University of Bahri
Collage of computer science and information technology
Subject is Artificial Intelligence
Assignment no (1)
Topic is Chapter 1

Presented by :
Alrasheed Alsadg omer abdalla
Class three

EXERCISES
These exercises are intended to stimulate discussion, and some might be set as term projects.
Alternatively, preliminary attempts can be made now, and these attempts can be reviewed after the completion of the book.
1.1 Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) rationality, (e) logical reasoning.
1.2 Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry weight? Are his refutations valid? Can you think of new objections arising from developments since he wrote the paper? In the paper, he predicts that, by the year 2000, a computer will have a 30% chance of passing a five-minute Turing Test with an unskilled interrogator.
What chance do you think a computer would have today? In another 50 years?
1.3 Are reflex actions (such as flinching from a hot stove) rational? Are they intelligent?
1.4 Suppose we extend Evans’s ANALOGY program so that it can score 200 on a standard
IQ test. Would we then have a program more intelligent than a human? Explain.
1.5 The neural structure of the sea slug Aplysia has been widely studied (first by Nobel
Laureate Eric Kandel) because it has only about 20,000 neurons, most of them large and easily manipulated. Assuming that the cycle time for an Aplysia neuron is roughly the same as for a human neuron, how does the computational power, in terms of memory updates per second, compare with the high-end computer described in Figure 1.3?
32 Chapter 1. Introduction
1.6 How could introspection—reporting on one’s inner thoughts—be inaccurate? Could I be wrong about what I’m thinking? Discuss.
1.7 To what extent are the following computer systems instances of artificial intelligence:
• Supermarket bar code scanners.
• Web search engines.
• Voice-activated telephone menus.
• Internet routing algorithms that respond dynamically to the state of the network.
1.8 Many of the computational models of cognitive activities that have been proposed involve quite complex mathematical operations, such as convolving an image with a Gaussian or finding a minimum of the entropy function. Most humans (and certainly all animals) never learn this kind of mathematics at all, almost no one learns it before college, and almost no one can compute the convolution of a function with a Gaussian in their head. What sense does it make to say that the “vision system” is doing this kind of mathematics, whereas the actual person has no idea how to do it?
1.9 Why would evolution tend to result in systems that act rationally? What goals are such systems designed to achieve?
1.10 Is AI a science, or is it engineering? Or neither or both? Explain.
1.11 “Surely computers cannot be intelligent—they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former?
1.12 “Surely animals cannot be intelligent—they can do only what their genes tell them.”
Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former?
1.13 “Surely animals, humans, and computers cannot be intelligent—they can do only what their constituent atoms are told to do by the laws of physics.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former?
1.14 Examine the AI literature to discover whether the following tasks can currently be solved by computers:
a. Playing a decent game of table tennis (Ping-Pong).
b. Driving in the center of Cairo, Egypt.
c. Driving in Victorville, California.
d. Buying a week’s worth of groceries at the market.
e. Buying a week’s worth of groceries on the Web.
f. Playing a decent game of bridge at a competitive level.
g. Discovering and proving new mathematical theorems.
h. Writing an intentionally funny story.
i. Giving competent legal advice in a specialized area of law.
j. Translating spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time.
k. Performing a complex surgical operation.

Move down to see the answers

1.1
(a) intelligence – means to have the knowledge to learn and understand different situations.
(b) artificial intelligence – the ability of a computer or robot to act like a human and make decisions based on pre-defined rules.
(c) agent – is the entity that is doing the actions, it can interact with the environment, change it, and learn from it.
(d) rationality – is the ability of doing the right thing based on what it already knows or has learned from the environment.
(e) logical reasoning – is the process using arguments, statements, premises, and axioms to determine whether a statement is true or false.

1.3
- Yes, reflex actions such as flinching from a hot stove are rational because it is the right thing to do. We don’t think before we flinch from a hot stove because it suppose to be quick, thinking will defeat the purpose of flinching.
- No, I believe that reflex actions are not intelligent because you don’t have to put any thought into them, we do them automatically.

1.4
No, the program wouldn’t be more intelligent than a human because the artificial intelligence systems will avoid trying to solve problems. Humans don’t solve complete problems either, but they are good at solving a lot of structure using knowledge they have learned. Artificial intelligent systems attempt to do the same as humans. IQ test scores interact well with certain other measures only if they are measuring normal humans, it doesn’t measure anything. A program that is specialized only for IQ tests would likely perform poorly on measures of intelligence.

1.7
- Supermarket bar code scanners: I believe they are not intelligent that they are concerned with accomplishing a task. Bar code scanners read a bar code and find what item that bar code belongs to. Therefore, there is no decision making or learning involved. However, the bar code scanner can be seen as an agent with sensors that interact with the environment and then...