...miles , which is only equates to about a third of a percent of Africa’s total size. Divided into fifteen different counties all with their own capitals and sub districts, from some that have dated back one hundred fifty years to a county that dates back only nine years, Liberia is a country with many different people. With a diverse climate, Liberia’s coastal plains, tropical rainforests, plateaus, as well as low mountains provide many areas where habitation for humans is suitable. Unlike most of the countries in Northern Africa, Liberia is hardly affected by the exceptionally dry and ever expanding Sahara desert and has vast amount of rainfall coming in the season of rain which begins in May and ends in October, while the dry season, which is also constitutes as Liberia’s winter extends from November to March, with a transition period in April where it moves back to the wet season. During the dry season violent dry winds sweeps across much of the country. These Harmattan winds are carried over from the Sahara Desert pick up fine sand particles and spread them all over Western Africa limiting visibility and causing troubles for many that inhabit the country. Even with the adequate land which is much more than habitable then many other African climates, Liberia is still one of the poorest countries not only in Africa, but the entire world. Although Liberia used to actually have a pretty lucrative economy, which actually rivaled that of a small power, it has been reduced to...
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...between rival ethnic groups brought on by another countries influence. The first topic that is putting a hold on political progress is the fact that Africa is still dealing with the major problem of ethnic rivalry. What ethnic rivalry is, is a rivalry between different ethnic groups, these rivalries can bring forth conflicts and even worse, ethnic cleansing. Anyways this rivalry between tribes and different ethnic groups has put a halt on pretty much all of the political progress because of frequent civil wars. These civil wars are a direct result of the colonial era policies of divide and rule. What the divide and rule policy is, is the policy of maintaining control over one's subordinates or subjects by encouraging conflict between them. So basically the colonists were encouraging conflicts between different ethnic groups to maintain their control. But why did the Europeans do this you ask? Well they did this because they wanted to make it extremely difficult to come together as one people and unite against the colonial rule. Another cruel thing that the Europeans did to make it next to impossible for different ethnic groups to unite against colonial rule was put different...
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...Dike Published on 30 November -0001 Created on 18 November 2003 • Print • Email Posted by Victor E. Dike in Guest Articles on November 18, 20030 Comments | inShare Causes of Corruption The causes of corruption are myriad, and they have political and cultural variables. Some studies point to a link between ‘corruption and social diversity, ethno-linguistic fractionalization, and the proportions of country’s population adhering to different religious traditions’ (Lipset and Lenz, 2000). Yet, other studies note that corruption is widespread in most non-democratic countries and particularly in countries that have been branded ‘neo-patrimonial,’ ‘kleptocratic’ and ‘prebendal’ (Hope, et. al (eds.) 2000; Lewis, 1996; also see NORAD 2000). Thus the political system and the culture of a society could make the citizens more prone to corrupt activities. Recently, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) had to relieve some of its officials of their posts recently because they were corrupt. And it was not too long ago that all the commissioners of the European Union (EU) resigned because they, too, were found to be corrupt beyond acceptable limits. And quite recently, the Enron Corporation (energy giant) and World-Com (a telecommunication company) in the United States were perceived corrupt because they ‘manipulated their balanced sheets, profit and loss account and tax liabilities.’ And Arthur Andersen (Enron’s accountant) collapsed for greed and fraud, as it was charged...
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...Nigeria Chinelo Okekeocha A Practicum Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Public Administration Kennesaw State University May 2013 A Case Study of Corruption and Public Accountability in Nigeria Executive Summary In 2011, Nigeria was ranked 143th out of 182 countries surveyed by the Transparency International in its corruption perception index indicating the level of corruption in the country as compared to other countries. Although this came as an improvement from the previous years, it did not result from an improved system of governance, rather it was due to an increase in the number of countries that participated in the survey. Between 2010 and 2011, Nigeria’s rank actually decreased by 9 spots, showing an increase in corruption despite the efforts of the government to rid the nation of corruption. This survey shows a lack of accountability from public officials and a lax system of governance in the country. As a result corruptible acts are not...
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...CORRUPTION IN UGANDA: CAUSES, IMPACT AND SOLUTIONS, Martin Muhereza, M.A (Ethics and Public Management,MUK), Lecturer, Ethics, MMU Definition In this article, corruption is defined as moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles; "moral degeneracy followed by intellectual degeneration";(Merriam-Webster, on line un abridged dictionary) It is defined with words such as depravation, depravity, degeneracy, putrefaction immorality - the quality of not being in accord with standards of right or good conduct; Khan (1996) defines corruption as an act which deviates from the formal rules of conduct governing the actions of someone in a position of public authority because of private - regarding - motive such as wealth, power or status [6]. “Corruption is the perversion of integrity or state of affairs through bribery, favour or moral depravity” ... It takes place when at least two parties have interacted to change the structure or processes of society or the behaviour of functionaries in order to produce dishonest, unfaithful or defiled situations” [7]. In other words - corruption is a systematic vice in an individual, society or a nation which reflects favouritism, nepotism, tribalism, sectionalism, undue enrichment, amassing of wealth, abuse of office, power, position and derivation of undue gains and benefits. Daniel Treisman (1997) It is destroying someone's (or some group's) honesty or loyalty; undermining moral integrity; degradation, debasement - changing...
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...Extended Essay Business and Management Research Question How does operating in highly corrupt countries impact Shell's approach to operating ethically and with corporate social responsibility? Candidate Name: Lucas Pontes IB Candidate Number: 000416 - 0070 School Name: International School of The Hague Advisor: Jane Austin Date Submitted: 11 February 2014 Word Count: 3863 Abstract’s Word Count: 223 Abstract This essay is aimed at answering the question ‘How does operating in highly corrupt countries impact Shell's approach to operating ethically and with corporate social responsibility?’ In order to answer the question Business and Management tools and theory have been applied to Shell’s way of doing business, focusing on corrupt countries. The essay takes into consideration the causes of corruption or unethical behaviour, and links to what Shell could do, or have done, to prevent such behaviour. The information of this essay has come from the public domain as well as Shell’s internal policies such as their Code of Conduct, their General Business Principles and other websites listed in the bibliography. The way in which Shell is considered a business, which has a corporate social responsibility approach, was assessed by using external business tools such as SWOT analysis and Cause and Effect diagram. The analysis allow us to see that Shell is trying to minimise the level of corruption and unethical behaviours among Shell and its employees by adopting several...
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...As individual we are aware what is happening in our nation. There is a lot of problem that our country is facing are and one of the issues that can’t stopped is the Corruption of Government and as a individual as being part of this society we are affective of it. When we look the meaning of corruption in Wikipedia it will gave you this meaning Corruption is the abuse of bestowed power or position to acquire a personal benefit. Some of us choose to accept this because we are blinded of their black propaganda we don’t even think what will be the future of the next generation if we let this people continue to abuse their power. And when we say Governance it is a government is the system by which a state or community is controlled. In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. ------------------------------------------------- Effects[edit] Effects on politics, administration, and institutions[edit] In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability...
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...International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences Vol. 2, No.6; June 2012 Corruption: Causes and Effects in Pakistan’s Case (A Review Research) *Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan1, Dr. Naseer Ahmed Khan2, Sheraz Ahmed3, & Khalid Mehmood4 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN 2 Postmaster General, Pakistan Post, Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN, 3Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences University of Haripur, PAKISTAN, 4Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences Hazara University, PAKISTAN *tariq_phd@yahoo.com Abstract There is a growing worldwide concern over corruption at the present time. The increasing public interest and concern over corruption have resulted in a large amount of scholarly research on the subject. The concept of economic rent is important in corruption. In Pakistan, the corruption is deep rooted and has many dimensions. There are several causes and remedies for the public policy makers to root out corruption in Pakistan. Key Words: Corruption, Economic rent, Developmental obstacle. Social evil, Remedies Introduction Corruption is a universal curse around the world and exists in all the countries as a common phenomenon, both in developing or poorer countries and developed countries. The difference is only of the degrees of corruption. In the last five years, leading politicians in U.K., Belgium, France, Spain and Italy have been convicted of corruption and in fact, the entire European Commission ...
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...The False Claims Act The False Claims Act, enacted by Congress in 1863 to protect the Union troops from profiteers providing shoddy goods and rotten food during the Civil War, prompted Abraham Lincoln's drive to empower private citizens with the ability to file suit on behalf of the government against corrupt contractors. The act was revitalized in 1986 to combat fraud in the defense contracting industry. Today, the False Claims Act is the government's principal weapon in the prosecution of health care fraud. One may be held either civilly or criminally responsible for knowingly or recklessly submitting a fraudulent claim to the government. The statute permits private citizens, or relators, to file a civil action against any entity or individual violating its provisions. Violators are subject to treble damages plus civil fines of not less than $5,500 but not more than $11,000 per claim. Under the criminal statute, false claims are punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to five years, or both, for knowingly submitting a false statement for reimbursement. To prevail under the False Claims Act, the government or its relator must establish that: the defendant presented or caused to be presented a claim to the government for payment or approval; the claim was false or fraudulent; and the defendant knew that the claim was false or fraudulent. "Knowing" means actual knowledge of false information, or acts in deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction 333 years of Spanish Colonization. 42 years of New Worlds Domination. Almost 3 years of fear made by the Samurai’s aggression. These are mighty periods that strengthen the pillars for the creations a mighty Malayan Empire in the Pacific. Inhabited by different races, a melting pot, Philippines rise from the dust of a monumental failure to a proud-gallant nation. For almost half a century of foreign domination, half century of foreign exploitation, Philippines became a ripe fruit on the Asian Tree. A proud valiant archipelago of grandiose and influences, Philippines became a melting pot, a land where too many different races took part for the development of the land. Strategically located in the heart of the Pacific, Philippines is a stepping stone. Different foreigners will be first to land in the Filipino soil before passing other Asian Countries. Geographically located in the tropic, Philippines is vested by different natural resources. Philippines, a pebble on the shoe of other Great Asian Agricultural Countries, is also a great trading empire; not only in the Asian Trade but also with the International Trade. Known as a nation rich in Tropical Fruits, Philippines showcased her greatness in International Trade as she become leading Banana and Mango exporter in Asia. Also a renowned Rice Bowl of South East Asia, Philippines sheltered the development of world-class agricultural researches that would benefit not only the...
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...belief in anti-statism, utopianism, anti-clericalism and economic freedom. Anti-statism; * Authority is an offence against the principles of freedom and equality whilst oppressing and limiting human life. * Endorses absolute freedom and unrestrained political equality * Authority damages and corrupts those who are subject to it and those who hold it. * Since humans are free and autonomous creatures, to be subject to authority is to be diminished * To be in authority is to acquire an appetite for control and domination * The state is a sovereign body that exercises supreme power over individuals. It is unlimited and restricts behaviour, thinking, activity and economic life. * The state is compulsory and individuals are subject to it because of where they are born. * The state is a coercive body whose laws are backed up by punishment. * It can deprive individuals of their property, liberty and even life through punishment. * The state is exploitative in that it robs individuals through taxation. * It acts in allegiance with the wealthy and privileged to oppress the poor * The state is destructive as it can lead individuals into war where they are required to fight and die at the expense...
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...official currency quickly loses real value. Meanwhile, the real value of economic items generally stays the same with respect to one another, and remains relatively stable in terms of foreign currencies. This includes the economic items that generally constitute the government's expenses. There is no precise numerical definition to hyperinflation. Hyperinflation is a situation where the price increases are so out of control that the concept of inflation is meaningless. Hyperinflation is often associated with wars, their aftermath, socio-political upheavals, or other crises that make it difficult for the government to tax the population, as a sudden and sharp decrease in tax revenue coupled with a strong effort to maintain the status quo can be a direct trigger of hyperinflation. When associated with depressions, hyperinflation often occurs when there is a large increase in the money supply not supported by gross domestic product (GDP) growth, resulting in an imbalance in the supply and demand for the money. Left unchecked this causes prices to increase, as the currency loses its value. When associated with wars, hyperinflation often occurs when there is a loss of confidence in a currency's ability to maintain its value in the aftermath. Because of this, sellers demand a risk premium to accept the currency, and they do this by raising their prices. One of the most famous examples of hyperinflation occurred in Germany between January 1922 and November 1923. By some...
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...Introduction: The economy of Bangladesh is characterized as poor and developing. In a developing country like Bangladesh, hartal, crime and corruption are some of the major impediments of economic growth. All type of people suffers from these problems. During hartal, schools, colleges and universities, business institutions, offices, transportation and others facilities remain closed. So students can not join in class or seat in exam, the business people and officials cannot go to their workplace. During harlal,the poor, mainly, suffer a lot because they deprive from their daily earnings. The poor suffer from corruption in many ways. Their access to services, such as public health and education, is reduced when drugs and textbooks are stolen from public facilities and sold privately and when doctors and teachers have high rates of absenteeism from their public jobs and sell their services privately. Corruption invariably channels public resources to the rich–the poor lack the funds to bribe or pay for the private provision of services that are supposed to be provided for free as public services. Almost everybody suffers from corruption, but the poor suffer more. Economic crises tend to have a series of impacts on society and security, depending on their severity and on people’s capacities to cope with and adapt to stresses on livelihoods and community relations. this leads people to engage in crimes which in tern, hinder the economic growth of the country. Hartal: Hartal...
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...Mexican-America war: included California as well as parts of other Western territories. Fire-Eaters: A general unofficial term used to describe a group of Southern politicians who were extremely in favor of slavery and thus advocated for secession. Underground Railroad: A route that slaves took to secretly escape from their masters to freedom. Harriet Tubman: A particularly famous conductor of the railroad, helping to sneak hundreds of slaves out of servitude. William H. Seward: A somewhat radical politician who advocated for the abolition of slavery on moral grounds. Higher Law: The stance that...
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...implies increased skill and capability, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well being". Amaucheaz, in his submission stated that, development is a multi-dimensional process involving the totality of man in his political,, economical, psychological, social relations among others. Development as a concept is multi-dimensional phenomenon that embraces economics, political and socio-cultural aspect of a nation. When the political, social and economic conditions of a state are in good shape, that state qualifies to be termed developed or developing state. 3.2 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, NEED AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. The national development strategy is a means, way, and plan in which the government formulates and implements its policies in order to accelerate the rate of development in the policy. Obasanjo administration made series of efforts to lay a solid foundation for the socio-economic growth of the country. This he did through the National Economic Empowerment and development Strategy (NEEDS) and economic diplomacy. NEEDS is a development strategy to consolidate on the gains of previous years, unlock Nigeria’s dormant potential and provide the basis for sustained development of the country. Obasanjo reform on the 1999 constitution anchored on NEEDS. The NEEDS encapsulates...
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