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Cost Management in Clinical Trials

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1- Titre de l’article et référence bibliographique: The Costs of Conducting Clinical Research. EJ.Emanuel et al. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:4145-50

2- Auteur Principal : Ezekiel J.Emanuel, MD PhD.
Le Dr Emauel est professeur en gestion de soins de santé et chef du département de l’éthique médicale et de la politique de santé à l’université de Pennsylvanie. De Janvier 2009 à Janvier 2011, il a servi en tant que conseiller spécial pour la politique de la santé auprès de l’office de la gestion et du budget affilié de la maison blanche.
Le Dr Emanuel est cancérologue, il est le responsable du département de bioéthique au centre clinique de l’institut national de la santé. Il est diplômé de l’école de médecine de Harvard et a obtenu un doctorat en philosophie politique de l’université de Harvard. Après avoir achevé ses études spécialisées en cancérologie, le Dr Emanuel a rejoint le fameux Institut de cancérologie Dana Farber à Boston. Il enseigne dans différentes universités aux Etats-Unis. Le Dr Emmanuel a écrit et édité 9 ouvrages et plus de 200 publications scientifiques. Il est également correspondant pour le New York times.

3- Résumé personnel :
3-1 Mise en contexte :
• La réussite des projets de recherche cliniques de phase III appelées également études pivots représente une étape incontournable et cruciale dans le processus de mise sur le marché d’un médicament. De nos jours, les coûts des études de phase III deviennent de plus en plus élevés et particulièrement les coûts indirects ou non cliniques. Ce sont les coûts d’enrôlement de patients, difficilement quantifiables et sujet à grande variabilité.
• Le présent article fait la lumière sur l’importance de ces coûts à travers l’analyse d’une simulation de projet de recherche clinique en cancérologie.
• Cette analyse comporte des limites notamment; la taille réduite de l’échantillon étudié, l’applicabilité des résultats à des domaines autres que la cancérologie, le manque de rigueur dans l’estimation des coûts ainsi que le caractère subjectif de la collecte des données, ces dernières étant basées sur des questionnaires.
3-2 But et Objectifs de l’article
• L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’évaluer les coûts d’enrôlement de patients à travers une simulation d’un projet de recherche clinique de phase III randomisé pour un agent de chimiothérapie.
• Les objectifs secondaires incluent : o l’évaluation des coûts liés aux activités de recherche clinique vs les coûts liés aux activités d’enrôlement selon que le commanditaire soit gouvernemental ou industriel pharmaceutique. o l’évaluation des coûts liés aux activités de recherche clinique vs les coûts liés aux activités d’enrôlement selon que le lieu de pratique (Académique vs non académique) o l’évaluation des coûts liés aux activités de recherche clinique vs les coûts liés aux activités d’enrôlement selon la nature des intervenants (Médecins vs Cadres Paramédical vs Cadres de recherche) 3-3 Méthode d’analyse
• Recrutement de 21 sites de cancérologie à travers les Etats-Unis d’Amérique.
• Utilisation d’un Modèle de simulation basé sur un protocole randomisé contre placebo d’une chimiothérapie pour le traitement d’un cancer de la prostate
• Identification de 13 type d’activités importante dans la conduite réussie d’un projet recherche clinique
• Collection des données à travers des questionnaires écrits et oraux conduits dans les 21 sites
• Conversion des temps alloués en coûts en utilisant les grilles salariales actuarielles de 1999 pour chaque site.
L’hypothèse à valider serait que les temps alloués aux activités d’enrôlement sont élevés.

3-4 Résultats
• Les temps alloués aux activités non cliniques (enrôlement) représentent environ 30% du total du temps pour conduire le projet de recherche. Ce pourcentage est comparable selon que le commanditaire soit gouvernemental (28%) ou industriel pharmaceutique (32%).
• Les temps alloués aux activités cliniques sont plus important dans les centres académiques et plus particulièrement lorsque le commanditaire est industriel pharmaceutique.

3-5 Conclusion :

Pour un gestionnaire de projet de recherche clinique avisé, il est important de considérer les aspects non liés à l’activité princeps qu’est la recherche en tant que telle. Les aspects non techniques sont souvent négligés voire sous-estimés. Une telle sous-estimation peut nuire à la bonne marche du projet.

A travers cet article, on découvre que le coût lié au simple exercice de recrutement des patients engrange un minimum de 30% du budget global. Ce coût devient même plus important selon que le commanditaire provienne de l’industrie du médicament.

Par ailleurs, les autorités sanitaires ne cessent d’élever le niveau d’exigence du cahier de charge à remplir pour qu’une molécule puisse être approuvée ceci a fait en sorte que les coûts de la recherche clinique a augmenté de façon exponentielle durant ses dernières années.
Effet, l’implication de sites de recherche académiques devient quasi-obligatoire car elle dénote du caractère sérieux et rigoureux souhaité avec lequel l’étude a été menée. Ces sites sont particulièrement sollicités par un grand nombre de compagnies pharmaceutiques qui vont se concurrencer pour implémenter leurs projets recruter et se disputer un même patient.
Ainsi, pour élever le niveau de motivation de la part d’une institution à privilégier le recrutement de patients dans son protocole, une compagnie n’hésitera pas à augmenter les montants alloués aux activités de recrutement. De plus, les amendements de protocoles assez fréquents, peuvent augmenter la charge de travail du personnel de recherche donc coûts imprévus rajoutés.

En somme, la gestion des coûts pour mener à un bien un projet de recherche clinique doit tenir compte de l’importance des coûts non liés à la recherche et d’y consacrer des budgets conséquents. Elle doit également tenir compte des facteurs environnementaux qui influent sur le processus de conduite du projet notamment le domaine thérapeutique considéré (un protocole en cancérologie est plus onéreux qu’un protocole dans la rhumatologie), le nombre de centre de recherches académiques impliqués (plus leur nombre est important, plus chère est la facture). Enfin la gestion des coûts en recherche passe par une connaissance de l’environnement concurrentiel car les budgets subissent comme partout ailleurs, selon la loi de l’offre et de la demande.

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