproduction of original work. (http://www.quiltindex.org/~quilti/wiki/index.php/Bangladesh_National_Museum) In the museum I saw many works of...
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...A, THE BRITISH ACADEMY SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS SOMERSET HISTORICAL ESSAYS By J. Armitage Robinson, D.D, Fellow of the British Academy Dean of Wells 1921 London: Published for the British Academy By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press Amen Corner, E.C. PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS BY FREDERICK HALI, 76$ J 9 2/ PREFACE The writer of these pages makes no claim to be a historian, but he is concerned with the materials which go to the construction of true history. Occasionally he is led to revise the verdicts of historians on the ground of a renewed investigation of some isolated problem, or in the light of fuller information which has but lately become available. He hopes that he has done this with sufficient modesty. As a rule he has avoided direct controversy and has preferred a positive presentation of the revised position. He is well aware that when offered thus silently the corrections he desires to make are less likely to attract immediate attention than if he directly challenged fallacies which shelter under honoured names. But he writes from mere love of the subjects to which he has been drawn by the circumstances of his position and by local patriotism ; and he has experienced more than once the temporary blindness pro- duced by the dust of conflict. On the other hand he asks for criticism, ...
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