...Cost of Capital Introduction This paper examines key elements of a cost of capital policy to facilitate objective management and allocation of corporate funds. In order for a company to make long-term investments to grow, whether that is new equipment, new products or other assets, managers must be aware of the cost of acquiring any of these assets. The obvious objective for these managers is to earn more than the cost of capital and in doing so will increase their company’s market value. If they fail to adequately estimate their cost of capital and their long-term investments fall beneath the cost of capital, their company’s market value will decline as a result. This ongoing battle of managing and calculating the cost of capital and how to budget them accordingly is extremely important in providing the necessary goals of increasing value to their company’s stockholders. The information that managers use will ultimately dictate the outcomes of their company’s cost of capital policy and how the allocate corporate funds. This paper will highlight several processes and elements managers use in determining capital cost. Functions for Decision Making When corporate managers think about the cost of capital and cost allocation, there are several factors that must be analyzed and weighed. First, managers need to look at the general economic condition for their industry as well as overall market. These would include the demand and supply of capital within the economy, and any...
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...The role of capital in resolving agency conflicts between different groups of bank stakeholders. 1. Introduction This essay discusses the role of capital in resolving agency conflicts between different groups of bank stakeholders, by discussing two papers. The first paper is a descriptive paper written by Berger, Herring, and Szego (2005), called “The Role of Capital in Financial Institutions”. The second paper, “Caught in Between Scylla and Charybdis? Regulating Bank Leverage When There Is Rent Seeking and Risk Shifting”, is a theoretical paper by Acharya, Mehran and Thakor (2013). Both articles examine agency conflicts between different bank stakeholders and how capital could be used to reduce these conflicts. The rest is the paper is structured as follows. Chapter 2 discusses the paper of Berger et al., starting with the question why markets require financial institutions to hold capital, and why financial institutions differ from other companies. Next, we discuss why regulators require capital and why the market is not self-regulating, followed by the unintended consequences of regulation. Chapter 3 discusses the paper of Acharya et al., which starts by discussing two important moral hazard problems. Next, the base model is examined, followed by the extended model. Finally, we conclude by summarizing our findings and discuss the validity of both papers. 2. The role of capital in financial institutions The theoretical paper of Berger, Herring and Szegö (1995), examines...
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...of the research paper | 3 | 2 | Introduction | 3 | 3 | Research methodology | 3-4 | 4 | Conclusion | 4 | 5 | Limitations and future direction of research | 4-5 | | (a) Limitations | 4 | | (b) Future direction of research | 5 | BEST PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL 1. THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: It is a survey research paper presenting the results of the cost of capital survey of advisors, corporations etc showing a close alignment among the groups on the use of common theoretical framework and on many aspects of estimation. Variations are found on large number of joint choices regarding cost of capital. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC: The paper is about presenting evidence that how some of the most financially sophisticated companies and financial advisers estimate capital cost. The evidence to be presents is valuable in several aspects. First is to identify the most important ambiguities in the application of cost of capital theory and the second is helping interested companies benchmarking their cost of capital estimation practices against best practice peers. Third is that the evidence sheds light on the accuracy with which the capital costs can be reasonably estimated. The cost of capital can be computed by the following, i. The weighted average cost of capital. ii. Sample selection. iii. Survey findings. iv. Impacts of various assumptions for using CAPM. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This paper presents the results...
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...TAXATION PAPERS WORKING PAPER N.33 - 2012 Serena Fatica Thomas Hemmelgarn Gaëtan Nicodème The Debt-Equity Tax Bias: consequences and solutions Taxation and customs union Taxation Papers are written by the staff of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, or by experts working in association with them. Taxation Papers are intended to increase awareness of the work being done by the staff and to seek comments and suggestions for further analyses. The views expressed in the Taxation Papers are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Comments and inquiries should be addressed to: TAXUD TAXATION-PAPERS@ec.europa.eu Cover photo made by Milan Pein Despite all our efforts, we have not yet succeeded in identifying the authors and rights holders for some of the images. If you believe that you may be a rights holder, we invite you to contact the Central Audiovisual Library of the European Commission. This paper is available in English only. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through EUROPA at: http://europa.eu. For information on EU tax policy visit the European Commission's website at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/index_en.htm ...
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...April 19, 1994 Publication Date: January 1995 Chapter Title: Corporate Taxes and the Cost of Capital for U.S. Multinationals Chapter Author: Joosung Jun, James R. Hines Jr., R. Glenn Hubbard Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7724 Chapter pages in book: (p. 21 - 28) 3 Corporate Taxes and the Cost of Capital for U.S. Multinationals Joosung Jun 3.1 Introduction Tax rules affect the ability of U.S. firms to compete in foreign markets with local and other foreign firms. The primary channel through which taxes exert this influence is by changing the cost of capital. The competitive ability of firms that face different costs of capital depends on how capital intensive they are and how sensitive the demand for their product is to the price. This paper does not attempt to look at specific products, but does estimate how tax rules alter the cost of capital for U.S. firms and competing firms in a variety of foreign markets. Past comparative studies of the cost of capital have been mostly concerned with domestic investment between countries. A typical finding of these studies is that, during the past decade, the cost-of-capital gap between countries has been largely attributable to differences in the domestic cost of funds, leaving relatively little room for the role of tax systems. In the case of multinational investment, however, an international comparison of the cost of capital is complicated by the possibility of overlapping tax jurisdictions and the possibility...
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...The purpose of this paper, prepared by Jessica Chan under the supervision of Robert F. Bruner is about analyzing the companies Coca Cola and Pepsi after Pepsi has announced a merger with Quaker Oats Company with a deal at around $14 billion. With this deal Pepsi would have access to 83.6% of the sport drink market and around 33% of the U.S. noncarbonated-beverage market, followed by Coke with 21%. The paper wants to answer the questions how the latest announcement of Pepsi has an effect on the two companies´ prospects for value creation by showing the company background of both companies, giving a briefly industry overview of the beverage market and competitive events and establishing a financial comparison, especially with ratio and economic profit analysis. In the world Coca Cola and Pepsi have towered as the two leading brands of beverages. In the year 2000, Coca Cola was the largest manufacturer, distributor, marketer of soft-drink concentrates and syrups in the world and its market value reached $110.01 billion. On the other side Pepsi was a $20 billion worth company in 2000, acting in the snack food, soft drink and noncarbonated beverage market. Both companies have reached worldwide expansion of their markets, which include a large product range of beverages, apparel and paraphernalia with their respective logos. Both have grown into longstanding global and social industry leaders. Coca Cola´s annual sales were $20.5 billion which were earned also through a variety of...
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...Assignment, Case 2B (Mendel Paper Company) Discussion 1, Ethics in Cost Control Discussion 2, Fixed and Variable Costs WEEK 2 Written Assignment Case 3A (Auerbach Enterprises) Discussion 1, Product Costs Discussion 2, Job Order Costing vs. Process Costing WEEK 3 Written Assignment Case 5A (Glaser Health Products) Discussion 1, Allocating Joint Costs Discussion 2, Variable/Absorption Costing WEEK 4 Written Assignment Case 6B (Chester & Wayne) Discussion 1, Budgeting Comments Discussion 2, Standard Cost System Journal Budgets and Employee Morale WEEK 5 Discussion 1, Capital Investment Evaluation Discussion 2, Ranking Investment Alternatives Written Assignment Case 9A (Middlehurst House) WEEK 6 Final Paper, Analyze the Role of Managerial Accounting Discussion 1, Evaluating Performance Discussion 2, Non value- Added Costs in a Doctor's Office BUS 630 Managerial Accounting Entire Course Week 1 to 6 Purchase here http://homeworkonestop.com/BUS%20630/bus-630-managerial-accounting-entire-course-week-1-to-6 Product Description BUS 630, Managerial Accounting WEEK 1 Written Assignment, Case 2B (Mendel Paper Company) Discussion 1, Ethics in Cost Control Discussion 2, Fixed and Variable Costs WEEK 2 Written Assignment Case 3A (Auerbach Enterprises) Discussion 1, Product Costs Discussion 2, Job Order Costing vs. Process Costing WEEK 3 Written Assignment Case 5A (Glaser Health Products) Discussion 1, Allocating Joint Costs Discussion 2, Variable/Absorption...
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...TOPIC: ANALYSIS OF EQUITY SHARE CAPITAL AS A SOURCE OF FINANCE IN AN ORGANISATION RESEARCH PAPERS The 2 research papers under study are 1. The effect of CEO ownership and shareholder rights on cost of equity share capital. 2. What motivates seasoned equity offerings? Evidence from the use of issue proceeds. COST OF EQUITY CAPITAL AND ITS EFFECTS TO THE MANAGEMENT Introduction This paper investigates the cost of equity capital and its effects to the management which intends to hinder shareholders right. The purpose of which is to investigate whether managerial ownership affects the associations between the shareholders rights and the cost of equity capital. There are two variables in the article which can be clearly identified. The variables are; 1) The shareholders rights and 2) The cost of the equity capital. 1) THE SHAREHOLDERS Shareholders should have the right to discipline the managers, who are the employees of the organization, in the case of the mismanagement or the improper use of the funds. The shareholders have right to demand for the success of the organization through competing aggressively in order to gain profitability. The shareholders have right to elect and remove the management from the office and also to access or evaluate the books of accounts of the organization. 2) COST OF EQUITY CAPITAL Rate of return of equity Current market price and the nominal value of equity capital CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THE AGENCY PROBLEMS: THE MANAGEMENT...
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...idle. Company The Dixon Corporation is a specialty chemicals company that supplies primarily to the paper and pulp industry. The company’s products are mainly used by paper companies as a bleaching agent for pulp. Dixon’s principal plant was located in Calhoun, Georgia, and mostly supplied paper and pulp companies in the southeastern United States. The company achieved strong growth with a compounded annual growth sales of 17% for the past 5 years (1974-1979) and improved net margins to 9.5% by 1979 as the sodium chlorate market remained resilient despite the difficult economic situation. Customers The primary customers of the sodium chlorate producers are the paper and pulp industry, which accounts for approximately 85% of total production. As such, growth in the markets will essentially mirror growth in the pulp & paper industry. The 1970s was a turbulent period for the paper and pulp industry, marked by greatly intensified competition, periods of overcapacity (especially in 1976), a deep recession in mid-decade, rapidly rising inflation throughout the industrial world and a decline in the competitiveness of the U.S. economy as a whole. Despite this, the paper and pulp industry remained resilient with growth expected to pick-up by the 1980s as the U.S. economy recovers and the prospect for substantial future growth in the worldwide use of pulp and paper. As such, the outlook for the sodium...
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...Proposal for Research On Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited. Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216 Proposal for Research On Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited. Prepared for Md. Sawkat Ali Lieutenant Colonel Internship Supervisor Faculty of Business Studies Prepared by |Ronald Halder | |ID – M 0910013 | |M.B.A 10th batch | Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216 September 19, 2010 December 19, 2010 Md. Sawkat Ali Lieutenant Colonel Internship Supervisor Faculty of Business Studies Bangladesh University of Professionals Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216. Dear Sir: Subject: Submission of Proposal for research on “Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited”. Here I developed a proposal on “Capital Structure Determinants of the Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh: A study in Incepta pharmaceutical Company Limited”. The proposal will focus on the steps of research through several variables. The main findings of the research will be to find out the determinants of capital structure and find the most vital one through statistical analysis and interpretation. I highly appreciate you for creating such opportunity...
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...financial firms to assemble risk information. I look beyond questions of risk measurement methodology to investigate the implications of risk management information systems. By examining several theoretical models of the firm in the presence of asymmetric information, I explore how a financial firm’s capital budgeting, incentive compensation, capital structure, and risk management activities are likely to change as it becomes less costly to assemble risk information. I also explore the likely effects of the falling cost of assembling risk information on a financial firm’s organizational structure. Two common themes emerge: centralization within the firm and increased disclosure of risk information outside the firm are both likely to increase. 1 Introduction Financial dealer firms have invested heavily in recent years to develop information systems for risk measurement and management.1 These systems gather data on a firm’s risk positions and compute statistical measurements, such as Value-atRisk, to assess the magnitude of the risks faced by the firm. Increasingly, the uses of these information systems go beyond measurement. They are now beginning to be used for capital allocation and incentive compensation. Previous literature, such as Gibson (1997), discussed how risk management information systems make it possible for financial firms to improve their risk * Email: michael.s.gibson@frb.gov. The author is a staff economist in the Division of International Finance...
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...Interpreting in journal in ledger and in Financial Statements financial information in order to make decisions Financial Statements Financial Statements present information about The financial position of an entity Its financial performance during accounting period Its cash flow Financial statements are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Statement of Financial Position Statement of Comprehensive Income/income statement Statement of Cash Flow Statement of changes in Equity Notes to the Financial Statements Elements of Financial Statements Statement of Financial Position shows the financial position of an entity as at a particular date. The financial position is shown by assets, liabilities and equity (capital) Income statement shows the financial performance of an...
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...Jacque Final Review Guide 1) Operating Leverage vs. financial leverage: Laurence A high degree of Operating Leverage means that a relatively low change in sales will result in large change in EBIT. If all things are held constant, the higher the firm’s fixed cost the greater its Operating Leverage. In Jacque’s words, this has to do with volatility of the top line. Those firms are usually highly automated, capital intensive, hire highly skilled individuals (read pay them huge salaries), and engage into costly R&D activities. Effects of Operating Leverage on Business Risk: (if all other things held constant) the higher a firm’s Operating Leverage, the higher its business risk. This is because in lower economical cycles, the firm will still be incurring its fixed cost. However, remember that higher risk usually commands for a higher return on investment. Financial leverage is the use of debt to finance the activities of a business. Financial risk is the additional risk put on the shareholder when management decides to finance with debt. The more debt a firm takes on, the more concentrated the business risk on the shareholder because the shareholder is a residual claimant. This results in a higher expected rate of return on the investment by the shareholder. Consequences of an increase in leverage (Leverage ↑): * Expected ROE ↑ * Stockholder risk ↑ * Standard deviation ↑ * Coefficient of variation ↑ 2) Cash-Flow statement and valuation: Natalia ...
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...THE COST OF CAPITAL AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN: A NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH Submitted by ZAHIR SHAH Assistant professor, Government College of Commerce Mansehra, N.W.F.P A research paper submitted to Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) to be presented in the Annual Conference 2003. FISCAL INCENTIVES, THE COST OF CAPITAL AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN: A NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH1 By ZAHIR SHAH• Abstract This paper analyses the attractiveness of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan with special emphasis on the cost of capital element in effecting the rate of return and the internal cash flow for investment of the investing firms. Using the Jorgenson’s Neo-classical Investment Model the cost of capital is computed after considering the taxation policy and the treatment of invested capital. The paper elaborated fiscal provisions and their implications on the investment environment specifically available to foreign investors in Pakistan. The computed results show consistent and influencing impact of the cost of capital on FDI inflows. The objective of the study is to explore the a realistic and in depth investigation of the tax concessions and the response of investors. The paper argues that fiscal incentives are more appropriate in attracting FDI as these have no direct drain over public resources and are increase the after tax return by availing the tax holidays and depreciation allowances. 1. Introduction Capital can move...
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...Lawrence Sports Simulation: Managing Liquidity Lawrence Sports Simulation: Managing Liquidity This paper will discuss the three alternative working capital policies that manage working capital. Team D will identify the policy in which the team believes that Lawrence uses and will then make a recommendation on what policy Lawrence Sports should continue to use. This paper will then go on to include an evaluation of the risks that are associated with each of the policies as well as discuss the contingencies for the policy in which is recommended. This paper will also discuss the performance measures that could be used to evaluate the team’s recommendation. Finally, this paper will discuss an implementation plan for the team’s recommendation. Alternate Capital Policies Current Policy (Conservative Approach) The current policy in place at Lawrence is one that can be considered a conservative approach. The Conservative Approach uses long-term financing for the company’s long term assets, a few of the company’s temporary current assets, and all of the company’s permanent current assets (Emery et al., 2008). This has resulted in high costs of financing for Lawrence Sports with little risk; causing the company’s profitability to be low. Simply put; Lawrence has predominantly financed all of its current assets using long-term sources of financing where only a small portion of its assets sing short-term financing. This presents the risk of Lawrence developing a liquidity issue...
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