...AIR COMPRESSOR Compressors are power consuming thermodynamic device which convert mechanical energy into head or pressure energy. An air compressor, as the name indicates, is a machine to compress the air and to raise its pressure. The air compressor sucks air from the atmosphere, compresses it and then deliverers the same under a high press ore to a storage vessel. From the storage vessel, it may be conveyed by the pipeline to a place where the supply of compressed air is required. Since the compression of air requires some work to be done on it, there a compressor must be driven by some prime mover. Fig-1.1 Air Compressor 1.2 Classification of Air Compressor The air compressor may be classified in many ways, but the following are importance from the subject point of view. 1. According to working a. Reciprocating compressor b. Rotary compressor 2. According to action a. Single acting compressor b. Double acting compressor 3. According to number of stage c. Single stage compressor d. Multistage compressor 4. According pressure e. Low pressure whose final pressure does not exceed 10 bar f. Medium pressure with range of 10 bar to 80 bar g. High pressure with range 80 bar to 1000 bar. 5. According capacity h. Small compressor handling up to 9m3/min i. Medium compressor handling...
Words: 4663 - Pages: 19
...Question With the aid of a suitable diagram, describe the operation and construction of a reciprocating compressor employed in a VCR system (30 marks). Introduction A compressor is the most important and often the costliest component of any vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The function of a compressor in a VCRS is to continuously draw the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator, so that a low pressure and low temperature can be maintained in the evaporator at which the refrigerant can boil extracting heat from the refrigerated space. The compressor then has to raise the pressure of the refrigerant to a level at which it can condense by rejecting heat to the cooling medium in the condenser. Reciprocating compressors Description Reciprocating compressor is the workhorse of the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. It is the most widely used compressor with cooling capacities ranging from a few Watts to hundreds of kilowatts. Modern day reciprocating compressors are high speed (≈ 3000 to 3600 rpm), single acting, single or multi-cylinder (up to 16 cylinders) type. Construction features and Principle of Operation Fig. 1 Figure 1 shows the schematic of a reciprocating compressor. Reciprocating compressors consist of a piston moving back and forth in a cylinder, with suction (Sv) and discharge (Dv) valves to achieve suction and compression of the refrigerant vapour. Its construction and working are somewhat similar to a two-stroke engine, as...
Words: 2269 - Pages: 10
...le gaz vers les "pipelines". La valeur de notre produit est donc basée sur le fait qu’il diminue le risque (nombre) de surtensions. Ceci permet aux clients d'éviter des pertes de production potentielles et des coûts supplémentaires. Lorsqu’il n’y a aucun mécanisme de contrôle, on estime que par année, il y a 0.4 surtension mineure et 0.004 surtension majeure par compresseur. Le modèle mécanique, qui est la meilleure alternative à notre produit, élimine environ la moitié des surtensions et coûte approximativement de 10 000$. Ainsi, en l’utilisant, les clients réduisent la fréquence moyenne des surtensions à 0.2 fois par année pour les surcharges mineures et à 0.002 fois par année pour les surcharges majeures. Le modèle proposé par Compressor...
Words: 2908 - Pages: 12
...Auto Body Auto Repairs and Engineering Technology Name: Oran Guthrie Course: Auto Repairs & Engineering Technology Date: October 25, 2015 Air Compressor Auto body shops utilize compressed air for fast tire inflation and finishing services, such as painting. The compressed air is capable of vaporizing, and then propelling paint through paint guns or automated sprayers. Using this method, vehicles are given precision paint jobs in shorter amounts of time—without exposing workers to potentially hazardous materials. Additionally, most of the hand tools found in auto body shops run on compressed air. Air compressors are also very useful for handless tools; compressed air is used to power air-operated robots to assist in automated tasks, such as assembly, painting, structural repairing, and others. In vehicle repair facilities, air compressors heighten the rapidity and reliability of plasma cutting and welding operations. Air compressors are also utilized to power tools including drills, screwdrivers, nut runner sockets, fasteners, and sanders. Disk Sander Any hot rodder worth his salt will consider a disc sander an invaluable part of the toolbox. This is one of the most versatile of power tools, and fills the need for a lightweight, heavy-duty grinder on the toughest of jobs. Good used sanders can often be purchased at very low prices from a body shop with newer equipment. Often, broken sanders require only minor repairs, and can be bought at bargain prices. ...
Words: 369 - Pages: 2
...refrigerant process with spiral wound exchangers. To compare properly one process to another, it must be done with the same gas, with the same site conditions, with the same gas turbines and with the same cooling medium temperature (air or water). That done, to compare processes like for like is still not that easy. For instance, it seems fair to take the same efficiencies for the compressors, however, axial and centrifugal compressors do have different efficiencies. Similarly, equal basis leads to have the same temperature approach for the air-cooler (or water coolers), however between mixed refrigerant and propane, the heat exchange area will be much lower for mixed refrigerant if the approach is kept identical. The end flash vapour quantity has also a big influence on the process efficiency, but each process has a different fuel gas consumption. Those added factors may lead to wide differences. Axens has calculated the effect of all those parameters on efficiency. The equipment characteristics play also an important role in the comparison: the limitations of axial compressors, of centrifugal compressors (Mach number) and possibly spiral-wound exchangers maximum size do have to be taken into account. Even the gas turbines or alternative drivers chosen can be well adapted to one process, but not to the other. Another important parameter is the LPG recovery: a large LPG recovery will decrease the efficiency of any process, but not to the same extent. For Liquefin, the...
Words: 2827 - Pages: 12
...how the mixed fluid cascade process operates. The referigerents are made up of methane, ethane, propane and nitrogen (Shukre,F and Wheeler,F 2004 pg 3). Firstly, the natural gas (fed stream) comes in from the top and goes through three mixed refrigerants cycles (red stream). The pre-cooling cycle (green stream) consists of a mixture of Methane and Propane which is compressed in C1 according to the below diagram. It then is liquefied (purple stream) in sea water cooler C1 and sub cooled (blue stream) in E1A (Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). One part is then throttled to an intermediate pressure and used as refrigerant in E1A. The other part is further sub cooled in heat exchanger E1B, throttled to the suction pressure of compressor C1 and used as refrigerant in E1B(Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). The liquefaction cycle is compressed in C2, cooled in sea water cooler CW2A/2B. It is then further cooled in heat exchanger E1A, E1B and E2 (Forg,W, Bach,W, Stockmann,R… 1999 pg5). It is then throttled...
Words: 1239 - Pages: 5
...Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour Project Report Prepared by NUPUR MITTAL (WMP7106), PANKAJ GUPTA (WMP7107), PHANESH V. R. ATMURI (WMP7108), PIYUSH RAJESH GUPTA (WMP7109), POULASTYA DUTTA (WMP7110), PRAMUKH SINGH RAWAL (WMP7111)) and PRASHANT JOSHI (WMP7112) Section B, WMP 2011-14, INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LUCKNOW – NOIDA CAMPUS Rolls Royce – Power By the Hour 1 Executive Summary Today most Multi National Companies that are operating globally are realizing that they have to take complete control of After-Sales-Service, in order to compete effectively and synergize their operations with profitability. Earlier days, much of the service operations were handled by third parties. Companies have identified that after-salesservice is a significant source of revenue for the organization. With this paradigm shift and change in the culture, Rolls Royce pioneered and conceptualized ‘Power by the Hour’, an after-sales-service program that helps focus customer in their core business activities & offers peace of mind. In order to achieve this, Rolls Royce had to restructure and revamp its various operations including vertical integration of various divisions. The after-sales services provided by Roll-Royce helped its customers reduce maintenance costs and downtime. The service also enabled the company to improve its aero engine designs and build good relationships with customers. Moreover, the company gained a steady long-term revenue stream from the maintenance contracts. Analysts felt...
Words: 4437 - Pages: 18
...will depend on your vehicle’s motor, and your power expectations. The first type of forced induction system is a supercharger. There are different types of superchargers. The first type is a root supercharger which is the oldest by far. Root type superchargers push extra oxygen into an engine by using meshed-lobe rotors. The rotors rotate in opposite direction trapping the air into pockets and forcing it from the inlet to the compressor chamber where it is compressed and moved into the engine. Root type chargers are simple and have few parts which results in reliability and require very few repairs. They are also good for adding power to an engine at low rpm’s. The second type of supercharger is the Screw. The screw type supercharger works very similarly to root type chargers. Screw superchargers are very good at moving air and lose very little of it. They can compress air as they move using their screws. The last type of supercharger is a Centrifugal supercharger. They are very similar to many pumps or fans. They pull air through an intake or compressor housing using an impeller which collects the air and forces it out into a progressively smaller Hodges 2 area, compressing it and leading it to the engine. Centrifugal chargers are excellent at moving large volumes of air. They are amongst the most efficient and effective...
Words: 1499 - Pages: 6
...winter time. These machines are bought and used when most people do not even understand the principle on which they work. The machines are expected do what they are designed to do, and when they cease to do this, they can be costly to repair. Air conditioners and heat pumps are similar in appearance and operation, but while using the same components they can perform completely different tasks. Knowing the difference between the two and the principle in which they perform their tasks will enable each person to make an informed decision when the time comes to repair or replace a piece of equipment. Air conditioners and heat pumps have several components that work in the same way. The compressor is the heart of the system. It is present in both an air conditioner and a heat pump. The compressor pumps the refrigerant throughout the system and enables the system to heat and cool. A few other components in an air conditioner and a heat pump are the metering device, the indoor coil, and the outdoor coil. These four basic components must be present for the cooling process to take place. There are a few components in heat pumps that do not show up in air conditioners. These devices are what make the air conditioner into a heat pump. The reversing valve reverses the refrigerant flow in an air conditioner to enable it to produce heat in the space where cooling is usually produced. A second metering device is present in the outdoor unit to enable the cooling effect to take place...
Words: 1495 - Pages: 6
...Professional English Engineering Cambridge English for UNIT 1 CASE STUDY Capsule pipelines Capsule Pipelines – Essential Facts Capsule pipelines are underground pipes designed to transport hollow cylindrical containers (capsules). The function of the capsules is to transport things from A to B. Potential applications include carrying items such as mail (letters and parcels), minerals, for example coal, agricultural products, for example wheat, packaged products (in boxes or bags), and waste (household garbage or industrial waste). There are two main types of system: pneumatic capsule pipelines (PCPs) and hydraulic capsule pipelines (HCPs). In PCPs, the capsules are propelled by air, which is blown into the pipeline at one end and flows along it, driving the capsule forward. In order to limit friction between the outside of the capsule and the inside of the pipeline, capsules can be fitted with wheels (see the picture). In HCPs the pipeline is filled with water which is pumped along the pipeline. The capsules are watertight and are immersed in the water. They are driven along the pipeline by the flow of water. Small-diameter PCPs were popular in the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, for carrying documents – used mainly by government departments and postal authorities in large cities. Such systems were used in Berlin, Hamburg, London and Paris. A network in Prague is still in use today. A largediameter PCP was built...
Words: 1207 - Pages: 5
...and Development HR 592 Introduction The purpose of the survey is to give the employee the opportunity to provide opinions on where Solar Turbines Inc. should focus their attention in order to improve the climate and productivity of the Test Department. The survey was complete and analyzed, the results will be used to improve in areas of training and development. The results of the assessment was analyzed by our human resource department, the two student from Keller School of Management and will be shared with the members of the organization shortly after a training package is put in place. Organization Business Solar Turbines, Inc. a Caterpillar Company and the maker of Gas Turbine engines and compressor units have been making gas turbines engines and compressors units for more than eight decades. These units are primarily used for applications such as electrical power generation, and transporting natural gas and oil in big company pipelines. Organization Goals At Solar Turbines, our goals include: people, which speaks to attracting and developing the best talent; customer, which speaks to taking pride in helping our customers succeed; and stockholders whom we deliver superior returns. We refer to these goals in our “Vision 2020” statement. In this vision statement we combine Strategic notions of Superior results, Global Leader, Best Team and customer focus, deep expertise, competitive cost, valued products and services, and Strategic businesses. The...
Words: 651 - Pages: 3
...Work and Produce Thrust Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Basic Components of a Jet Engine 4 2.2 Compressor 4 2.3 Combustor 5 2.4 Turbine 5 2.5 Exhaust Duct/Nozzle 5 4.0 Creation of Thrust in a Turbojet Engine 7 5.0 Conclusion 9 6.0 References 10 1.0 Introduction According to Hunecke (1997), jet engines, also known as gas turbine engines, are the most widespread and most efficient method used for airplane propulsion currently. The Jet engine uses basic principles and concepts of motion but applying it using a combination of complex mechanical systems to achieve thrust. There are many types of jet engines; however, this paper will concentrate on the Turbojet Engine to explain the workings of the jet engine to achieve thrust and propulsion. 1.1 How the turbojet Engine Works Turbojet Engines apply Newton’s Third Law of Motion that states, “For every motion there is an equal and opposite reaction” (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4). Simply, when a burnt mixture is ejected backwards from an engine, a forward force is generated on the engine and thus on the aircraft. The bigger the backward force the bigger the forward force (reaction force). Thrust is created when the burnt mixture pushed out the back is ejected at higher velocity than that of the air being sucked in. (Hünecke, 1997, p. 4) The engine’s fans suck air in at the front. A compressor, made up of fans with many blades and attached to the shaft, elevates the pressure of the air. The compressed air...
Words: 1759 - Pages: 8
...Pump System for Heating and Cooling Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle VaporGas Refrigeration Cycles Absorption Refrigeration Systems Refrigerants Selection Refrigeration affects many areas of your life The obvious: Refrigerator/Freezers allow food preservation Air conditioning Refrigerated fishing boats allow preservation of catch Refrigerated trucks are used to ship fruits/meats Refrigeration makes possible medical procedures that call for lowering body temperatures Refrigerator and Heat Pump The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat (QL) from the cold medium; the objective of a heat pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm medium. Schematic diagram of the ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle Compressor Condenser Evaporator Simple view of household refrigerator T-s Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Process Process 2-3 P = const. Heat Rejection Process const. Process 3-4 Expansion under Throttling Process, h = const Process 4-1 P = const. Heat Addition Process const. P-h Diagram of the Ideal Refrigeration Cycle Process 1-2 Isentropic Compression Process Process 2-3 P = const. Heat Rejection Process const. Process 3-4 Expansion under Throttling Process, h = const Process 4-1 P = const. Heat Addition Process const. Coefficient of Performance in Refrigeration Cycles For Refrigerators and Air Conditioners: COPR = Desired output Cooling effect = Required input Work input q h...
Words: 1418 - Pages: 6
...M.T SUNLIGHT VENTURE MAJURO HAND OVER NOTES: DAILY: * Drain F.O service and Settling tank. * Drain Main Air 1&2 Reservoir Tank. * Checked Main Air Compressor 1&2 crankcase oil level. * Check oil level of all purifier,filled up if necessary. * Blow water gauges of Auxiliary boiler. * Check and top up Aux.Boiler feed water filter tank. * Daily chemically dose of oxygen control 1.0 liter and condensate control 0.6 liter to hot well chemical dose tank. * Check fresh water tanks portside and stardboard side tank and distillate tank maintain at max.level. * Conduct Boiler water treatment analysis every three days then log on into waterproof in ecr computer. * Add chemical vaptreat for dosage unit of F.W Generator. * Every maintenance work done must be log on into shipsure in ecr computer. Weekly: * Chemical treatment dosing 0.25kg gamazyme 700 FN direct to sewage tank. * Took sounding of all F.O & D.O tanks as per c/e adviced. END OF THE MONTH ( MONHTLY REPORT) * Monthly Running hrs.of Auxilliary engine. * Boiler Water treatment test result. * Auxilliary Engine 1,2 &3 performance data P-max.(Tec.13) * C.O.P.T and Stripping pump running hours. MONTHLY MAINTENANCE ( 3/E responsibility) * Auxilliary Engine 1,2,3 with all system. * Auxilliary Boiler with its system and pumps. * F.O Purifier 1,2 Fuel...
Words: 283 - Pages: 2
...History Of Air Conditioner The history of air conditioner started in the early days with the need to preserve foods. Foods that are kept at room temperature spoil easily due to the growth of bacteria. At temperature below 4° C (40° F), the growth of bacteria is reduced rapidly. As a result of the development in food refrigeration, other applications that follows include air conditioning, humidity control and manufacturing processes. The discovery of the principles of the absorption type of refrigeration in 1824 showed that liquefied ammonia could chill air when it is allowed to evaporate. Ice was created using compressor technology in the year 1842 by a physician named John Gorrie. The commercially available of air conditioning applications started based on the need to cool air for industrial processes than for personal comfort. The first electrical air conditioning was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier in the year 1902. He was also known as the Father of Modern Air Conditioning. His invention was designed to improve the manufacturing process of a printing plant. By controlling the temperature and humidity of the plant, the processes were made more efficient as the paper size and the ink alignment were consistently maintained. The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was established by him to meet the demand of better productivity in the workplace. Today, Carrier Corporation is the biggest air conditioner manufacturer and marketing corporation in the world...
Words: 749 - Pages: 3
