...reasons why practices involving breaches of copyright can be defended on ethical grounds. Educators and journalists can contribute greatly to citizen’s understandings of their immediate and global surroundings by using copyrighted materials in their work. Additionally, entertaining cultural products such as television shows also help us understand aspects of life, and the simultaneous viewing of a text through online and illegal means can create a sense of community between nation states. People can then go onto media sharing sites such as Twitter and Tumblr in order to discuss a media product that they enjoyed, or otherwise wish to critique, participating in a discourse that can become beneficial for both consumers and creators. One major concern felt by media corporations is that illegal access to content will affect the economic success of the product, and the producers will not gain the rewards that they deserve for their efforts. Many challenge this notion, arguing that true fans of a cultural product will contribute time and revenue to the creators in appreciation for their work. It is also important to note that in some cases, it is in-fact a positive ethical decision to view content through alternative avenues, as a protest to creators or texts that may be morally questionable. The use of copyrighted material by journalists in order to inform the public about news and events is an an ethical reason to justify infringement. In a traditional sense, a journalist’s role...
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...Copyright Infringement and the Internet: Sharing Protected Materials through Social Media Frank R Palazzo Information and Social Media USFLIS4930 University of South Florida June 22, 2014 Introduction Since the creation of the Internet, copyright laws are losing their significance due to the difficulty of enforcement of these laws and finding a viable source of infringement. According to United States and most international law, a copyright is established as soon as the original work is created (Hawkins, 2011). Enforcement of copyright law in the age of information is proving to be extremely problematic, tracing the source of the infringement and proving that infringement has occurred can be very difficult and expensive. In the information age material can be distributed from many different sources almost simultaneously to numerous recipients, much of the time the sources of the alleged copyright infringement are private individuals conducting this activity within the privacy of their own home often through social networking sites. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter and others are frequently used tools to distribute copyrighted material such as music, videos, and links to pirated movies but many people are unaware that some things that are seemingly insignificant such as a picture are protected under copyright as well. When individuals copy and paste small items such as pictures for public viewing on their Facebook page they are generally not aware that they are breaking...
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...paper constitutes a piece of intellectual property and determine how to handle the situation with the two employees. Research found that New Zealand and Venezuela are parties to various international agreements. The report makes recommendations on what step to take should the firm be guilty of intellectual property infringement, dealing with the two employees involved in the research and putting a process in place to avoid such occurrence. In addition the report recommends re-circulating of the non disclosure agreement and the firm's contract of employment around the organisation to be read and signed again by all employees. INTRODUCTION Intellectual property rights are the rights given to people over the creations of their minds; inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property relates to items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at different locations anywhere in the world. Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents. Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to promote creativity, and the dissemination...
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... 6 Case law 8 Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 1. Introduction In India, previously the law of designs was governed by the Designs Act 1911.Designs in India now protected under The Designs Act, 2000. The new Act has come into existence on 25.05.2000.Infringement of a copyright in design is termed as "Piracy of a registered Design". It is not lawful for any person during the existence of copyright to do the following acts without the...
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...journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of 'extreme plagiarism' have been identified in academia.[6] Plagiarism is not a crime per se but in academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense, [7][8] and cases of plagiarism can constitute copyright infringement. Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.[1][2] The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules.[3][4][5] The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of 'extreme plagiarism' have been identified in academia.[6] Plagiarism is not a crime per se but in academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense, [7][8] and cases of plagiarism can constitute copyright infringement. Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original...
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...Of the five most common types of plagiarism, these are the two most commonly found in student papers: "Copy & Paste Plagiarism" Any time you lift a sentence or significant phrase intact from a source, you must use quotations marks and reference the source. Sentences and phrases must have quotation marks and citation in order to escape an accusation of “excessive use of undocumented sources.” In 200-level courses or lower, these errors are usually the result of not knowing yet how to properly document sources. However, if large portions of an original source are used without documentation, instructors tend to assume that the plagiarism was intentional rather than accidental. "Word Switch Plagiarism" If you take a sentence from a source and change around a few words, it is still plagiarism. This is commonly done by students intending to commit plagiarism but hoping that using synonyms and switched word order will prevent the plagiarism checking program from identifying the original sources. Because it is “overt” and not an accident, its detection is grounds for punishments ranging from failure of the assignment or course up to the possibility of being expelled from the university, regardless of the course level. How to Avoid Committing Plagiarism 1. Any Information taken from another source (even from the textbook) must have an in-text citation which points to the full bibliographical information for that source on the References page at the end of the essay...
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...TELEFÓNICA O2 UK LIMITED RESPONSE TO: ONLINE INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ACT 2010 – DRAFT INITIAL OBLIGATIONS CODE PUBLISHED BY OFCOM JULY 2010 Telefónica O2 UK Limited Wellington Street Slough Berkshire SL1 1YP UK t +44 (0)113 272 2000 www.o2.com Telefónica O2 UK Limited Registered in England & Wales no. 1743099 Registered Office: 260 Bath Road Slough Berkshire SL1 4DX UK TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 GENERAL REMARKS ....................................................................................................................... 4 RESPONSE TO CONSULTATION QUESTIONS ............................................................................. 8 2 of 28 TELEFÓNICA O2 UK LIMITED RESPONSE – ONLINE INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ACT 2010 – DRAFT INITIAL OBLIGATIONS CODE INTRODUCTION 1. Telefónica O2 UK Limited (O2)1 welcomes the opportunity to respond to Ofcom’s “Online Infringement of Copyright and the Digital Economy Act 2010 - Draft Initial Obligations Code” (the Consultation). 2. O2 is a leading communications company for consumers and businesses in the UK, with 21.355 million mobile customers and over 500,000 fixed broadband2 customers as at 31 March 2010. 3. Throughout the debate over the last few years on tackling the issue of illegal P2P, we have made clear that we believe the best way for...
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...Technology Acts Dionne Grace BIS/220 October 7, 2013 Bardwell White Technology Acts Ethics in short is moral; it is the principles that dictate a group’s or individual’s behavior. It is not only used in the personal lives of people, but it is also used in the life of business. This paper will give a brief description of advances in information technology as it relates to ethical issues and the development of two acts: Children’s Internet Protection Act- 2000, and No Electronic Theft (NET) Act- 1997. Children’s Internet Protection Act The internet has become a very critical tool for children’s learning and success. It has become a threshold to a variety of expression and skills; however, while positive avenues are available to children via internet so are negative. Children are exposed to inappropriate material and materials that can be potentially harmful: promotion of violence, hate sites, pornography, etc… According to Department of Commerce (2003), “In October 2000, Congress passed the Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), which requires schools and libraries that receive federal funds for discounted telecommunications, internet access, or internal connections services to adopt an internet safety policy and employ technological protections that block or filter certain visual depictions deemed obscene, pornographic, or harmful to minors” (para. 3). This implementation was successful after previous Congressional attempts to protect children...
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...question was quickly followed by an unsettling yet painfully obvious thought. Sweatshops. To me, there was no other explanation as to how one of the world’s most popular clothing stores for young woman could provide such a marked down price to its customers. The stylish knockoffs became to me what they had always been, too good to be true. Upon returning from my long day of shopping, I decided to dig a bit deeper into this new found curiosity I had. Trying to figure out if Forever 21 utilizes sweatshops was sadly an extremely easy task. Numerous hits came up on my screen with articles all confirming my resent realization. Articles discussing Forever 21’s poor working conditions, hypocritical religious ties and countless designer copyright infringements flooded the search screen. Forever 21 sounds like the American Dream come true: it was founded by a poor Korean couple who immigrated to the USA in 1981. The company is still privately-owned and operated in L.A. and the couple, Do Won “Don” Chang and Jin Sook, chalk up its success to their Christian faith and frugal, hard-working values. Those who have worked with or for the company, however, say that its success comes from a much darker place. Forever 21 has been running sweatshops in California and using Mexican immigrant labor in subpar working conditions to provide you with cheap disposable clothing. An article titled “Why We Hate Forever 21, & Why You Should Too”, interviews factory worker Guadalupe Hernandez as she...
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...No Electronic Theft Act (NET) BIS/220 – Introduction to Computer Application and Systems April 2, 2013 Copyright infringement has become a serious issue in today’s world. Owners of this material lose money every time an image or any material is used illegally. The Internet has brought about more opportunities for someone to steal copyrighted material. An Internet user can simply copy and image, save it, and use it for their own gain while the holder of the copyright of that image gets nothing. This situation was becoming an issue so in 1997 the United States government enacted the No Electronic Theft Act to help stop this from occurring. Description of the Act The No Electronic Theft (NET) Act was enacted on December 16, 1997 to facilitate prosecution of copyright violations on the Internet. The Act made it a federal crime to reproduce, distribute, or share copies of electronic copyrighted works. Examples of this work would be songs, movies, games, and software programs. The Act allowed prosecution even if the person copying or distributing the material was doing so with no commercial purpose or receiving financial gain from the theft. Prior to the Act people who distributed or possessed copyrighted material faced no criminal penalties if they did not profit from it ("What Is the No," 2012). Provisions of the NET Act impose criminal liabilities on an individual who willfully reproduces or distributes copyrighted works for purposes of commercial advantage,...
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...cyber crime Michelle Robinson Professor Renee Berry Crime and Criminal Behavior April 15, 2016 | | cyber crime Michelle Robinson Professor Renee Berry Crime and Criminal Behavior April 15, 2016 | | One of the newest areas of crime is what we call computer crime. The, anonymity of computer technologies may actually encourage some people who would not otherwise be tempted to commit crimes to do so using the Internet. They may simply believe that they will never be caught, or they may not think about being caught at all. They may simply find the lure of committing virtual crimes too psychologically appealing to resist. Many of those who commit crimes on the Internet are in fact psychologically disturbed and need compassionate treatment by psychiatric professionals. However, this does not lessen the real harm that they can do to people and they must be stopped. Combating the global computer crime pandemic is becoming an increasingly urgent issue, as identity theft and spyware are occurring with alarming frequency. Early instances of computer crime found individuals, corporations and law enforcement unprepared...
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...TalkTalk Telecom Group Plc -v- Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport and others. The case in question reaffirmed the validity of the the UK Digital Economy Act. This Act was pushed through by Lord Mandelson, then Secretary of State (SoS) for Business, through a wash-up process; that is after a general election had been called and before the dissolution of parliament, through an accelerated parliamentary process to rush unopposed legislation. The Act received Royal Assent on 8 April 2010, and came into force on 8 June 2010. Parliament is expected to ratify the draft Ofcom Code and draft Shared Costs Order early next year, providing they are passed by the House of Lords, House of Commons and European Commission. Online copyright infringers are to be issued with the first letters warning them about their behaviour, with such notifications due to be issued from early in 2014. The UK Digital Economy Act, like it or loathe it, has been surrounded by an odour from the beginning, and the stench is getting ever more vile. Documents released from Lord Mandelson’s office under the Freedom of Information Act indicated despite there being public consultation then, the public consultation process was a waste of time, and that almost nothing any participant could have said would have made a difference. PPUK Chair Loz Kaye stated that these documents show how outrageously complicit everyone from the entertainment industry, politicians and unions were in...
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...The 21st century is marked by the advent of the Internet. It is followed by the freely-distributed information, which has fuelled public worries about offensive contents, terrorists, copyright infringement. Hence, an issue people are openly debating is whether we should censor the Internet. In my opinion, I am sided with those who oppose this regulation. One of the main benefits associated with the unrestricted environment on the Internet is that netizens can voice their points of view without restraints. The surfers can get the whole picture of a problem and determine their own opinion. Moreover, the driving force behind some websites being blocked is that Internet also serves as a governmental tool. Any contents which go against the political wills and aims will be blocked from the Net. Another main justification for an unregulated cyberspace is that a vast source of knowledge and entertainment can be accessed easily. With a click of a mouse, we can download a song, a movie or a book to the computer. Possibly no century witnesses more drastic changes in the recreation habits than the 21st century has done. Even so, this issue is fraught with controversy, with concern being expressed over the copyright violation. This worry is unnecessary, considering the fact that such download sites also contribute to promoting the art works and distribute them to much more customers. In addition, the artists still get their income through the revenues from selling music via iTunes, Amazon...
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...music came along with Napster. Shawn Fanning was a freshman in Northeastern University in 1999, and he decided to create Napster which, was a piece of software that would let people share their mp3 files that where hard to find. This didn’t cost the user anything to use it. In Dec 1999 the legal battles began with Napster vs. the recording Industry Association of America, Metallica, and many others. The lawsuit that came about was based on infringing upon copyright laws. The legal battle came to an end in September 2001, and Napster was changed forever; with artists having final say over which songs could be shared on the platform. Napster wasn’t the end of the peer to peer networking of sharing music between users on the internet. There was Kazza thatsers could use. This came at a cost because, it was load with adware, spyware, and let’s not forget about the illegal downloading of something you don’t own. Even if you installed Kazza the spyware and, adware was still there. Kazza was shut down dew to copyright infringement. There are still programs out there that let user download music like Limewire, Frostwire and, many others but they all have the same problem as Kazza did. There are some governments that are considering different ways to curb illegal music download. Some governments have started using a three strikes program. What is the three strikes program? They way it works is you get two warnings the; next time your internet get cut off. This seems to...
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...SQ10-2 1. The APW Seal is designed to remind the audiences of the media copy that the consequences of watching pirating copyright works. Media copies that come with APW Seal don’t mean that the FBI has reviewed or validated copyright. 2. According to the “1857 Trafficking in Counterfeit Labels—18 U.S.C. § 2318”, that any one who is knowingly trafficking in a counterfeit label affixed or designed to be affixed to a phonorecord, or a copy of a computer program or documentation or packaging for a computer program, or a copy of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both. The maximum penalty for a violation of section 2318 is five years imprisonment, a $250,000 fine, or both. 3. Any one meets the following 4 elements will be charged with criminal copyright infringement. (1) that a valid copyright; (2) was infringed by the defendant; (3) willfully; and (4) for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain. The maximum statutory penalty for conspiracy or criminal copyright infringement is five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. 4. Any one that meets the following four elements will be charged with Criminal Trademark Infringement: (1) the defendant trafficked or attempted to traffic in goods or services; (2) such trafficking, or the attempt to traffic, was intentional; (3) the defendant used a “counterfeit mark” on or in connection with such goods or services; and...
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