...1. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? Ordinal 2. What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control group? 97.12 3. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your answer. The baseline 14.00 and posttest 13.36. Yes. It shows that there were little to no change in depression. 4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression score of the control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer. Both the baseline and posttest depression score were 10.40. This score indicates that the self management of ESRD may benefit from Empowerment Intervention in the future. 5. Which group’s score had the least variability or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. The control group had the least amount to variability of dispersion. The control group only had one are of dispersion that was self-care/ self efficacy for the baseline and posttest. 6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer. Self-care self efficacy SD baseline 14.02 posttest 12.24: empowerment SD baseline 9.02 posttest 8.91 7. The mean is a measurement of central tendency of a distribution while the SD is measure of dispersion of its scores. Both X and SD are descriptive statistics. 8. What was the mean severity...
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...The Effect of Fabric Softener on the Plant Height and Flower Production in Brassica Rapa. Abstract: The effects of different amounts of Downey Fabric Softener were tested on two area of plant growth, flower production and plant height, to determine whether or not Fabric Softener is environmentally friendly. Each week for five weeks, the plants measurements would be recorded and the designated amounts were added. Fabric Softener was observed to be toxic to the plants by inhibited height and flower production. Fabric softener biodegrades into salt in the soil, depriving the plant of adequate water and thus proving the toxicity of fabric softener to plant growth. Introduction: The effects of different amounts of Downey fabric softener were tested on Brassica Rapa to determine whether or not this certain fabric softener is environmentally friendly. If Brassica Rapa is not environmentally friendly then alternatives to Downey can be explored. Brassica Rapa was used because high survival rate and rapid growth in waste areas and also in both acidic and basic areas (Young 2012). Downey Fabric softener is a household chemical that is full of nitrogen, constantly exposed to the environment, and also claims to be biodegradable (Austin et al. 1998) . Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants and therefore the aid of nitrogen should effect growth (Freeman et al. 2013). The hypothesis that was being tested states that fabric softener will have a positive effect on the plant growth of...
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...Antitussive * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00001. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00001 'untreated positive control'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00002. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00002 'treated positive control'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00003. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00003 'untreated negative control'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00004. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00004 'treated negative control'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00005. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00005 'untreated 500 mg/ml'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00006. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00006 'treated 500mg/ml'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00007. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00007 'untreated 750 mg/ml'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00008. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00008 'treated 750mg/ml'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00009. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00009 'untreated 100mg/ml'. EXECUTE. * Define Variable Properties. *VAR00010. VARIABLE LABELS VAR00010 'treated 100mg/ml'. EXECUTE. FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00001 VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006 VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009 VAR00010 /STATISTICS=SEMEAN MEAN /ORDER=ANALYSIS. Frequencies [DataSet0] Statistics | | | untreated positive control | treated positive control | untreated negative control | treated negative control | untreated 500 mg/ml | treated 500mg/ml | untreated 750 mg/ml | treated 750mg/ml | untreated 100mg/ml | treated 100mg/ml | N | Valid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |...
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...Difference in Differences Model to estimate treatment effects Mayank Nagpal This week’s readings discuss the Difference in Differences model which is used to test the and estimate the effect of a particular treatment applied to the treatment group by looking at how the change in trend before and after the application of the treatment. To estimate the effect of a treatment we aim to estimate the difference between a person in a world in which the treatment was applied and a world where the treatment is not applied. In the real world however, only one is observable. Thus, we compare two different groups of individuals or subject where the pre-treatment trends are similar. In other words, the Difference in Differences model compares the change in trend in the control group and the treatment group given the assumption that the pretreatment trend in the two groups are similar. The basic assumption in the model is that if the treatment had not been applied, the control and the treatment group would show similar trends in the post-treatment time period. Thus, any difference in seen in the trend for treatment and control groups can be attributed to the treatment being applied to the treatment group. A fixed effects model which uses a dummy for the treatment vs control group and fixed effects for time and individuals is inefficient for the estimating the effect of the treatment as the individual differences may be misreported and be just noise. This may result in a measurement error...
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...Mental Imagery and its Limitations Carl Brown Grand Canyon University Dr. Mary Chmielewski PSY-812 November 13, 2013 Mental Imagery and Its Limitations Mental imagery is described as experience occurs without the presence of specific stimuli for the appropriate perception. Many professionals in sports training to achieve better performances have applied mental imagery as a technique. This idea has been there in sports for many years, however, it is recently being incorporated into sports training. As a psychological process intended to improve performance of athletes, it has presented positive results while other athletes have reported negative results from the visualization process. This paper aims to unearth whether indeed imagery is research founded or just a matter of popular psychology. Many researches that have been carried out by various experts explicitly indicate that the visualization concept is beneficial to sports. Mental imagery as a visualization technique has successfully aided to improve the performance of athletes. Studies conducted on imagery during the twentieth century have had inconsistent results due factors such as unavailability of reliable controls and subjects. However, recent studies on mental imagery have had sufficient evidence to suggest that it can improve performance of various sports. Finke carried out a meta-analytic research of sixty studies aimed at examining effect of mental practice on control conditions. The...
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...Essay 7: Effect of Expectancy Inductions on Rejected Children’s Acceptance by Unfamiliar Peers This article by Rabiner and Coie looks at interpersonal expectations and social problems that rejected children experience. They performed two studies to test the hypothesis that negative interpersonal expectations play an important part in the problems that rejected kids have in social settings. The first study was done to look at whether rejected boys are able to make a better impression on unknown peers when they are led to think that they will be liked. The subjects of this study were 76 black male third graders from ten schools in Durham North Carolina. Twenty rejected students and 18 popular students were identified and were the entry subjects and 38 average students were the hosts. The study took place in a group of rooms, including one with a one way mirror for video-taping. Two separate meetings took place. In the first meeting, the boys were grouped with others they did not know. They spent time learning names and answering questions about activities they liked. The next session was a peer group meeting and it occurred the next week. The group consisted of two of the hosts and two popular and two rejected boys. They were told they would be playing a game. They were randomly assigned to either a control group or experimental group. The first entry boy assigned to the experimental group received three communications that were to make them believe the...
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...Chapter 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Introduction This Action Research was undertaken to describe the impact of teacher-made advance exercises as intervention on disruptive behavior of pupils when learning division skills in elementary arithmetic operation. The subjects of this study were Grade Two – A pupils who were constantly disrupting the class during Mathematics period taken from the list made by the teacher through visual observation. For the last two grading periods handling a cream class, a lot of repeated disruptive behaviors such as incessant talking or getting out of their seats to name a few, which were very taxing to the teacher, were observed. These disruptive behaviors were mostly due to boredom especially to those pupils who got to finish their seatwork fast. This called for a classroom management skill. Hollowell (2013) mentioned in her article that classroom management skills are essential for all teachers. Supervising a group of children with different personalities and backgrounds is a challenging task. You are responsible for their academic growth while ensuring that the learning environment stays welcoming and secure. This includes dealing with disruptive pupils. According to Tyson (2013), disruptive students are always present in every classroom. Regardless of scenario or perhaps how great you happen to be as being a teacher, in one way or another they will and can be found. All of which will develop problems provided an open possibility. But...
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...Journal of Applied Psychology 1984. Vol 69, No 3, 428-436 Copyright 1984 by the American Psychological Association Inc Moderating Effects of Initial Leader-Member Exchange Status on the Effects of a Leadership Intervention Terri A. Scandura and George B. Graen Department of Management, University of Cincinnati In afieldexperiment involving 83 computer-processing employees of a large service organization, a leadership intervention based on the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) model was tested against a control condition The effects of this intervention were hypothesized to depend on the initial quality of the LMX relationship Thus, employees having initially low LMXs with their immediate supervisor were compared to cohorts having initially higher LMXs It was hypothesized that employees having initially low LMX would respond more positively (after adjusting for regression effects) to the leadership intervention than those having higher quality relationships. Analysis of interaction effects indicates that comparing the leadership intervention condition to the control condition, the initially low-LMX group showed significant gams in productivity, job satisfaction, and supervisor satisfaction compared to the initially high-LMX group The initially low-LMX group also perceived significantly higher gains m member availability and support from their supervisors than the initially high-LMX group. The initial quality of LMX appears to moderate the leadership intervention effect in the...
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...What are the physical and cognitive benefits of exercise on patients with multiple sclerosis? 1. Bayraktar D, Guclu-Gunduz A, Yazici G, et al. Effects of Ai-Chi on balance, functional mobility, strength and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013; 33(3):431-7. This research study was designed to examine the effects of Ai-Chi exercises in a swimming pool on balance and mobility in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Poor balance and decreased mobility is a common issue with MS, and the decline often limits daily activities. Researchers recruited twenty-three females affected by MS, and divided them into two groups. The exercise group performed Ai-Chi exercises for a 60 minute session twice a week for eight weeks. The control group did a home exercise program that only involved abdominal breathing and active range of motion exercises. Upon conclusion of the program, subjects were tested on static balance, functional mobility, fatigue, and muscle strength. The exercise group showed significant improvements across all measures, but the control group did not. This shows that the aquatic exercise program is a viable option to combat the negative effects of MS. A strength of this study was the use of aquatic therapy. The researchers stated that although this therapy is widely used, more studies need to be performed to gain more knowledge. Recording results on patients is concrete evidence that these programs work. This study was published...
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...EXERCISE 11 Questions to be Graded 1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurement? 2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate? 3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer. 5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer. 6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups. 7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer. 8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your answer. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group? 10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer. (Grove 79) Grove, Susan K. Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook. W.B. Saunders Company, 022007...
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...Abstract Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular pathogen, has a strong affinity for nervous system. TgCtwh3, a representative ChineseⅠToxoplasma strain prevalent in China, has both characters of Type I and Type II Toxoplasma. The interaction of this atypical strain with host cells still remains elusive by far. Using a transwell system, neural stem cells C17.2 were co-cultured with the tachyzoites of TgCtwh3 or standard Type I RHstrain, the apoptosis levels of C17.2 cells and the expression levels of related proteins in the ERS-mediated pathway were detected by flow cytometery and western blotting. Results show that the apoptosis levels of C17.2 cells co-cultured with TgCtwh3 had significant increases versus the negative control group; however, the apoptosis level in the TgCtwh3 group were significantly lower than the RH co-culture group. Western blotting analyses reveal that after co-cultured with TgCtwh3 and RH tachyzoites, the expression levels of caspase-12, CHOP and p-JNK in C17.2 cells increased significantly when compared with control groups. After the pretreatment of Z-ATAD-FMK, an inhibitor of caspase-12, the apoptosis level of C17.2 co-cultured with TgCtwh3 or RH tachyzoites had an apparent decline, and the expression levels of those related proteins were significantly decreased. Our finding suggests that TgCtwh3 can induce the apoptosis of C17.2 by the up-regulation of caspase-12, CHOP and p-JNK, which are associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling...
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...I agree that the managerial task of controlling and motivating employees is both extremely challenging and intricate. The fact that every employee is different and reacts differently to management makes the task even more challenging. This is why identifying the primary challenges and discovering how to overcome each of them are crucial to improving your ability as a future manager. Three principal challenges facing managers are; motivating employees to work as hard as possible, controlling employees so that they follow instructions and protocol and dealing with inevitable conflict in the workplace and avoiding it if at all possible. An integral factor in the motivation of employees is the perceived fair payment and rewards for work they have performed. Companies have to pay employees enough so that they are willing to work for them at full capacity, without this, employees will choose not to work as hard. Organisations globally reward and pay their employees differently based on cultural differences, for instance in North America there is a culture of rewards rather than a higher base pay. Recently organisations have opted to reward employees with a choice of their bonus, this has proved to be more cost effective as it only gives employees what they want and the company benefits from the positive change in...
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...Team Creation Carla L. Bradshaw MGT/437 March 17, 2014 Pri Barman The creativity and outcome of any project weighs heavily on the team that is chosen to work on the project. That is why it is important to select team members who fit well with the goals of your project. Team members should have a range of knowledge regarding the project they are going to be working on. It is important to choose team members that have experience in various areas and beyond in the area in which your project falls. Since there can be many steps in getting a project completed, you will have to possibly choose one or more people for eeach step in order to ensure it is completed effectively and efficiently. Overall you want team member who are able to make a great contribution. Team members should be reliable, flexible, and trustworthy. They should also be able to adapt and get along with other members of the team as well as be able to follow the rules defined for the scope of the project. Once you have chosen an appropriate team, you will then need to develop team building strategies. Arnold Bateman offers the following definition for team building: Team building is an effort in which a team studies its own process of working together and acts to create a climate that encourages and values the contributions of team members. Their energies are directed toward problem solving, task effectiveness, and maximizing the use of all members' resources to achieve...
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...managers to have self- improvement in various fields and strengthen their abilities such as the ability of controlling and using power, politics and conflict resolution to manage and settle conflicts in their working environment. In pursuit of achieving goals, people need to deal with the interpersonal and intergroup conflict or problems caused by different backgrounds, cultures, education and differences in core competencies; in a sense so that they can obtain more power and influences over decision-making opportunities. I experience a landscape that seeks various forms of each element mentioned above. It is necessary to realize how conflict and politics influence our life working in an organization. Additionally, having a clear understanding of the relationships between power, conflict and politics within an organization can contribute to comprehend what roles they are satisfying in the workplace. This brief paper gives an account of power, conflict and politics in various forms of my experience in organizational activity and the impact on performance. Foremost, the first part will demonstrate the definition of conflict and give a detailed description on the sources of conflict I perceive in some cases. It will then go on to illustrate power and politics in the following parts. Finally, it will assess some of the effects of power and politics on life within organization. Conflict is not avoidable and can be managed and reduced by...
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...Communication plays a central role in handling conflict. The word conflict nowadays becomes synonymous with most departments within an organization. It's paramount to remember that there are many strategies we can use in conflict situations, but each of us tends to habitually use some strategies more often than others. Throughout this paper I will discuss my primary conflict management style (Collaborator) down to my lesser preferred style (compromiser, controller, accommodator, and avoider). Conflict is an interactive process between two or more parties that requires effective human interaction. The Conflict Management Strategies we can choose from in situations are as follow: • Controlling - using formal authority or other power that you possess to satisfy your concerns without regard to the concerns of the party that you are in conflict with. • Accommodating - allowing the other party to satisfy their concerns while neglecting your own. • Avoiding - not paying attention to the conflict and not taking any action to resolve it. • Compromising - attempting to resolve a conflict by identifying a solution that is partially satisfactory to both parties, but completely satisfactory to neither. • Collaborating - cooperating with the other party to understand their concerns and expressing your own concerns in an effort to find a mutually and completely satisfactory solution (win-win). Research on conflict management styles has found that each of us tends to use one or two of...
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