...BLOOD • Blood is a tissue which is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (pieces of cells) and plasma. Table showing Structure and Function of the Components of Blood |Component |Structure |Functions | |Red blood cells |Biconcave discs with no nucleus. |Transports oxygen | | |Contains haemoglobin. |Transports small amounts of carbon dioxide | |White blood cells |Variable shape (larger than red blood cells) with a |Fight, engulf and destroy bacteria. | | |nucleus. |Make antibodies | | |There are 2 types: | | | |Lymphocytes – produce antibodies which kill germs or | | | |pathogens | | | |Phagocytes – surrounds pathogen and destroys it by | ...
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...Blood Disorders Crystal Flannelly HCA/240 February 24, 2013 Samantha Bame Blood Disorders Introduction In this paper I will be discussing three different scenarios, and in each scenario I will tell a little information on the disorder. I will cover ways to prevent disorders, and symptoms of the disorder. The blood within our bodies is the body’s major transportation system. Blood is used to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells within our body, and it removes carbon dioxide waste from the cells before it goes to the lungs. There are components in our blood that protect our body from getting diseases. The blood will recognize, and engulf microorganisms and foreign molecules that it finds in our blood. The other components of blood will transport metabolic waste from the cells to the kidneys, it will take nutrients from the digestive system to the cells, and blood will transport hormones through our body. The purpose of plasma, red blood cells, and platelets Blood is a specialized body fluid, and it contains four main components. The components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many functions that help our body stay healthy. Plasma is a liquid component of our blood and its job is to transport blood cells throughout the body. Plasma is also responsible for carrying nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, and chemical messengers through the blood. Red blood cells have a special protein...
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...1.2 Explain the role of plasma and haemoglobin in the transport of metabolites. Plasma is the often forgotten component of blood. White blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are essential to body function, but plasma also plays a crucial and mostly unrecognised role carrying these blood components throughout the body as the fluid in which they travel. Plasma is the largest component of the human blood, making up about fifty percent of its overall content. When isolated on its own, blood plasma is a light yellow liquid which is similar to the colour of straw. Along with water, plasma carries salts and enzymes. The primary purpose of plasma is to transport nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also deposit their waste products into the plasma, and plasma in turn helps remove this waste from the body. An example of some of these substances that are transported by plasma is metabolites. Metabolites, in turn are any chemical compounds produced as a result of metabolism. Some of the products of metabolism are carbon dioxide, amino acids, glucose, squalene and urea. Blood plasma also ushers the movement of all the elements of blood through the circulatory system. No organ in the body produces blood plasma but it is a product of several organs. As already stated, it consists of water, salts (electrolytes) and proteins (albumin and antibodies). All the water, salts and proteins are ultimately derived from the food we eat. Water and salts...
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...Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system transports oxygen around the body to the working muscles. It also helps to transport waste products such as CO2 that is caused by aerobic respiration so that it can be disposed. Your heart is a fist sized muscle that is located on the left side of your chest and is an involuntary muscle and an adult heart approximately weighs 255grams. The heart is separated by a septum. The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because it has to pump oxygenated blood around the whole body whereas the right side just pumps de-oxygenated blood to the brain. There are 2 inlets and 2 outlets in the heart, there are also 4 valves in the heart that are there to stop the backflow of blood and 4 chambers. The first inlet is called the pulmonary vein. This is the only vein in the body that carry oxygenated blood. The other inlet is the superior and inferior vena cava. The two out lets are called the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that transports deoxygenated blood in the body. The two upper chambers of the heart are called the atria. The two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The four valves are called the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. The valves are there in order to stop the backflow of blood. Functions of the Heart The heart has a number of different functions such as delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste products. The cardiovascular...
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... Without water life would not exist. Water is amazing, it covers 70% of the earth, is the only substance on the earth that occurs naturally as a solid, a liquid and a gas, and is more necessary to human life to exist than any other substance. Water fills our cells, water is the main component in blood, that moves nutrients through the body, water helps with digestion, from saliva to moving waste through the bowels to elimination. Being only 2% dehydrated can cause some serious physical and mental degradation and being 15% can be lethal. (http://www.spartafit.com/nutrition/water.php ) Water is the foundation for every living thing, in this paper I will discuss why it is essential to health maintenance, the functions of water in the body, and the effects of dehydration. Water is mandatory for life. Water makes up about 60% of adult body weight, water isn't stored in the body, so there is a need for humans to always be taking in more water to replace what is lost through body processes such as respiration, perspiration, urination, etc. The body needs water to lubricate joints, for saliva, to aid in every part of the digestion process, to transport nutrients in the blood, and it is a major component in every cell. No body process would be possible without water. It is important to drink water, about 3 liters per day for women and 4 liters per day for men (http://www.spartafit.com/nutrition/water.php) is needed to replace all of the water lost during normal daily processes. When...
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...Itohan Ehineboh Access to Higher Education: Nursing and Midwifery Human physiology 16/12/2015 Word count: 752 & bibliography Ismail Abdullah This assignment will discuss about the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells by comparing their structure and function: It will talk about the similar components they have and their function of the two cells (prokaryotic and Eukaryotic) and then it will talk about the different components and their function in the cell. It will relate the structure to function in two specialised eukaryotic cells and the structure of the cell membrane to its function of movement of substances into and out of the cell. Regarding to the cell theory all living things are made of cells and all organisms may be classified as prokaryotes (before nucleus) or eukaryotes (true nucleus). Prokaryotes was developed first, they are small (size 1 to 10um) and they consist of one cell (unicellular) and it has no nucleus but instead it as a nucleoid which contains the genome (DNA of the cell). (Boundless 2015) (Look figure1) Eukaryotes come from prokaryotic cells and they are large (size 10 to 100um), highly structured, they consist of many cells (multicellular), has a nucleus which is the brain of the cell and it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The prokaryotic and Eukaryotes both have a Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cell Wall (in Eukaryotic it is present only in Animals) and Cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a thin flexible bilayer round the outside of all cells...
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...The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, and metabolic wastes. It also helps to regulate the temperature of the body and is part of the defensive system. The Heart - The Human heart has 4 chambers, left and right atrium and left and right ventricle. - The left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to the body while the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs - Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs. - Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body cells. - Valves prevent backflow of blood – prevent blood going wrong way - The heart pumps about 70 times per minute or 100,000 times per day - Contraction of heart is caused by tiny electrical impulse. Blood Vessel Arteries - Structures that carry blood away from the heart Capillaries - Very narrow tubes where the exchange of product occur Vein - Take blood back to the heart + Arteries have thick elastic muscular, outside they have a layer of connective tissue. + Capillaries are the smallest of all the blood vessels. + Some substances pass through gaps between the cells of the capillary walls + Capillaries have sphincter valves that can stop blood entering capillaries where the body does not need blood. Veins - Blood is pushed through veins by muscular contraction and gravity. Blood has 3 main functions 1. Transportation – blood transports 02 , CO2 , nutrients, hormones, heat and wastes. 2. Regulation – Blood helps to regulate pH, body temperature. 3. Protection - protects against...
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...3 Cells and Tissues Concepts of the Cell Theory A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. The activity of an organism depends on the collective activities of its cells. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of their specific subcellular structures. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. Chemical Components of Cells Most cells are composed of the following four elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things. Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same. All cells share general structures. All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus (p66) Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus – are sites where ribosomes are assembled. Chromatin – when a cell is not dividing, it’s DNA is combined with protein and forms a loose network of bumpy threads called chromatin. (see below) CHROMOSOMES – when a cell is dividing to form two daughter cells, the chromatin threads coil and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes. The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) ...
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...temperature of sperm by relaxing when the testes become too warm and contracting when the testes cold to move them closer to the heat of the body. The testes which are located in the scrotum are secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. These are twin oval, grape sized organs which have the function of secreting testosterone which is a male hormone vital for libido, muscle strength and bone density. Within the testes, there are coiled structures called sminiferious tubules which provide the role of producing sperm cells. Lying at the back of each testicle is the epididymis, which is a long tube that transports and stores sperm cells produced by the testes. Connecting to the epididymis is the vas deferens which is a long muscular tube that extends into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. Its function is to transports mature sperm to the urethra, ready for ejaculation. Attached to the vas deferens, near the base of the bladder, is the seminal vesicles which are sac like structures that provide the role of producing fructose that gives sperm a source of energy to aid movement. The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid. The seminal vesicles fuse with the vas deferens to form ejaculatory ducts which empty into the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body; it...
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...fluids - Constituents of body fluid - The human body consists mostly of water, and is a major constituent to the human body and vital organs; of this 90% include blood plasma, lymph, urine, saliva, digestive juices, bile, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid. Water enables substances to be transported throughout the body, red blood cells for example, as wells as supplying the medium required for metabolic reaction to take place (respiration). Without water the progression of these fluids would not be possible. Water is constantly being transported between the fluid compartments of the body. Water has five main functions in the body, of which includes: • 'Cell life - distribute nutrients to cells i.e. vitamins, minerals and glucose • Chemical and metabolic reactions - removal of waste products (toxins) from the organs • Transport of nutrients – participates in the breakdown of food • Body temperature regulation - water has a large heat capacity that allows it to help limit any changes to an individual's body temperature in a certain environment. For example the release of heat when the surrounding temperature is higher than body temperature • Elimination of waste' Urea – Urea is an organic molecule made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Urea is a common constituent of blood and other various bodily fluids, and is formed from ammonia in the kidney and liver. Ammonia is produced through the breakdown of proteins during tissue metabolism. Metabolic...
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...varying traumatic injuries of the general public. A form of trauma, described as penetrating trauma, is an injury that occurs when an outside object pierces the skin of the human body and enters into the body tissue, leaving an opening in the skin. Penetrating trauma can be caused by a wide variety of things, most commonly a knife, fired bullets, or other types of weapons. Often, with this kind of injury, there is blood and fluid loss in the victim sustaining the injury. Current Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines for patients requiring fluid resuscitation is to infuse 2 L of a crystalloid solution, such as normal saline or lactated Ringer’s solution, before the patient is transfused with blood products (Tapia, Suliburk, & Mattox, 2013, p. 3961). However, many new studies examining current ATLS protocols and fluid resuscitation protocols is finding that “improved ratios of blood components appear to result in improved mortality outcomes” (Tapia, Suliburk, & Mattox, 2013, p. 3965). These studies are finding that initial fluid resuscitation with Red Blood Cell’s (RBC’s), Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), and Platelets (Plts) in a 1:1:1 ratio is much more effective than with just a crystalloid substance. This form of fluid resuscitation, also known as Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR) is used with a new clinical idea that...
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...Protein digestion Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids, and the breakdown of proteins (and other large molecules, too) by catabolism.Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastro-intestinal tract.[1] These amino acids are further broken down to α-keto acids which can be recycled in the body for generation of energy, and production of glucose or fat or other amino acids. This break-down of amino acids to α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Protein metabolism is dependent on a vast number of endogenous mediators. These mediators define the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Insulin is the major anabolic hormone and also has an important role in amino acid and protein homeostasis. During injury and...
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...Assignment: SCIE207 Phase 4 Lab Report Title: Exploring Endocrine, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Instructions: Your lab report will consist of the completed tables. Label each component of the endocrine, cardiovascular (circulatory), and respiratory systems and their functions in the following tables. When your lab report is complete, post it in Submitted Assignment files. 1. Endocrine System: Observe the diagram showing the major organs of the endocrine system. Using the textbook and Virtual Library resources, fill in the following table: Endocrine System Note: Some organs support the system, but may not produce or secrete hormones. |Number |Name of the Organ or Part |Hormone(s) Produced or Secreted | |1 |Parathyroid glands |Produces the parathyroid hormone that regulates levels of calcium | | | |in the bloodstream (Falls, p. 111, 2012). | |2 |Thyroid gland | Produces thyroxine and calcitonin which control body metabolism; | | | |transforms to energy from nutrients (Falls, p. 111, 2012). | |3 |Trachea |This organ does not secrete a hormone but only supports | |4 |Pineal gland ...
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...Re-absorption in the kidneys and associated abnormalities Task 1 Water is the main bodily fluid with around 60% of your body weight made up of water. This is a major component of bodily fluid. Bodily fluids contain many components within the body. they can include the following: Bile Mucus Sweat Blood serum Pleural fluid Urine Gastric juice Saliva Water This image shows the main electrolytes found within the bodily fluids. They are sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and potassium. They are involved in various functions in our cells and organs. They are responsible for maintain the balance of fluids between the intracellular and extracellular environments. Tutor vista 2014. List of electrolytes [Online] available from: http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/list-of-electrolytes.html...
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...experimentation or observation, while hypotheses that cannot be tested and concluded upon are not useful. An example of a useful hypothesis is the question of whether or not cramming increases test performance when compared to consistent studying, and an example of a hypothesis that is not scientifically useful would be the question of whether God truly exists. 2. Two of the greatest unifying ideas in biology (i.e., concepts that account for and are consistent with a very large number of observations) are the Cell Theory, and the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Most scientific Theories have two components: the pattern component and the process component. What are the two components of Cell Theory and of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? What are the two conditions required by the process component of evolutionary theory? The pattern component of the cell theory is all organisms are comprised of...
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