...An accounting systemThe personnel, procedures, devices, and records used by an organization to develop accounting information and communicate that information to decision makers. consists of the personnel, procedures, technology, and records used by an organization (1) to develop accounting information and (2) to communicate this information to decision makers. The design and capabilities of these systems vary greatly from one organization to another. In small businesses, accounting systems may consist of little more than a cash register, a checkbook, and an annual trip to an income tax preparer. In large businesses, accounting systems include computers, highly trained personnel, and accounting reports that affect the daily operations of every department. But in every case, the basic purpose of the accounting system remains the same: to meet the organization’s needs for information as efficiently as possible. Many factors affect the structure of the accounting system within a particular organization. Among the most important are (1) the company’s needs for accounting information and (2) the resources available for operation of the system. Describing accounting as an information system focuses attention on the information accounting provides, the users of the information, and the support for financial decisions that is provided by the information. These relationships are depicted in Exhibit 1–2. While some of the terms may not be familiar to you at this early point in your...
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...ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: COURSE OBJECTIVES, DESCRIPTION, TOPICS, AND ASSIGNMENTS ACCT-5600 DR. NICOLAOU Fall 2010 COURSE STRUCTURE In the modern world, the majority of accounting entries occur electronically. Accountants and auditors store information in databases, managed by enterprise systems that have a set of controls to ensure that transactions and record keeping happen as expected. E-business Web sites handle transactions automatically, with the accounting data going directly into the necessary databases. The concept of a paper trail has become a bit of a misnomer; today, because of accounting information systems, there is often no paper involved at all; however, it is important to establish the flow the data in different areas of the organization, or audit trail, so as to properly exercise internal controls. AISs help in this purpose. At the outset of this course, you will learn the basics of accounting information systems and business processes. Next, you will learn about database management systems, and the design of various database models. Finally, you will learn about how to use internal controls effectively for risk management, as well as the requirements for business reporting. After completing this course, you should not only have a clear idea of how accounting information systems work, but you should also be prepared to design and configure them to meet the record-keeping and risk management requirements of the organization. In addition...
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...Cost & Management Accounting Reporting System -Necessity, Role & Control Framework: An Analysis Management & Cost Accounting Reporting Systems are interwoven in the management processes of all well managed organizations across the globe. The necessity of such reporting systems is going to increase in future as the market-place become highly competitive and organization functions become more complicated and inter-twined. This fact also brings to fore the necessity of a common control framework to monitor this system so that it can contribute effectively and efficiently to the pre-determined organizational goals. What is Cost & Management Accounting Reporting Systems? Cost Accounting Reporting System deals with the process of tracking, measuring, recording and classifying the appropriate allocation of expenditure (financial and non-financial) for the determination of the cost of product or service in an organization and for the presentation of suitably arranged data for the purpose of control and guidance of management ( Horngren et al, 2010). Costs are measured in terms of Direct Costs, Indirect Costs and Overhead / Absorbed Costs. Managers use cost accounting to support decision making to reduce a company's costs of products and services and improve its profitability. Management Accounting Reporting System is concerned with the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of financial and non-financial...
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...Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting ISSN 1946-052X 2012, Vol. 4, No. 1 The Impact of Accounting Information System in Planning, Controlling and Decision-Making Processes in Jodhpur Hotels Dr. Omar A.A. Jawabreh Tourism and Hotels Sciences Department, Al Balqa Applied University, Jordan, Aqaba E-mail: www.ojawabreh2000@yahoo.com Ali Mahmoud Abdallah Alrabei Research scholar, Dept of Accounting, J.N.V.U E-mail: alialrabei@yahoo.com Received: February 23, 2012 doi:10.5296/ajfa.v4i1.1435 Accepted: March 25, 2012 Published: June 1, 2012 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v4i1.1435 Abstract The study aims to identify the reality of accounting information systems in four and five-star hotels in terms of planning, controlling and decision making. The descriptive analytical method has been used through data collection by means of a questionnaire distributed to various hotel accountants. After the statistical analysis of the questionnaire, appeared several key findings most important of which are that hotels in Jodhpur didn't use the methods of accounting information system in planning, control and decision making processes. The study finding respectively that all grouped items have a mean of (1.77, and 0.00), (1.85 and 0.00), (1.98 and 0.00) level of significance (p-value), which means that these hypothesizes is rejected. Because there is no relationship between accounting information system and planning, controlling, and decision-making in four and five star Jodhpur...
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...Cost Accounting : An Introduction MODULE - 6B Elementary Cost Accounting 27 COST ACCOUNTING : AN INTRODUCTION After passing your senior secondary examination, if you set up a small manufacturing unit, say manufacturing of packing boxes, a problem will arise what price of each box you should quote to the buyer. Many factors are considered while fixing the price of a product/item such as competitors’ price etc. One of the basic factors is the cost of its production. Cost is essential not only to fix price but also to ascertain the margin of profit. Knowledge of the cost determination is also necessary to keep a check on the cost of product/control on wastages, etc. The accounting used to study the various aspects of cost is known as cost accounting. In this lesson, you will learn about meaning, importance, limitations etc. of cost accounting. Notes OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: state the meaning and scope of cost accounting; explain the objectives of cost accounting; differentiate between cost accounting and financial accounting; state importance of cost accounting; explain limitations of cost accounting. 27.1 MEANING AND SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTING Cost accounting is the process of determining and accumulating the cost of product or activity. It is a process of accounting for the incurrence and the control of cost. It also covers classification, analysis, and interpretation of cost. In other words, it is a system of accounting, which provides...
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...Internal controls are referred to the methods established by a company to safeguard its assets. Internal controls are designed with the idea of achieving a company's objectives, which include the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, that the information presented to financial statement users is reliable, and that the firm is complying with regulations and laws (Bodnar & Hopwood, 2013, p.13). Internal control requires the distribution of responsibilities among employees. It is important for employees to know their task or job function in an entity since they will work harder to control these responsibilities. One example of an internal control placed in a company is the segregation of duties, which implies that the same department or person does not have control upon accounting and financial responsibilities (Bodnar & Hopwood, 2013, p.14). Internal control has an important role in the development of Accounting Information System (AIS) since the success of AIS depends on the effectiveness of the internal controls of a firm. AIS is defined as the transformation of financial and other data, collected by people and equipment, into information. The effectiveness of internal controls assure that the data entered by employees of a company in a computerized system, the techniques used to process information, the methods used to store information, and the information produced are accurate and appropriate Internal controls are designed to monitor and keep the quality of...
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...Advanced Accounting Information Systems 1 INTRODUCTION • We’ll also discuss how to hasten or improve the development process through: – Business process reengineering – Prototyping – Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and redesign of business processes and information systems to achieve significant performance improvements. – Reduces a company to its essential business processes. – Reshapes organizational work practices and information flows to take advantage of technological advancements. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 3 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • BPR: – Simplifies the system. – Makes it more effective. – Improves a company’s quality and service. • BPR software has been developed to help automate many BPR tasks. © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information Systems 4 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING • Michael Hammer has set forth several principles that help organizations successfully reengineer business processes: - Organize around outcomes, not tasks. • DO AWAY WITH: Assigning different parts of a business process to different people, with the resulting handoffs, delays, and errors. INSTEAD: Each person’s job is designed around an objective, outcome, or process rather than a task needed to complete a process. • © 2012 UMT Advanced Accounting Information...
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...Accounting Information Systems Research Paper Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted into law in 2002 in the wake of corporation financial reporting scandals involving large publicly held companies. SOX instituted new strict financial regulations with the intent of improving accounting practices and protecting investors from corporate misconduct. SOX requires corporate executives to vouch for the accuracy of financial statements, and to institute and monitor effective internal controls over financial reporting. The cost of implementing an effective internal control structure are onerous, and SOX inflicts opportunity costs upon an enterprise as executives have become more risk adverse due to fears of incrimination. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created by SOX to oversee the accounting process and dictate independence requirements for auditors and auditing committees. The PCAOB proposed regulations must be approved by the SEC before they are enacted. Since the passage of SOX, the IT department has become critical in designing and implementing the internal controls in company accounting information systems. The Information Technology Governance Institute (ITGI) created a framework called Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) to provide guidance for companies to implement and monitor IT governance. Accounting Information Systems Research Paper The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 changed the...
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...Cost Accounting Notes 95 Cost Accounting : An Introduction ACCOUNTANCY After passing your senior secondary examination, if you set up a small manufacturing unit, say manufacturing of packing boxes, a problem will arise what price of each box you should quote to the buyer. Many factors are considered while fixing the price of a product/item such as competitors’ price etc. One of the basic factors is the cost of its production. Cost is essential not only to fix price but also to ascertain the margin of profit. Knowledge of the cost determination is also necessary to keep a check on the cost of product/control on wastages, etc. The accounting used to study the various aspects of cost is known as cost accounting. In this lesson, you will learn about meaning, importance, limitations etc. of cost accounting. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to: state the meaning and scope of cost accounting; explain the objectives of cost accounting; differentiate between cost accounting and financial accounting; state importance of cost accounting; explain limitations of cost accounting. 27.1 MEANING AND SCOPE OF COST ACCOUNTING Cost accounting is the process of determining and accumulating the cost of product or activity. It is a process of accounting for the incurrence and the control of cost. It also covers classification, analysis, and interpretation of cost. In other words, it is a system of accounting, which provides the information about...
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...AKUNTANSI(ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEM) ECAU607202 SEMESTERI 2015/2016 No. | Lecturers | | E-mail | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Subject Code | ECAU607202 | Subject Title | Accounting Information System | Credit Value | 3 | Pre-requisite/Co-requisite/Exclusion | Introductory to Accounting 2Management Information System | Role and Purposes | This subject provides students with an understanding of various business cycle in a company, system documentation techniques to document those cycles, documents and information flow within each cycle and internal control required in each cycle. Students will be required to attend a computer laboratory class to learn system documentations techniques and basic database design. | Subject Learning Outcomes | Upon completion of the subject, student will be able to:Technical competence: in Governance, Risk Management and Internal Control a. Analyze the components of internal control related to financial reporting (T4) * Understand the accounting information system and its position in an organization’s information system * Understand various system documentation techniques * Apply system documentation techniques to describe an accounting information system in an organization * Differentiate the general audit and the IT audit * Understand internal control principles in an organization * Understand the business cycles in a company (in general) * Analyze an accounting information system...
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...the proliferation of Internet, the information systems have become increasingly essential for the performance of the firms, since it could provide the conveniences and create one source of competitive advantages. The major objective of the report is to explore some accounting information systems related issues, in order to provide a clear and logic overview of accounting information system. To be more specific, first of all, the report will attempt to discuss four questions about SOX, sequential, non accounting services and physical control. After that, the report will analyze two case studies, and then discuss the relevant topics related to accounting information systems in detailed. Content Introduction 1 The influences of SOX on provision of attest and advisory services 1 Background Information on SOX 2 Description of attest and advisory services 2 Influences of SOX on attest and advisory services 3 Comparison among sequential, block, group alphabetic and mnemonic codes 3 The rationality of non accounting services for external auditors 4 Prohibited non-audit services 4 Argument on prohibition 5 Six Classes of Physical Controls 5 Case of Bern Fly Rod Company 7 The previous situation 7 Potential internal control issues and exposures 7 Preventive measures for Bern Fly Rod Company 8 Case of Stand-Alone PC-Based Accounting System 9 Physical internal control weaknesses 9 IT Controls in PC-Based Accounting System 9 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 ...
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...Robert Samuel Kaplan was born in 1940. He is an American accounting academic, and a Professor of Accounting at Carnegie-Mellon University and Arthur Lowes Dickinson Professor of Accounting at the Harvard Business School. He had wrote a journal entitled “The Evolution of Management Accounting” in 1983. The purpose of this article is to summarize the development of management accounting, including the new demands for management information, and to develop a research strategy to meet these demands i) THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (From Robert S. Kaplan point of view) In his paperwork, he divided it into five sections. • Section 1 - Development of cost accounting practices from the early textile mills and railroads (circa 1850) through the formation of the great industrial enterprises in the U.S. and the emergence of the scientific management approach. • Section 2 - Management control innovations of the DuPont Corporation and the General Motors Corporation after its reorganization by Pierre du Pont and Alfred Sloan in 1920. • Section 3 - Development in cost accounting and managerial control form 1925 to the present. • Section 4 - Challenges from the contemporary environment that may not be met by the accounting practices developed more than 60 years ago for a substantially different competitive situation. • Section 5 - Agenda for field based research to document or develop innovative management control practices appropriate for the changing industrial environment...
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...________________ COURSE CODE: BKAS2013 COURSE NAME: ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PREREQUISITE: BKAS1013 IT IN ACCOUNTING AND BKAF1023 INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING __________________________________________________________________________ 1. SYNOPSIS This course introduces students to the important concepts of Accounting Information Systems (AIS). The course contents are divided into three main sections. The first section introduces the basic concepts of AIS including its objectives, components, and subsystems. The concept of E-business as an emerging trend of conducting business in the new era of information technology (IT) is also covered in this section. The second section discusses in depth the common features of transaction processing systems such as revenue and accounts receivable, purchase and accounts payable, manufacturing and inventory, human resource as well as general ledger and reporting system. Integration of selected accounting software will also take place at this stage to enable students apply the AIS concepts into practice. This section also introduces students to the techniques of documenting accounting systems and database modeling tools. The final section discusses the emerging issues in computer crimes, computer ethics and concept of internal controls in organization. Application of internal controls concept into transaction cycles is later discussed. 2. COURSE...
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...things that eventually expire. So, basically Expense is the amount of cost which has expired and Cost is the amount of expense which has not yet expired. Understanding Expenses Expenses are incurred, used as a measure for accounting purposes, which measure the financial performance of an organization. Accounting for expense is standardized by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to provide shareholders, regulators, and management a standard and comparable view of financial information across diverse industries. Technically, an expense is a specific accounting event related to the outflow of cash reducing corporate equity. Expense simply record the event and used to understand ‘what happened’ from an accounting perspective. Understanding Costs Costs are derived, used as a measure for economic purposes, which measure the economic performance across multiple dimensions of business, (organization, product, customer, etc.). A cost is a derived value of money consumed to produce a current or future outcome; hence, costs provide management a decision supporting view to improve business economics. Costs are expressed as a value measured in relationship to a causal volume of consumption. The Difference between Cost Accounting and Financial Accounting are as follows: Cost...
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...BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The advancement of technology and its effects on information systems in organizations have been of major concern to the industrialists, investors and the general public in the recent times. Electronic technology has replaced the traditional methods of keeping records. The financial institutions (including banks) in most part of the world now embrace electronic technology through the use of Electronic Funds Transfer facilities (EFT), Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). Automated equipment is now used to process billions of cheques in a short time. Telex Machines are used to ‘wire’ money in commercial transactions from banks in one country to another. The advancement has led to all banks in Nigeria being made IT compliance statutorily. In fact, CBN requires all banks to comply with the use of the new Electronic Financial Analysis and Surveillance System (EFASS) to submit their monthly returns. Infrastructural technology devices have therefore become significant determinant of how well basic functions are performed, as technology has prompted changes in organizational design that affect the quality and timeliness of intelligence and decision making, and the organizational goals as a whole. With quality of information, good decisions will be made and this will enhance the successful attainment of organizational goals and objectives. Information system has become a very powerful agent of change and it is transforming the...
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