...Define and explain the concept ‘sustainability’. (20%) - Sustainability refers to the capacity to endure over the long term through renewal, maintenance and sustenance of natural and man-made resources. - From an organizational perspective, it includes stewardship for sustainability not just for the organization but for the various stakeholders it impacts. - Sustainability has emerged as a result of significant concerns about the unintended social, environmental, and economic consequences of rapid population growth, economic growth and consumption of our natural resources. - There are three dimensions to sustainability namely; environmental, social and economic. Environmental aspects relate to water, land, atmospheric impact (global warming); including energy and chemical use. - Social sustainability can include human and workers' rights and community issues. Economic aspects include financial transparency, accountability and corporate governance, for example, Starbucks' global policy involves close monitoring of and governing of sustainable practices within the organization. - These practices promote sustainable practices at every touch point; farms (where the raw materials are produced); distribution of raw materials, packaging of products and delivering of goods. - b) Outline and explain Marshall & Toffel’s (2005) hierarchy of ecological motivations model, including the implication of the model for marketers when discussing sustainability. (40%) - c) Detail at least...
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...Some of the most important goals of the WS are channeled through cash benefits - income and consumption smoothing - insurance - poverty reduction - redistribution - social solidarity Main questions - What justifies public pensions? - What are the main schemes? - Is capitalization (funded pensions) a viable alternative? 1. INSURANCE, EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY IN PUBLIC PENSIONS a) Efficiency - Any individual should achieve an efficient level of retirement income → rational insurance ⇒ a risk averse individual will buy future pensions if the net price of insurance is lower than the value given to certainty Public o private pensions? Private markets are efficient if there is perfect competition, perfect information and no other market failures. Conditions (a follow-up): 1.- independent probabilities 2.- known probabilities (less than one) 3.- no adverse selection 4.- no moral hazard Inflation → private markets cannot supply insurance against unanticipated inflation (to guarantee the real value of pensions) : 1.- the probability of future levels of inflation is unknown 2.- inflation is a common shock Inflation is an uninsurable shock 1. INSURANCE, EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY IN PUBLIC PENSIONS b) Equity Rational behavior? Risk aversion and correct anticipation of the future? Enough savings to achieve an optimal consumption level in the retirement period? - “Myopic behavior "→ consumption is concentrated in the working period with a small percentage of insured individuals...
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...Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 2 WHY ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS 2 WHAT MANY COMPANIES HAVE ALREADY DONE 2 INTERNATIONAL LEADERSHIP & ASSOCIATIONS 3 INVESTOR CONFLICT OF INTEREST VS. GROWING CUSTOMER AWARENESS 4 ECOTOURISM VS. “GREENWASHING” 6 CONCLUSION 7 WORKS CITED 8 Introduction There are an abundance of studies that show how tourism greatly impacts environmental sustainability in various ways. The purpose of this report is to explore and analyze the activities that occur in the tourism industry as a whole, which cause a negative impact on the environment. Tourism and the environment are interrelated in a complex way, with many variables. This report will address three main issues. This first issue is how the tourism industry faces a conflict of interest between investors wanting short-term return on investment and environmentally sustainable management. Second, environmental issues are often times limited to only natural environment, with a major focus on pollution, global climate change, resources consumption, and habitat/ecosystems. These issues remain very important, however, in order for effective environmentally sustainable management to take place, a broader topic of sustainability must be covered which includes dimensions of economics, equity and environment. This report will explain how ecotourism aims to address these issues. The third issue is “greenwashing.” A lack of standardization in ecotourism allows for some companies to deceive customers...
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...Business Sustainability: a business doing what is does while taking in the needs of it’s stakeholders. Stakeholder: anyone who has an interest and can be influenced by your company Primary Stakeholders: employees, customers, owners. Sustaining the availability and quality of resources into the future --Sustaining itself: manage in an efficient way; long term time horizon --always need human and natural capital Pillars of Sustainability: --Four Pillars -Cultural -Environmental Responsibility -Social Equity -Economic Health People, Planet, Profits but also Culture -Culture: traditions, way of living, values -5th dimension: Governance: how are decisions being made within a system. Economics (basic review) --Microeconomics (individual decision making) --Macroeconomics (aggregate decisions made by all; impact on broader economy. Functioning of the entire economy Economic Systems: -Traditional: localized region -Planned: socialism, communism -Market: capitalism -Mixed: capital/communist-individual decision making w/some control by the government. Macroeconomics and Sustainability ==Gross Domestic Output: the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period, typically one year --GDP doesn’t measure: distribution equity, pollution, social factors, production efficiency Alternatives: --to try and capture elements the GDP doesn’t --Genuine Progress Indicator --GPI: adds to...
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...IME 5050 List of topics for Final Exam CIO over last century – different paradigms; Enterprise wide vs. single entity VSM Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) – Vicious & Virtuous Cycle MRP/ERP, Forecast & push vs. pull based production system VA & NVA – NVA I & NVA II – Eight categories of NVA plus some more VSM – Flow – Pull – Perfection causal loop diagram Real time visual control, Transparency & access to information at all levels for effective & timely decision making, Participative management, cross-functional teams 8. Multi-channel distribution system 9. Six Sigma & Lean Six Sigma – A company-wide strategy, process improvement methodology, Identifying & controlling variations, defect rate with process shift, Recipe for 6-Sigma program implementation 10. QRM vs. Lean principles in CIO 11. Lead time, cycle time, takt time & machine time 12. Kanban, Kaizen, Kaikaku, Heijunka, Zidoka, Poke Yoke, Hoshin Kanri, (5+1)S 13. Fundamental processes for improvement CIO – Design, Order taking, Manufacturing 14. Role of IT services in CIO 15. Toyota production system (TPS) –Production Smoothing (PS), Kanban Control, JIT, Autonomation 16. Lean Consumption, Lean Provision, Lean Production 17. Recipe for Successful Implementation of CIO 18. QFD, Sustainability of CIO program, Human Aspect of CIO Implementation 19. Cost accounting system for CIO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. IMPORTANT: Approximately eighty-five to ninety (85-90) percent questions will be short answered questions and multiple choice questions...
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...| Table of Contents Contents Introduction 2 Lamps (Light bulbs) 2 Potential Savings Using High Efficacy Lamps 3 Incandescent Lamps (Worst Case) 3 LED lamps (Worst Case) 3 CFL lamps (Worst Case) 3 Cost implications of installing energy saving lamps 5 CFLs vs. LEDs 6 Implementing Sustainable Energy Efficient Lighting in South Africa 9 LED Initial Price 9 Awareness 9 Subsidisation 9 Light Consumption 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Table 1: Comparison of LEDs, Incandescent Light Bulbs and CFLs. 2 Table 2: Potential Savings using worst cases of: LEDs, CFLs and Incandescent lamps. 4 Table 3: Lamp cost details. 5 Table 4: Differences between CFLs and LEDs [15] 6 Figure 1: CO2 per kg saved for CFL lamps in comparison with incandescent lamps 7 Figure 2: CO2 per kg saved for LED lamps in comparison with incandescent lamps 8 Introduction Visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is perceived by the naked human eye, and is the core element of the sense of sight. However, lighting is one of the greatest consumers of electricity in a building, ranging from 20% to 50% of the aggregate energy consumption [1, 2]. There are various factors that affect the energy usage of lighting, but one of the main causes is the actual lamps. With this in consideration we can look at different aspects of lamps, namely: the comparisons...
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...NIKE RETAIL STORE DEVELOPMENT February 09 Green Building Practices “A Convenient Truth”… As a global citizen, Nike is acutely aware of the need to drive sustainability in everything we do. It begins with concept and design and continues through the entire product lifecycle. The reach of sustainability extends into nearly every corner of Nike Operations. Flawless & Profitable Execution = Premium* Experience Win at the Moment of Truth: when and where the consumer shops US Retail Store Development has turned our awareness into action: Our long-term goal is for sustainability to become a part of our daily business decisions to help ensure the health of the natural environment within our stores for generations to come. Nike strives to not only bring value to our business, but to help secure the vitality of the planet. We are accountable for our financial profits and are committed to addressing the environmental impact of our actions. Strategic Priorities 1. Defined “global” standards, regionally relevant and locally executed. XS, S, M, L, XL Store, NFS, Partner and digital formats. 2. Disciplined Store/Digital Site Development and Operations 3. Integrate planning and execution processes endto-end as a “vertical” retailer 4. Retail-centric supply chain flows right product at the right time; place; cost; and inventory levels 5. Reinforce consumer-centric service, language, and capabilities to serve the athlete Foundation Process Excellence Global...
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...needs, to gain competitive advantage. • Competitive advantage: understand consumers and marketing environment, and unique capabilities of company might reveal a competitive advantage. • The marketing planning and management process,: marketing success is an outcome of systematic marketing activities and decisions. 2-Review-Q5 Define corporate responsibility (CSR)- What is the link between CSR and sustainability marketing? GREEN PAPER DEFINITION for CSR CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with stakeholders on voluntary basis. I would define it: CSR is when companies reach to understand their actions and the consecunses in social, financial and environmental aspects and how it affects the stakeholders. However mapping these aspects on voluntary bases does not make a company responsible, long-term reaction and the adjustments in strategies, mission will define that in future. According to my findings, the link between CSR and sustainability marketing is...
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...The thorny issue of the energy dependency Russia is the largest single energy partner of the EU Energy represents 65% of total import from Russia (2007) 40.4% of total EU’s gas imports come from Russia Sales of raw materials to the EU represents 40% of the Russian budget EU represents 80% of cumulative foreign investments in Russia More than 60% of the Russian external investments are done in the EU. Russian Federation is also the second EU oil supplier with 20% of the importations and 16% of the total consumption Germany—the fourth largest consumer of natural gas in the world Depends on Russia for 43% of its imports vs: 100% dependence of the three Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria Vs. France’s - 24% Vs. Spain and Portugal, which do not import gas from Russia at all. • That Russia will threaten to shut off energy supplies or increase prices to extract political concessions; • That Russia will exploit existing debts for energy supplies or other economic weakness in energy consuming countries to buy or take over assets in those countries’ energy sectors or other sectors, with a view to use those assets for political leverage; • That Russia will unfairly seize the assets of U.S. or European energy companies operating in Russia, or force western firms to sell their assets, possibly at low prices; • That Russia’s energy wealth and power will encourage broader assertiveness in Moscow’s foreign policy to the detriment of U.S. and European interests. 1973 Oil Crisis...
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...Materials and the Environment (L1): 1. In your own words describe what “Sustainability” means. Name one tool that we have used to quantify (measure) sustainability and describe it in few sentences. -Ability to satisfy the basic needs of today without compromising the ability of the future generations to satisfy their needs. (L1 S8) -Characteristics of a process that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely -Ability to sustain a way of life indefinitely -To only utilize nature’s resources at a rate which they can be replenished naturally -Resources are not limitless Can we grow indefinitely? (L1 S9) -Measured by: cost, time, maintenance, reuse/recycle, resource consumption (L1 S12) -Tool- Life Cycle Assessment (L1 S12) -LCA is to determine the TOTAL cost, energy, consumption, eco-impact, of a structure over its entire life cycle: Material production, transportation, construction, in service(+maintenance), end of life (disposal or reuse) (L1 S13) -Life cycle cost and societal costs are calculated using similar principles. (S13) 2. What does “Resilience” mean in the context of civil infrastructure? Infrastructure’s ability to resist effects of the environment and rebound back to its normal state. (ex. Earthquakes, etc.) 3. By giving an example, explain how a material (e.g., steel panels used in automobiles) impacts the environment and our energy consumption during its service life. Concrete production- during production CO2 is released...
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...REL 222 GUIDE According to Thompson, why did the Greek poet Hesiod see farming as having religious significance? (36) God is integrated into nature, thus caring for it is important. Farming is the way humans can justly occupy a place in the divine (that is natural) order and its god’s intention that this place be fraught with work toil and risk. A key message in Hesiod’s poetry is that only farmers dependent on seasons, soil, and water can hope to attain piety or show proper respect to these divinities. Farming is the way human beings justly occupy a place in the divine (that is natural) order, and it is the gods’ intention that this place be fraught with work , toil, and risk, Warfare, violence, and trickery, in contrast, are unjust in Hesiod’s poetry because they short-circuit the gods’ intended route to material rewards. According to Thompson, what value did Thomas Jefferson see in Agriculture for America’s future? Jefferson believed that the small farmers would make the most “valuable citizens” because of their investment into the land and thus their country, he believed that agriculture was way for citizens to make long term and stable decisions that also promoted patriotism. Hamilton: believed that the future of the new republic lay in trade and industrial development. Jefferson favored the strategy of filling the heart of N.American continent with freehold farmers and delaying the creation of an indigenous industrial plant as long as possible. It was...
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...Markets” that Coca Cola advances and manages its brand by finding the right mix. Coca Cola is a global company, therefore, it is important the brand is relevant locally also. To do this is to treat each country differently, while keeping and communicating the same message and brand architecture (www.coca cola.com). Pepsi Cola’s plan for how the company advances and manages its brand, is similar to Coca Cola, in that Pepsi Cola is also global and maintaining relevance locally and globally in products that appeal to local tastes and needs, and also working with local supply chain and encouraging people to live balance and healthy lives (www.Pepsi Cola.com). Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola Company marketing strategy In reading the 60 marketer, Coke vs. Pepsi: Why Coke is a More Valuable Brand than Pepsi, the founder, Jamie Turner states that when you think about Coke you think of more grounded traditions, like America, red, white and blue and Cokes original song, “I’d like to teach the world to sing” and in thinking about Pepsi, one thinks about trends like, Michael Jackson and the new generation. In reading the article, Coke’s marketing strategy is aimed at adults and Pepsi’s marketing strategy is aimed towards kids, the “new...
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...just a discretionary spend as it used to be as changing lifestyle resulted in people aspiring for cleaner and beautiful looking homes. Robust construction activities on back of higher housing demand has further boosted the growth of paint industry. The share of fresh paints in total demand has increased significantly in last decade on back of increasing urbanization and higher demand for housing. The fresh demand for paints is expected to remain strong in many years to come. Demand in rural areas witnessed strong upsurge with rising income levels backed by increasing employment opportunities and government focus on rural prosperity. Higher growth in rural areas and tremendous scope of increasing penetration strengthen our belief of sustainability of long term growth...
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...1 PRINCIPALS OF GREEN MARKETING MKT/411 Individual Assignment Barbara Figiel Instructor: Rodger University of Phoenix 2 | | | | | | | | | | | Green Marketing Principles1. Be CredibleCredibility is essential for successful green marketing. You have to implement sustainable business practices before promoting green products and services or the public will perceive you as cynically taking advantage of environmental concerns.2. Make Specific ClaimsPeople understand the cost and difficulty in making a product or service completely green. Communicate about the particular attributes that are rooted in sustainability. The FTC offers guidance on what's acceptable: http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/grnrule/guides980427.htm3. Validate Through Third PartiesUse external organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), or governmental entities to substantiate any green claims. Examples include: UL Environment (Underwriters Laboratories), Ceres, and the EPA's Green Power Partnership.4. Engage Your CustomersGreen consumers have an above average propensity to engage, interact with, and even help companies that are making credible efforts to operate with sustainable business practices and offer green products and services. Use interactive channels to involve your customers in developing and managing your green products and services.5. Engage Your EmployeesIn addition to ensuring a consistent message across all customer contact points, your employees can feed...
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...Introduction Define the group’s definition of ‘successful’ and ‘unsuccessful’. Explain ‘unsuccessful’ not as a failure but relative to prominent success. Add that success is highly relative and that the group’s definition is not absolute since its nature varies across industries. Place more emphasis on tangible determinants as KPIs because the profit bottom line must always be consistently met. Success and sustainability are not mutually exclusive in the context of the chosen outlets and their industries since the start-up costs and recurring costs are substantial. 2. Comparison One – Brotzeit VS Malones Irish Restaurant & Bar 2.1 Sales/Revenue Monetary gains are a good measure of success and a highly tangible KPI. Due to high start-up and recurring costs of the chosen outlets, increased revenue and hence profit would increase success and sustainability. Brotzeit takes the forefront for this aspect based not simply on their price points but also the consumption and revenue . Based on our observational research, Malones offers a set lunch at approximately $7 (includes main course, soup of the day and a non-alcoholic beverage) , which is extremely affordable compared to their regular prices where starters are $8 and above. Brotzeit does not run any set promotions. However, Brotzeit had (??%) more customers than Malones during the lunch peak hour from 12-3pm and a (??%) more sales of alcoholic beverages which is a high component of revenue for restaurant bars due to highly...
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