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Consumer Behavior

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0114J – Manajemen Pemasaran

LECTURE NOTES

Consumer Behavior

0114J – Manajemen Pemasaran

LEARNING OUTCOMES
- Analyze market and Evaluation Opportunities in The Changing Marketing Environment - Analyze and develop marketing strategy comprehensively in the market competition

OUTLINE MATERI : - Model of Consumer Behavior - Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior - Types of Buying Decision Behavior - The Buyer Decision Process - The Buyer Decision Process for New Products - Business Markets - Business Buyer Behavior - The Business Buying Process - E-Procurement: Buying on the Internet - Institutional and Government Markets

0114J – Manajemen Pemasaran

Perilaku Konsumen
1. Perilaku Pembelian Konsumen Perilaku pembelian tidak pernah sederhana, tetapi mamahaminya merupakan tugas yang sangat penting bagi manajemen pemasaran. Perilaku pembelian konsumen (consumer buyer behavior) mengacu pada perilaku pembelian konsumen akhir-perorangan dan rumah tangga yang membeli barang dan jasa untuk konsumsi pribadi. Semua konsumen akhir ini bergabung membentuk pasar konsumen (consumer market). Pasar konsumen Amerika terdiri dari 300 juta orang lebih mengkonsumsi barang dan jasa senilai lebih dari $12 triliun setiap tahun, membuat Amerika menjadi salah satu pasar konsumen paling menarik di dunia. Pasar konsumen dunia terdiri dari 6,5 miliar orang lebih yang setiap tahun mengkonsumsi barang dan jasa diperkirakan bernilai $61 triliun. Konsumen di seluruh dunia mempunyai usia, pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, dan selera yang sangat beragam. Mereka juga membeli berbagai barang dan jasa. Bagaimana konsumen yang beragam ini berhubungan satu sama lain dan dengan elemen lain di dunia sekitar mereka yang mempengaruhi pilihan mereka di antara berbagai produk, jasa, dan perusahaan. Di sini kita mempelajari sederet faktor mengagumkan yang mempengaruhi perilaku konsumen.

2. Model Perilaku Konsumen Konsumen membuat banyak keputusan pembelian setiap hari. Kebanyakan perusahaan besar meneliti keputusan pembelian konsumen secara sangat rinci untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang apa yang dibeli konsumen, di mana mereka membeli, dan mengapa mereka membeli. Pemasar dapat mempelajari pembelian konsumen yang sebenarnya untuk menemukan apa yang mereka beli, di mana, dan berapa banyak. Tetapi mempelajari tentang mengapa terjadi suatu perilaku pembelian konsumen tidaklah mudah-jawabannya sering terkunci jauh di dalam pikiran konsumen. Rangsangan pemasaran terdiri dari Empat P, product (Produk), price (Harga), place (Tempat), dan promotion (Promosi). Rangsangan lain meliputi kekuatan dan faktor utama dalam lingkungan pembeli: ekonomi, teknologi, politik, dan budaya. Semua masukan ini memasuki kotak hitam pembeli, di mana masukan ini diubah menjadi sekumpulan respons

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pembeli yang dapat diobservasi: pilihan produk, pilihan merek, pilihan penyalur, waktu pembelian, dan jumlah pembelian.

3. Karakteristik yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Konsumen Pembelian konsumen sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik budaya, sosial, pribadi, dan psikologis. a. Faktor Budaya Faktor budaya mempunyai pengaruh yang luas dan mendalam pada perilaku konsumen. Pemasar harus memahami peran yang dimainkan oleh budaya, subbudaya, dan kelas social pembeli. • Budaya (culture) adalah penyebab keinginan dan perilaku seseorang yang paling dasar. • Subbudaya. Masing-masing budaya mengandung subbudaya (subculture) yang lebih kecil, atau kelompok orang yang berbagi sistem nilai berdasarkan pengalaman hidup dan situasi yang umum. Subbudaya meliputi kebangsaan, agama, kelompok ras, dan daerah geografis.

b. Kelas Sosial. Hampir semua masyarakat mempunyai beberapa bentuk struktur kelas sosial. Kelas sosial (social Class) adalah pembagian masyarakat yang relatif permanen dan berjenjang di mana anggotanya berbagi nilai, minat, dan perilaku yang sama. • Faktor Sosial. Perilaku konsumen juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sosial, seperti kelompok kecil, keluarga, serta peran dan status sosial konsumen. • Kelompok. Perilaku seseorang dipengaruhi oleh banyak kelompok (group) kecil. Kelompok yang mempunyai pengaruh langsung dan tempat di mana seseorang menjadi anggotanya disebut kelompok keanggotaan. Sebaliknya, kelompok referensi bertindak sebagai titik perbandingan atau titik referensi langsung (berhadapan) atau tidak langsung dalam membentuk sikap atau perilaku seseorang. Orang sering kali dipengaruhi oleh kelompok referensi di mana mereka tidak menjadi anggotanya. • Keluarga. Anggota keluarga bisa sangat mempengaruhi perilaku pembeli. Keluarga adalah organisasi pembelian konsumen yang paling penting dalam masyarakat, dan telah diteliti secara ekstensif. Pemasar tertarik pada peran dan pengaruh suami, istri, serta anak-anak dalam pembelian barang dan jasa yang berbeda.

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c. Faktor Pribadi. Keputusan pembeli juga dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik pribadi seperti usia dan tahap siklus hidup pembeli, pekerjaan, situasi ekonomi, gaya hidup, serta kepribadian dan konsep diri. • Usia dan Tahap Siklus Hidup. Orang mengubah barang dan jasa yang mereka beli sepanjang hidup mereka. Selera makanan, pakaian, perabot, dan rekreasi sering berhubungan dengan usia. Pembelian juga dibentuk oleh tahap siklus hidup keluargatahaptahap yang dilalui keluarga ketika mereka menjadi matang dengan berjalannya waktu. Pemasar sering mendefinisikan pasar sasaran mereka dengan tahap siklus hidup dan mengembangkan produk dan rencana pemasaran yang sesuai untuk setiap tahap itu. • Pekerjaan. Pekerjaan seseorang mempengaruhi barang dan jasa yang mereka beli. Pekerja kerah biru cenderung membeli pakaian kerja yang kuat, sementara eksekutif membeli pakaian bisnis. Pemasar berusaha mengidentifikasi kelompok pekerjaan yang mempunyai minat di atas rata-rata pada produk dan jasa mereka. Perusahaan bahkan dapat mengkhususkan diri membuat produk yang diperlukan oleh kelompok pekerjaan tertentu. • Situasi Ekonomi. Situasi ekonomi seseorang akan mempengaruhi pilihan produk. Pemasar barang-barang yang sensitif terhadap pendapatan mengamati gejala pendapatan pribadi, tabungan, dan suku bunga. Jika indikator ekonomi menunjukan resesi, pemasar dapat mengambil langkah-langkah untuk merancang ulang, mereposisi, dan menetapkan harga kembali untuk produk mereka secara seksama. Beberapa pemasar menargetkan konsumen yang mempunyai banyak uang dan sumber daya, menetapkan harga yang sesuai. • Gaya hidup. Orang yang berasal dari subbudaya, kelas sosial, dan pekerjaan yang sama mungkin mempunyai gaya hidup yang cukup berbeda. Gaya hidup (lifestyle) adalah pola hidup seseorang yang diekspresikan dalam keadaan psikografisnya. Gaya hidup melibatkan pengukuran dimensi AIO utama pelanggan-activities/kegiatan (pekerjaan, hobi, belanja, olahraga, acara sosial), interest/minat (makanan, pakaian, keluarga, rekreasi), dan opinions/pendapat (tentang diri mereka, masalah sosial, bisnis, produk). Gaya hidup menangkap sesuatu yang lebih dari sekedar kelas sosial atau kepribadian seseorang. Gaya hidup menampilkan profil seluruh pola tindakan dan interaksi seseorang di dunia. Jika digunakan secara cermat, konsep gaya hidup dapat membantu pemasar memahami nilai konsumen yang berubah dan bagaimana gaya hidup mempengaruhi perilaku pembelian.

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• Kepribadian dan Konsep Diri. Kepribadian setiap orang yang berbeda-beda mempengaruhi perilaku pembeliannya. Kepribadian (personality) mengacu pada karakteristik psikologi unik yang menyebabkan respons yang relatif konsisten dan bertahan lama terhadap lingkungan orang itu sendiri. Kepribadian biasanya digambarkan dalam karakteristik perilaku seperti kepercayaan diri, dominasi, kemampuan

bersosialisasi, otonomi, cara mempertahankan diri, kemampuan beradaptasi, dan sifat agresif. Kepribadian dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis perilaku konsumen untuk produk atau pilihan merek tertentu. Contoh, produsen kopi telah menemukan bahwa peminum kopi berat cenderung mempunyai kemampuan sosialisasi yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, untuk menarik konsumen, Starbuck dan gerai kafe lainnya menciptakan lingkungan di mana orang dapat bersantai dan bersosialisasi dengan secangkir kopi panas. Idenya adalah bahwa merek tersebut juga mempunyai kepribadian, dan bahwa konsumen senang memilih merek dengan kepribadian yang sesuai dengan kepribadian mereka. Kepribadian merek (brand personality) adalah bauran khusus karakteristik perilaku manusia yang dikaitkan dengan merek tertentu. Seorang periset mengidentifikasi lima karakteristik perilaku kepribadian merek. 1. Ketulusan/ sincerity (membumi, jujur, sehat, dan ceria) 2. Kegembiraan/ excitement (berani, bersemangat, imajinatif, dan modern) 3. Kompeten/ competence (dapat diandalkan, cerdas, dan sukses) 4. Kesempurnaan/ sophistication (kelas atas dan menarik) 5. Ketahanan/ ruggedness (petualang sejati dan tangguh)

d. Faktor Psikologis. Selanjutnya pilihan pembelian seseorang dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor psikologis utama: motivasi, persepsi, pembelajaran, serta keyakinan dan sikap. • Motivasi. Seseorang senantiasa mempunyai banyak kebutuhan. Salah satunya adalah kebutuhan biologis, timbul dari dorongan tertentu seperti rasa lapar, haus, dan ketidaknyamanan. Kebutuhan lainnya adalah kebutuhan psikologis, timbul dari kebutuhan akan pengakuan, penghargaan, atau rasa memiliki. Kebutuhan menjadi motif ketika kebutuhan itu mencapai tingkat intensitas yang kuat. Motif (motive) (atau dorongan) adalah kebutuhan dengan tekanan yang kuat yang mengarahkan seseorang mencari kepuasan. Ahli psikologi telah mengembangkan teori motivasi manusia. Dua teori yang

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paling popular-teori Sigmund Freud dan Abraham Maslow-mempunyai arti yang cukup berbeda bagi analisis konsumen dan pemasaran. • Persepsi. Orang yang termotivasi siap beraksi. Cara orang tersebut bertindak dipengaruhi oleh persepsi dirinya tentang sebuah situasi. Kita semua mempelajari aliran informasi melalui lima indera kita: penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, peraba, dan rasa. Meskipun demikian, masing-masing diri kita menerima, mengatur dan mengintepretasikan informasi sensorik dalam caranya sendiri. Persepsi (perception) adalah proses dimana orang memilih, mengatur, dan menginterpretasikan informasi untuk membentuk gambaran dunia yang berarti, • Pembelajaran. Pembelajaran menggambarkan perubahan dalam perilaku seseorang yang timbul dari pengalaman. Ahli teori pembelajaran mengatakan bahwa perilaku manusia yang paling utama adalah belajar. Pembelajaran terjadi melalui interaksi dorongan (drives), rangsangan, pertanda, respons, dan penguatan (reinforcement). • Keyakinan dan Sikap. Melalui pelaksanaan dan pembelajaran, seseorang mendapatkan keyakinan dan sikap. Pada akhirnya, keyakinan dan sikap ini mempengaruhi perilaku pembelian mereka. Keyakinan (belief) adalah pemikiran deskriptif yang dimiliki seseorang tentang sesuatu. Keyakinan bisa didasarkan pada pengetahuan nyata, pendapat, atau iman dan bisa membawa muatan emosi maupun tidak. Pemasar tertarik pada keyakinan yang diformulasikan seseorang tentang produk dan jasa tertentu, karena keyakinan ini membentuk citra produk dan merek yang mempengaruhi perilaku pembelian. Jika ada keyakinan yang tidak sesuai dan mencegah pembelian, pemasar akan meluncurkan kampanye untuk memperbaikinya. Orang mempunyai sikap menyangkut agama, politik, pakaian, musik, makanan, dan hamper semua hal lainnya. Sikap (attitude) menggambarkan evaluasi, perasaan, dan tendensi yang relatif konsisten dari seseorang terhadap sebuah objek atau ide. Sikap menempatkan orang ke dalam suatu kerangka pikiran untuk menyukai atau tidak menyukai sesuatu, untuk bergerak menuju atau meninggalkan sesuatu. Pembeli kamera digital kita mungkin mempunyai sikap seperti “membeli yang terbaik,” “Orang Jepang membuat produk elektronik terbaik di dunia,”Jika demikian, kamera Nikon akan sangat sesuai dengan sikap konsumen yang sudah ada.

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4. Jenis-jenis Perilaku Keputusan Pembelian • Perilaku Pembelian Kompleks. Konsumen melakukan perilaku pembelian kompleks (complex buying behavior) ketika mereka sangat terlibat dalam pembelian dan merasa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antarmerek. Konsumen mungkin sangat terlibat ketika produk itu mahal, beresiko, jarang dibeli, dan sangat memperlihatkan ekspresi diri. Umumnya, konsumen harus mempelajari banyak hal tentang kategori produk. • Perilaku Pembelian Pengurangan Disonansi. Perilaku pembelian pengurangan disonansi (dissonance-reducing buying behavior) terjadi ketika konsumen sangat terlibat dalam pembelian yang mahal, jarang dilakukan, atau beresiko, tetapi hanya melihat sedikit perbedaan antarmerek. • Perilaku Pembelian Kebiasaan. Perilaku pembelian kebiasaan (habitual buying behavior) terjadi dalam keadaan keterlibatan konsumen yang rendah dan sedikit perbedaan merek. • Perilaku Pembelian Mencari Keragaman. Konsumen melakukan perilaku pembelian mencari keragaman (variety-seeking buying behavior) dalam situasi yang mempunyai karakter keterlibatan konsumen rendah tetapi anggapan perbedaan merek yang signifikan. Dalam kasus semacam itu, konsumen sering melakukan banyak pertukaran merek.

5. Proses Keputusan Pembeli Sekarang karena kita telah membicarakan kekuatan yang mempengaruhi pembeli, kita siap untuk melihat bagaimana konsumen membuat keputusan pembelian. Proses keputusan pembeli terdiri dari lima tahap: pengenalan kebutuhan, pencarian informasi, evaluasi alternatif, keputusan pembelian, dan perilaku pascapembelian. Jelas, proses pembelian dimulai jauh sebelum pembelian sesungguhnya dan berlanjut dalam waktu yang lama setelah pembelian. Pemasar harus memusatkan perhatian pada keseluruhan proses pembelian dan bukan hanya pada keputusan pembelian. • Pengenalan Kebutuhan. Tahap pertama proses keputusan pembeli, di mana konsumen menyadari suatu masalah atau kebutuhan. • Pencarian informasi. Tahap proses keputusan pembeli di mana konsumen ingin mencari informasi lebih banyak; konsumen mungkin hanya memperbesar perhatian atau melakukan pencarian informasi secara aktif.

0114J – Manajemen Pemasaran

• Evaluasi alternatif. Tahap proses keputusan pembeli di mana konsumen menggunakan informasi untuk mengevaluasi merek alternatif dalam sekelompok pilihan. • Keputusan pembelian. Keputusan pembeli tentang merek mana yang dibeli. • Perilaku pascapembelian. Tahap proses keputusan pembeli di mana konsumen mengambil tindakan selanjutnya setelah pembelian, berdasarkan kepuasan atau ketidakpuasan mereka.

6. Proses Keputusan Pembeli untuk Produk Baru Kita telah melihat tahap-tahap yang dilalui pembeli dalam usahanya memuaskan kebutuhan. Pembeli mungkin melalui tahap-tahap ini dengan cepat atau lambat, dan beberapa tahap bahkan terbalik. Sebagaian besar bergantung pada sifat dasar pembeli, produk, dan situasi pembelian. Sekarang kita melihat bagaimana cara pembeli mendekati pembelian produk baru. Produk baru (new product) adalah barang, jasa, atau ide yang dianggap baru oleh sejumlah pelanggan potensial. Produk baru mungkin telah ada untuk beberapa waktu, tetapi ketertarikan kita terletak pada bagaimana konsumen mempelajari produk itu untuk pertama kalinya dan membuat keputusan untuk mengadopsinya. Proses adopsi (adoption process) didefinisikan sebagai “proses mental yang harus dilalui seseorang untuk mempelajari sebuah inovasi untuk pertama kalinya sampai adopsi akhir,” dan adopsi adalah keputusan seseorang untuk menjadi pengguna tetap sebuah produk. Tahap-tahap dalam Proses Adopsi Konsumen melewati lima tahap dalam proses mengadopsi produk baru: Kesadaran: Konsumen menyadari adanya produk baru, tetapi kekurangan informasi tentang produk tersebut. Minat: Konsumen mencari informasi tentang produk baru. Evaluasi: Konsumen mempertimbangkan apakah mencoba produk baru itu merupakan tindakan yang masuk akal. Mencoba: Konsumen mencoba produk baru dalam skala kecil untuk meningkatkan estimasinya tentang nilai produk itu. Adopsi: Konsumen memutuskan untuk memakai produk baru itu secara penuh dan teratur.

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7. Pasar Bisnis dan Perilaku Pembelian Bisnis. Perilaku pembelian bisnis (business buying process) mengacu pada perilaku pembelian organisasi yang membeli barang dan jasa untuk digunakan dalam produksi produk dan jasa lain yang dijual, disewakan, atau dipasok kepada pihak lain. Perilaku pembelian juga meliputi perilaku perusahaan eceran dan grosir yang membeli barang untuk dijual kembali atau menyewakan produk itu kepada orang lain untuk mendapatkan laba. Dalam proses pembelian bisnis (business buying process), para pembeli bisnis menetapkan produk dan jasa yang harus dibeli oleh organisasi mereka, dan kemudian menemukan, mengevaluasi, dan memilih di antara pemasok dan merek alternatif lainnya. Pemasar bisnis ke bisnis (B-to-B) harus melakukan yang terbaik untuk memahami pasar bisnis dan perilaku pembelian bisnis. Lalu, seperti bisnis yang menjual ke pembeli akhir, mereka harus membangun hubungan yang menguntungkan dengan pelanggan bisnis untuk menciptakan nilai pelanggan yang unggul. Pemasar bisnis biasanya berhubungan dengan pembeli yang jumlahnya jauh lebih sedikit tetapi berkapasitas lebih besar daripada pemasar konsumen. Bahkan dalam pasar bisnis yang besar, beberapa pembeli sering mendominasi sebagian besar pembelian. Ada tiga tipe utama situasi pembelian. Dalam satu sisi ekstrem adalah pembelian kembali langsung, yang merupakan keputusan rutin. Sisi ekstrem yang lain adalah tugas baru, yang mungkin memerlukan penelitian menyeluruh. Tipe yang berada di tengah-tengah adalah pembelian kembali yang dimodifikasi, yang memerlukan sejumlah penelitian. • Pembelian kembali langsung. Situasi pembelian bisnis di mana pembeli secara rutin memesan kembali sesuatu tanpa ada modifikasi • Pembelian kembali modifikasi. Situasi pembelian bisnis di mana pembeli ingin memodifikasi spesifikasi produk, harga, persyaratan, atau pemasok.

8. Pasar Lembaga dan Pemerintah Pasar Lembaga adalah sekolah, rumah sakit, rumah perawatan, penjara, dan lembaga lain yang menyediakan barang dan jasa untuk orang-orang yang menjadi perhatian mereka. Sedangkan Pasar Pemerintah adalah badan pemerintah-federal, negara bagian, dan lokal-yang membeli atau menyewa barang dan jasa untuk melaksanakan fungsi utama pemerintah.

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SIMPULAN
1. Perilaku pembelian konsumen (consumer buyer behavior) mengacu pada perilaku pembelian konsumen akhir-perorangan dan rumah tangga yang membeli barang dan jasa untuk konsumsi pribadi. 2. Rangsangan pemasaran terdiri dari Empat P, product (Produk), price (Harga), place (Tempat), dan promotion (Promosi). Rangsangan lain meliputi kekuatan dan faktor utama dalam lingkungan pembeli: ekonomi, teknologi, politik, dan budaya. 3. Pembelian konsumen sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik budaya, sosial, pribadi, dan psikologis. 4. Proses keputusan pembeli terdiri dari lima tahap: pengenalan kebutuhan, pencarian informasi, evaluasi alternatif, keputusan pembelian, dan perilaku pascapembelian. 5. Konsumen melewati lima tahap dalam proses mengadopsi produk baru yang terdiri dari : Kesadaran, Minat, Evaluasi, Mencoba, dan Adopsi. 6. Perilaku pembelian bisnis (business buying process) mengacu pada perilaku pembelian organisasi yang membeli barang dan jasa untuk digunakan dalam produksi produk dan jasa lain yang dijual, disewakan, atau dipasok kepada pihak lain.

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Kottler, Philip., & Armstrong,G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Fourteenth Edition. Prentice Hall. USA. ISBN: 978-0-13-216712-3

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