...written in the constitution. The policies of the government should also be in accordance with the constitution so that any action will not be lead unto constitutional crisis - a constitutional crisis is an event where in a particular part of a constitution is or are not being followed in accordance with the policies or actions taken by the authorities. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTITUTION * As to form: * Written Constitution * Unwritten Constitution * As to origin or history * Conventional or Enacted Constitution * Cumulative or Evolve Constitution * As to manner of amending the constitution * the Rigid or Inelastic Constitution * Flexible or Elastic Constitution All of the above mentioned constitutions have their different features and characteristics. The Written Constitution * is the constitution where the provisions are all contained in a single document. The Unwritten Constitution * is the constitution where the provisions are not contained in a single document. The provisions are written in different documents that are considered as part of the land’s fundamental law. This constitution can also be considered as an Un-compiled constitution. The Conventional or Enacted Constitution * is the constitution that was created through a constitutional convention * this convention is called to be able to...
Words: 426 - Pages: 2
...single authoritative document outlining powers of institutions + government, as well as a statement of the rights of citizen’s ▪ Document is authoritative, highest law of the land. Binds all political institutions – leads to 2 tier legal system ▪ Provisions of it are entrenched, difficult to amend or abolish ▪ It is judiciable, all political bodies are subject to authority of the courts, in particular a supreme court. o Uncodified – increasingly rare, UK one of few ▪ Not authoritative, constitutional laws treated same as ordinary laws ▪ Not entrenched, constitution can be changed through the normal process for enacting statute law. ▪ Not judiciable, judges do not have legal standard to declare that actions of other bodies are constitutional/not constitutional. o However: ▪ No constitution is entirely written, written documents do not encompass all aspects of constitutional practice ▪ No constitution is entirely unwritten, no constitution consisting only of rules of conduct or behaviour. • Unitary and federal o Unitary – establish constitutional supremacy of central government over provincial and local bodies. Reflected in UK via Parliament o Federal – divide sovereignty between 2 levels of government, both central and regional posses a range of powers that the other...
Words: 2123 - Pages: 9
...Moroccan Vs American Political system The Kingdom of Morocco, is located on the Northwestern coast Africa and it’s the first country to recognize the sovereignty of the United States in 1777. Morocco, has a unitary form of government in which there are no states. As well as a constitutional democracy form of government wherein the country is ruled by king Mohammed6 and has absolute control of the country. Nonetheless, the king follows the constitution and uses the help of the prime minister. The voting age in Morocco is 18, though the citizens can't vote for their king since Morocco has a constitutional monarchy. However, the citizens are allowed to vote for the other people in the government that assist in running the country. The Kingdom of Morocco established a constitutional monarchy based on Islamic law, French and Spanish civil law systems soon after getting independence. Unlike the United States, monarchy is an advantage in Morocco since only limited people are in charge and makes it easier to make decisions because of less opinions. Furthermore, the Moroccan Political System is made up of three branches, the executive branch, The Legislative Branch and the judicial branch which are equal and benefit the country to run correctly. The executive branch carries out and proposes new laws and ideas to improve the country. Moreover, the king is the chief of the country and is the main person in the executive branch. In addition, he selects the prime...
Words: 791 - Pages: 4
...NONE, ONE OR SEVERAL? PERSPECTIVES ON THE UK’S CONSTITUTION(S) DAVID FELDMAN* An inaugural lecture is the occasion when the University of Cambridge can look its gift horse in the mouth, weighing the new professor in the balance against his or her distinguished predecessors. The Rouse Ball Professorship of English Law has been held in the past by a long series of distinguished scholars, from Sir Percy Winfield to my immediate predecessor, Sir Jack Beatson whom we are delighted to welcome back today. Their work has influenced generations of lawyers. They certainly influenced me. Before I encountered Criminal Law: The General Part,1 a great little volume by Professor Glanville Williams, Learning the Law, was my ‘Guide, Philosopher and Friend’ (as it still says on the cover of the latest edition, now edited by my colleague Professor Tony Smith)2 as I approached the study of law. Another Rouse Ball Professor, the late Sir William Wade, had a formative effect on my understanding of land law and administrative law both through his famous books, Megarry and Wade on the Law of Real Property (now edited by a former Fellow of Downing College, Dr. Charles Harpum)3 and Administrative Law (now in the hands of my colleague Dr. Christopher Forsyth),4 not to mention the lectures that I attended as an undergraduate in (softly be it said) the University of Oxford. Two wonderfully stimulating and enjoyable books by the Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor and * Rouse Ball Professor of English Law in...
Words: 10282 - Pages: 42
...Rukun Negara (National Principles) INTRODUCTION OF RUKUN NEGARA The Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara (Malay for "National Principles") is the Malaysian dec-laration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to a serious race riot known as the May 13 Incident which occurred in 1969. The incident proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile at best. Immediately thereafter, the Malay-sian government sought ways to foster unity among Malaysians. One of the methods used to encourage unity is the Rukunegara. BACKGROUND OF RK ----was formulated with the purpose to serve as a guideline in the country’s nation-building efforts. ---was proclaimed on August 31, 1970 by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong IV. OBJECTIVE OF RK • Achieving a greater unity for all her peoples • Maintaining a democratic way of life • Creating a just nation shall be equitably distributed • Ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural traditions, and • Building a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology. Recitation It is a norm for primary and secondary public schools in Malaysia to recite the pledge weekly during a compulsory assembly. Pledge reading follows immediately after the singing of the Malaysian national anthem, Negaraku. Of some interest, the Rukun Negara could usually be found behind the cover of every exercise book that is typically used by primary and secondary...
Words: 949 - Pages: 4
...‘The UK would benefit greatly from the introduction of a fully codified constitution’ Discuss Plan Arguments against * Ruins the doctrine of sovereignty-Parliament sovereignty is effectively beaten. * Judges have to police the constitution and effectively interpreted. – Threat of judicial tyranny. Codified constitutions cannot be interpreted by the public so the judges would have to interpret it which could bring out preferences and values of senior judges * Un-necessary- doesn’t Philly limit governments * Hard to change * Easily outdated * Legal documents created at one point of time rather than a document which has been endorsed by history and created over time Arguments for * Clear rules * One codified document * Limited government * Neutral interpretation * Protecting rights of individual liberty * Education value – highlight certain values and strengthen citizenship Introduction The argument of a codified constitution has been a debated subject for a long time within the UK political spectrum. The argument stands at present moment that if the UK should or should not implement a codified constitution. Both sides of the argument withstand staggering evidence both in favour and factors denouncing the idea being drawn at the same time. The fact of a codified constitution would invoke a greater judicial intervention within the UK – maybe even put the state under risk of judicial tyranny. On codified constitution we...
Words: 1530 - Pages: 7
...Meiji Constitution and Prussia’s conservative traditions are more like monarchical autocracy and Emperor has absolute dictatorship. Therefore, the sovereignty of Emperor and imperial institutions coexist in this constitution. As a public and fundamental law of state bestowed on all Japanese people by Emperor Meiji, it established Japan a constitutional monarchy with a parliament called Diet, assuring the Emperor infinite power with assistance of the imperial Diet. It also defined rights and duties of the subjects, and duties of the imperial Diet as well as the Council. Besides, potency of the judicature and the finance are also established in the constitution which made Japan more modern and civilized. Now let’s probe into detailed information about Meiji Constitution. The first chapter is about absolute authority of the Emperor. From abstract we can see that the Emperor is in charge of the sanction and promulgation of laws as well as convening the Diet. However, imperial Diet have not achieved their role of legislation and resolution. In other words, all departments are under direct sovereignty of the Emperor, with ostensible constitutional monarchy but inside monarchical autocracy. The emperor is also granted supreme command of army and Navy, which leads to the...
Words: 907 - Pages: 4
...unitary (Centralized government makes legislation, and passes it down through local authorities) or federal (Power travels up through regional bodies to the centralized state.) The United Kingdom is unique in other words there are just 4 nations around the globe that have a written constitution and the UK is one of them. The others being Israel, Canada and New Zealand. On the other hand the USA is an example of a codified constitution. A codified constitution is a constitution in which key written documents are gathered inside a single document, it is generally known as a written constitution. Additionally they are entrenched, enjoying the protection of higher court. Moreover in a codified constitution laws can only be amended by special provisions. Therefore making it rigid, in other words it is extremely difficult to pass laws in a codified constitution. Alongside this, an uncodifed constitution relies on various sources meaning it is not written down in a single document, this is in contrast to a codified constitution where all the laws are to be found in one single document. In addition an uncodified constitution is not entrenched and can be easily changed, thus making it flexible. Likewise the UK's constitution is not composed in a single report, however determines from various sources that are part composed and part unwritten, including traditions, works of the authority, Acts of Parliament, the common law, and EU law. This is in contrast to a number of countries in the...
Words: 968 - Pages: 4
...Accounting The Codification — Do You Have All the New Topics, Subtopics, Sections, Subsections, and Paragraphs Memorized?In July 2009, the Codification became the single source of authoritative nongovernmental U.S. GAAP. The Codification’s hierarchy is topic, subtopic, section, and paragraph, in that order, each with a numerical designation (e.g., ASC 810-10-25-37, which was formerly paragraph 6 of Interpretation 46(R)). ASU 2009-17 incorporated Statement 167’s amendments to the VIE model into the Codification. The beginning of each section of this Roadmap contains quotes from the appropriate Codification paragraphs. In addition, for those of you still trying to find your way through the Codification, we thought it would be helpful for each Codification paragraph to be followed by a reference to the corresponding pre-Codification paragraph from Interpretation 46(R), as amended by Statement 167. Although ASC 810-10-55-37 (paragraph B22 of Interpretation 46(R)1) might not roll off your tongue like “B22 of FIN 46(R)” used to, the Codification is here to stay. However, we suspect that just as there are probably a few accountants who are clinging to their last version of the FASB’s Original Pronouncements (we know you are out there!), there are some that might need a little help finding the new VIE guidance in the Codification. Accordingly, Appendix D of this Roadmap includes a guide that cross-references the paragraphs from ASC 810-10 to the guidance in Interpretation 46(R), as...
Words: 295 - Pages: 2
...Absolute Monarchy Paragraphs What would it be like to be the queen and rule an absolute monarchy? I feel it would be the best to be the queen and have all the say. An absolute monarchy would be best as no elections have to take place. Being the leader of an absolute monarchy means you have no one to answer to. Lastly, an absolute monarchy would be best because the leader can charge as much tax as you want because you are in charge. Being the leader of an absolute monarchy means I don't have to call for an election because there is no such thing. Elections take a long time to arrange and process the votes but when I am in charge we would never need an election. Many monarchies have been abolished to this day. I would have all the say in any decision made to deal with a country and it's citizens. If someone wanted to lower the taxes I would have the only decision made and I would not consult anyone else about the matter. I wouldn't need to take opinions from others as I make the decisions without getting others opinions and views on the situation. As the ruler of the absolute monarchy I would have the most wealth. I could make the taxes as high as I wanted to because it is my decision. I would be able to charge the citizens whatever amount I want because I am on top and have all the wealth. In conclusion, being the leader of an absolute monarchy means you have all the power. Having no elections, being the wealthiest and making all the decisions without anyone's impute...
Words: 342 - Pages: 2
...Memorandum To: Professor Robert Woods From: Danielle Anderson, Student Date: [ 2/23/2012 ] ------------------------------------------------- Re: Business Ethics in GM410 Professional Communication Class at Keller Graduate School of Management Confidential I was impressed by learning about business ethics and how it impacts the world. If companies don't have good business ethics, it can damage its reputation. In class, you demonstrated a video about business ethics and how people showed unethical behavior while working. I have two articles that support how businesses exercise unethical practices. The articles Clegg orders into racism by banks; Black businesses denied loans or pay high rates and Ethics in Nigerian banking are similar in terms of violating banking regulations, but they differ in form of governments. What I had learned from these two articles is that banks are not trustworthy with our needs and assets . In the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg ordered a federal investigation against British banks to see why minorities can't obtain loans. If minority applicants were approved for bank loans, they will receive a higher interest rate than Caucasian entrepreneurs. What happen to the Equal Credit Opportunity Act? In this case, The United Kingdom is a democracy and all people have equal rights. By using tax money, minorities and white people help the government bailout the Britain Banks. Therefore, all people should be treated equal. Another critique that I found...
Words: 536 - Pages: 3
...1 Malaysia, What is it? What is 1 Malaysia? 1 Malaysia is an ongoing program that the government has spent RM38 million on to promote this concept. 1 Malaysia is not a new concept nor is it a new formula, but it is the ultimate goal for national unity. 1 Malaysia has already been the main vision of every single prime minister even before our current prime minister, Najib Tun Razak. In other words it is a propaganda tool to unite the country. 1 Malaysia consists of 8 values which is Integrity, Education, Meritocracy, Loyalty, Acceptance, Humility, Perseverance, and Culture of Excellence. As of 16 September 2008, Our 6th prime minister Najib has taken a big step forward by making the vision of 1 Malaysia from and idealistic to a realistic. Since independent, national unity has been made top priority and unity in education, culture, socio-economy, political and regional. The 1 Malaysia concept according to Najib is “We stand, we think and we act as Malaysians. And we take actions based on the needs of all ethnic groups in our country.” The government is taking a lot of actions in regards of 1 Malaysia such as having a lot of 1 Malaysia campaigns such as “One Malaysian Ride for Education, Unity walk background, Cuti-Cuti Satu Malaysian” so on and so forth. Not only having campaigns but the government has also opened a shop named Kedai Raykat Malaysia. We have clinics for 1 Malaysia such as Clinic 1 Malaysia, and we also have 1 Malaysia privilege...
Words: 259 - Pages: 2
...and functions of government. Constitutions can be uncodified, like the UK’s at the moment, or codified in the case of the USA’s for example. A codified constitution is authoritative, entrenched and judiciable, everything that an uncodified constitution isn’t. On the one hand there are many arguments supporting the view that the UK should adopt a codified constitution. If a codified constitution were introduced, the key constitutional rules would be collected together in a single document, and they would be more clearly defined than in an ‘unwritten’ constitution where rules are spread across many different documents. A codified constitution would create less confusion about the meaning of constitutional rules and greater certainty that they can be enforced. A second argument supporting a codified constitution is limited government. A codified constitution would cut government down to size. A codified constitution would effectively end the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and subsequently elective dictatorship. Elective dictatorship is a constitutional imbalance in which executive power is abused to allow governments to win elections. In the UK, it is reflected in the ability of a government to act in any way it pleases as long as it maintains control of the House of Commons. It would not be possible for government to interfere with the constitution due to the existence of higher law safeguarding the constitution. A codified constitution would also allow for neutral interpretation...
Words: 716 - Pages: 3
...these, Metternich propagated for a strong absolutist rule to fulfill the duties imposed and entrusted by God to look over justice and the rights of all citizens and, most importantly, to avoid the previous paths of error. He believed religious principles must be maintained and faith and morality should not be attacked which meant he was against all subversive activities that may endanger the monarchy and religion. In other words, Metternich was against free press which he believed was the cause of political unrest in the society Francis Guizot’s “Conditions of the July Monarchy” advocated for a conservative constitutional monarchy rule as a solution for a long lasting government. He believed the current charter was actually under the old traditional regime and needed to be changed by using the French revolution as a reminder that order and liberty under constitutional monarchy must be established. He supported equality of rights for all citizens in order to maintain civil and moral order as well...
Words: 511 - Pages: 3
...How does efficiency vary in similar government structures? When one thinks of a government headed by a monarch the first country that comes to mind is almost immediately the United Kingdom. The British throne and the Royal family is one of the most infamous and influential families in the world. In Iran the supreme leader and their family is equally if not more influential and infamous in their own region. While a key difference in their sphere of power is the fact that in Iran their governing body is well spelt out in a written constitution and in the United Kingdom there is no such written constitution. At the same time however the two governments are very similar in the way that they balance their power and leadership through different people and branches of government. Both governments have elected and unelected officials who hold some sort of power. While the UK has been able to balance the power amongst the elected and unelected officials, Iran has struggled to maintain such a balance which has led to and caused the country to be more susceptible to political violence. The UK is simply classified as parliamentary democracy even know they have a monarchy with a figure head who does not really hold any power. Iran, on the other hand is a mix between the traditional ways of Iranian theocracy mixed with a presidential democracy. What is most interesting between these political structures is that although they are similar in the aspect of mixed governments with a balance of...
Words: 1626 - Pages: 7
