...Assigment 1 Problem 1 a) “The fact that firms so heavily rely on their internal capital market as a source of financing is strong evidence that internal markets are more efficient than external markets.” Firms use internal capital because it is much easier for managers to use profits from previous years to finance their investments, management don´t have to prove their investment decisions to investors. If management would need to finance investment with external capital, the cost of the capital would much higher than using internal capital. Issues would cause direct costs for (järjestämisestä) and take time and effort from the management. Indirect costs could also (accure) when management would need to underprice the issue to make sure it would succeed. Firms rely on their internal capital because it is easier and cheaper way to finance investments. It does not mean that external markets are more unefficent than internal and the (väite) is false. b) “When underwriting equity or bond issues, investment banks are merely acting as financial intermediaries without taking any risk of their own. Therefore, they are charging unrealistically high fees for their services.” Underwriters act in three different roles. Firstly, they provide financial advisory and make careful analysis what the issue is likely to be worth. Underwriters also have dialogies with the potential investors to find out how high the demand is with different prices. Secondly, underwriters will...
Words: 700 - Pages: 3
...P1-1 a. Calculate the tax disadvantage to organizing a U.S. business today as a corporation, as compared to a partnership. Partnership Corporation Operating Income $500,000 $500,000 Less Tc = 0.35 0 $175,000 Net Income $500,000 $325,000 Cash dividends $500,000 $325,000 Less Tdiv = 0.15 0 $48,750 Less Tp = 0.35 $175,000 0 After tax disposable income = $325,000 $276,250 b. Now recalculate the tax disadvantage using the same income but with the maximum tax rates that existed before 2003. Partnership Corporation Operating Income $500,000 $500,000 Less Tc = 0.35 0 $175,000 Net Income $500,000 $325,000 Cash dividends $500,000 $325,000 Less Tdiv = 0.15 0 $48,750 Less Tp = 0.386 $193,000 0 After tax disposable income = $307,000 $276,250 P2-2 a. OCF = NOPAT + DEPRECIATE = $2,400 + $1600 = $4,000 b. FCF = OCF – FA - WC = $4,000 - $1,400 - $1,300 = $1,300 c. There is a $2,700 difference in the two cash flow estimates, the OCF is the amount the firm received for its business operations. The FCF is the money that represents true profit. While the $4,000 is a larger number this money will be used to pay expenses, while the FCF is extra and can be used to pay investors or to pay more towards decreasing debt. P2-4 The appropriate action on Aluminum Industries Inc loan request, in regards to its debt ratio would be to deny the request. For three reasons: 1. The Firms debt ratio is 73%, which is 22% higher than the industry average of 51%...
Words: 395 - Pages: 2
...Solutions to Chapter 1 The Firm and the Financial Manager 1. real executive airplanes brand names financial stock investment capital budgeting financing 2. A firm might cut its labor force dramatically which could reduce immediate expenses and increase profits in the short term. Over the long term, however, the firm might not be able to serve its customers properly or it might alienate its remaining workers; if so, future profits will decrease, and the stock price will decrease in anticipation of these problems. Similarly, a firm can boost profits over the short term by using less costly materials even if this reduces the quality of the product. Once customers catch on, sales will decrease and profits will fall in the future. The stock price will fall. The moral of these examples is that, because stock prices reflect present and future profitability, the firm should not necessarily sacrifice future prospects for short-term gains. 3. The key advantage of separating ownership and management in a large corporation is that it gives the corporation permanence. The corporation continues to exist if managers are replaced or if stockholders sell their ownership interests to other investors. The corporation’s permanence is an essential characteristic in allowing corporations to obtain the large amounts of financing required by many business entities. 4. A sole proprietorship is easy to set up with a minimum of legal work. The business...
Words: 3282 - Pages: 14
...1-1. What is the most important difference between a corporation and all other organizational forms? A corporation is a legal entity separate from its owners. 1-2. What does the phrase limited liability mean in a corporate context? Owners’ liability is limited to the amount they invested in the firm. Stockholders are not responsible for any encumbrances of the firm; in particular, they cannot be required to pay back any debts incurred by the firm. 1-3. Which organizational forms give their owners limited liability? Corporations and limited liability companies give owners limited liability. Limited partnerships provide limited liability for the limited partners, but not for the general partners. 1-4. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of organizing a firm as a corporation? Advantages: Limited liability, liquidity, infinite life Disadvantages: Double taxation, separation of ownership and control 1-5. Explain the difference between an S corporation and a C corporation. C corporations must pay corporate income taxes; S corporations do not pay corporate taxes, but must pass through the income to shareholders to whom it is taxable. S corporations are also limited to 75 shareholders and cannot have corporate or foreign stockholders. 1-6. You are a shareholder in a C corporation. The corporation earns $2 per share before taxes. Once it has paid taxes it will distribute the rest of its earnings to you as a dividend. The corporate tax rate is 40% and the personal...
Words: 363 - Pages: 2
...Solutions Manual Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (Asia Global Edition) Ross, Westerfield, Jordan, Lim and Tan Updated April 2012 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. Capital budgeting (deciding whether to expand a manufacturing plant), capital structure (deciding whether to issue new equity and use the proceeds to retire outstanding debt), and working capital management (modifying the firm’s credit collection policy with its customers). Disadvantages: unlimited liability, limited life, difficulty in transferring ownership, hard to raise capital funds. Some advantages: simpler, less regulation, the owners are also the managers, sometimes personal tax rates are better than corporate tax rates. The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to raise capital, and unlimited life. The treasurer’s office and the controller’s office are the two primary organizational groups that report directly to the chief financial officer. The controller’s office handles cost and financial accounting, tax management, and management information systems, while the treasurer’s office is responsible for cash and credit management, capital budgeting, and financial planning. Therefore, the study of corporate finance is concentrated within the treasury group’s functions. To maximize...
Words: 1113 - Pages: 5
...POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN MANAGEMENT AY 2015-16 TERM: III TITLE OF THE COURSE: FINANCE II CREDITS: 4 Name of the Faculty Arnab Bhattacharya Gaurav Singh Chauhan Kousik Guhathakurta Radha M. Ladkani Faculty Block/ Room No. J BLOCK C-102 A-106 J BLOCK Email Telephone Number arnabb@iimidr.ac.in gauravs@iimidr.ac.in kousikg@iimidr.ac.in; radhal@iimidr.ac.in; 0731-2439589 0731-2439592 0731-2439518 0731-2439698 COURSE DESCRIPTION The second core course in Finance deals with the core corporate finance functions in an applied setting. The participants are exposed to real world corporate finance decisions to be taken up by managers for creating value. Such an exposure is accomplished through a mix of theory and practice. The pedagogy employed reflects a judicious mix of case discussions, lectures and problem solving approach. COURSE OBJECTIVES The objective is to familiarize participants with the three major decision areas of Corporate Finance, viz. the investments, financing and earnings distribution decisions. Subsequently the participants are to be offered an integrated view of the decision areas by discussing the issues in corporate valuations and risk management. The course aims at sharpening the financial decision making skills of the participants. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED MEASURES At the end of the course student is expected to accomplish the following learning outcomes. Alignment of Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)...
Words: 1664 - Pages: 7
...Finance Theories Taxonomy 1 Finance Theories Taxonomy 2 Finance Theories Taxonomy This document presents a taxonomy of selected finance theories developed in past 5 decades by academics, practitioners and scholars in the United States, Europe, Asia and Latin America. A total of 14 theories and models are synthesized in this work, organized in five tables with the same structure: Theories of capital structure; capital budgeting and cost of equity; asset valuation, financial behavior and international finances. Each table contains theories organized alphabetically with an indication of its germinal or current character. The description of the theory is accompanied by current examples of empirical research that updates or contradicts the theory and additional information about limitations, scope and opportunities of research. Finance Theories Taxonomy 3 Table 1 Finance Theories Taxonomy: Theories of capital structure Theory General description Current examples of the theory Other attributes Modigliani and Miller Germinal theory of corporate finance A review of the theory by Criticism against flaws of M& M theory Theory of investment proposed by Miller and Modigliani Miller himself, offers a new (Ball, 2001) (1958) argues that “the value of a firm view about the so called ‘junk 1. Market perfection. M&M assumed is independent of its capital structure” bonds’ which were considered information was...
Words: 5057 - Pages: 21
...screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Sun Oct 21 09:10:16 2007 Journal of Economic Perspectives-Volume 15, Number 2-Spring 2001-Pages 81-1 02 Capital Structure Stewart C. Myers he study of capital structure attempts to explain the mix of securities and financing sources used by corporations to finance real investment. Most of the research on capital...
Words: 12907 - Pages: 52
...recently conducted a comprehensive survey that analyzed the current practice of corporate finance, with particular focus on the areas of capital budgeting and capital structure. The survey results enabled us to identify aspects of corporate practice that are consistent with finance theory, as well as aspects that are hard to reconcile with what we teach in our business schools today. In presenting these results, we hope that some practitioners will find it worthwhile to observe how other companies operate and perhaps modify their own practices. It may also be useful for finance academics to consider differences between theory and practice as a reason to revisit the theory. We solicited responses from approximately 4,440 companies and received 392 completed surveys, representing a wide variety of firms and industries.1 The survey contained nearly 100 questions and explored both capital budgeting and capital structure decisions in depth. The responses to these questions enabled us to explore whether and how these corporate policies are interrelated. For example, we investigated whether companies that made more aggressive use of debt financing also tended to use more sophisticated capital budgeting techniques, perhaps because of their greater need for discipline and precision in the corporate investment process. More generally, the design of our survey allowed for a richer understanding of corporate decision-making by analyzing the CFOs’ responses in the context of various company...
Words: 10945 - Pages: 44
...Unit 1 Assignment 1 1. Finance: The science that describes the management, creation and study of money, banking, credit, investments, assets and liabilities. Finance consists of financial systems, which include the public, private and government spaces, and the study of finance and financial instruments, which can relate to countless assets and liabilities. Some prefer to divide finance into three distinct categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. All three of which would contain many sub-categories. Financial Management: The planning, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary resources of an organization. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance 2. There are three basic forms of business ownership, namely the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. ADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS: Ease of starting and ending the business, Being your own boss, Pride of ownership. Leaving a legacy Retention of company profits. No special taxes. DISADVANTAGES OF SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS. UNLIMITED LIABILITY Limited financial resources. Management difficulties. Overwhelming time commitment. Few fringe benefits. Limited growth. Limited life span. ADVANTAGES OF PARTNERSHIPS. ...
Words: 548 - Pages: 3
...remains one of the most contested issues in finance. Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding paying cash dividend in the present or paying an increased dividend at a later stage. Whether to issue dividends and what amount, is determined mainly on the basis of the company's unappropriated profit (excess cash) and influenced by the company's long-term earning power. When cash surplus exists and is not needed by the firm, then management is expected to Payout some or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or to repurchase the company's stock through a share buyback program. Management must also choose the form of the dividend distribution, generally as cash dividends or via a share buyback. Various factors may be taken into consideration: where shareholders must pay tax on dividends, firms may elect to retain earnings or to perform a stock buyback, in both cases increasing the value of shares outstanding. Alternatively, some companies will pay "dividends" from stock rather than in cash. Our group have selected 3 journals related to the dividend policy in our quest to understand the factors/determinant of the latter and its relationship with investment opportunities and corporate finance. Further the chosen journals concentrated on the research dividend policy affecting firm’s in the emerging market. The following are the reviews of the said journals. 2.0. Journal Review 1 Nguyen Thi Xuan Trang. (2012)....
Words: 3711 - Pages: 15
...FIN200 Corporate Finance (2nd Term 2012-2013) Solution for Corporate Finance, Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe, 9th edition CHAPTER 20 ISSUING SECURITIES TO THE PUBLIC Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions 1. A company’s internally generated cash flow provides a source of equity financing. For a profitable company, outside equity may never be needed. Debt issues are larger because large companies have the greatest access to public debt markets (small companies tend to borrow more from private lenders). Equity issuers are frequently small companies going public; such issues are often quite small. Additionally, to maintain a debt-equity ratio, a company must issue new bonds when the current bonds mature. From the previous question, economies of scale are part of the answer. Beyond this, debt issues are simply easier and less risky to sell from an investment bank’s perspective. The two main reasons are that very large amounts of debt securities can be sold to a relatively small number of buyers, particularly large institutional buyers such as pension funds and insurance companies, and debt securities are much easier to price. They are riskier and harder to market from an investment bank’s perspective. Yields on comparable bonds can usually be readily observed, so pricing a bond issue accurately is much less difficult. It is clear that the stock was sold too cheaply, so Eyetech had reason to be unhappy. No, but, in fairness, pricing the stock in such a situation...
Words: 4216 - Pages: 17
...course, the emphasis is placed on fully understanding the principles underlying a sound financial decision in the modern corporation. The course goal is to apply relevant knowledge, skills and exercise professional judgment as expected of a senior financial executive or advisor, in taking or recommending decisions relating to the financial management of an organization. The approach will be a combination of lecture and discussion, always with a focus on good managerial financial decision-making. Prerequisites: Financial management or equivalent. Topics Covered: 1. The role and responsibility of the senior financial executive 2. Evaluate potential investment decisions and strategic consequences 3. Acquisitions and mergers 4.Corporate re-organization strategies. 5.Advanced treasury and risk management techniques. 6.Financial management of multinationals. 7. Emerging issues in finance and financial management Lecture Format: Lecture/Discussion. Technical Requirements In addition to a confident level of computer and Internet literacy, certain minimum technical requirement must be met to enable a successful learning experience. Technical requirements include but are not limited to: Hardware • A Pentium processor or equivalent Mac system; Windows2000/XP • Internet access with 56.6 modem (minimum). A high-bandwidth connection...
Words: 670 - Pages: 3
...COURSE DESCRIPTION Introduces the concepts of finance. Reviews the basic tools and their use for making financial decisions. Explains how to measure and compare risks across investment opportunities. Analyzes how the firm chooses the set of securities it will issue to raise capital from investors as well as how the firm’s capital structure is formed. Examines how the choice of capital structure affects the value of the firm. Presents valuation and integrate risk, return and the firm’s choice of capital structure. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Required Resources Brigham, E. F., & Ehrhardt, M. C. (2014). Financial management (14th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Supplemental Resources MBA Primer Note: The MBA Primer is designed to help students with little or no educational background in business to prepare for the rigors of an MBA program. The MBA Primer is also a useful tool for students who have the business background but might need a refresher. It is a way to help you prepare for the types of activities and concepts that will be covered in the MBA program, so you can feel more comfortable and confident as you progress into higher level courses. Students are emailed an access code for this product when they purchase MBA Primer from the Strayer Bookstore, accessible through iCampus. CNN Money. (2013). General format. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/ Criniti, A. (2013). The necessity of finance. Philadelphia, PA: Criniti Publishing Company. ...
Words: 1233 - Pages: 5
...SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Graduate Programs in Finance Fall Quarter, 2011 FIN MF 820 Financial Policy Thursdays: 7:15-9:55 Instructor: Dr. Shahriar Khaksari, CFA Office: S432 Phone: 573-8366 Email: skhaksari@suffolk.edu The New Corporate Finance: Where Theory Meets Practice Mcgraw-Hill Series in Advanced Topics in Finance and Accounting Course Objective This course is designed to allow students to develop a deep understanding of financial theories, techniques, and models applied to the study of corporate financial decisions. It covers aspects of corporate strategy, industry structure, and the functioning of capital markets. The course consists of three segments. In the first segment, students do a comprehensive analysis of the assigned cases and prepare a written report that includes identification of major issues, alternative approaches, analysis of each alternative, and a concluding part in which students take a clear cut position in how they would approach the problem as a decision maker and defending their position. The Case study is done by groups (three to four students per group). The text analysis should not exceed five pages. It should be typed and double-spaced. A lengthy summary of the case is unnecessary and redundant. The space constraint should discipline students to be concise at differentiating major issues from the less important ones. All the tables, graphs and related...
Words: 1511 - Pages: 7