...6 Submitted To: University of Sargodha canal campus Lahore Contents * Define Psychology * History of Psychology * Purpose of studying Psychology * Difference b/w Applied and Research Psychology Braches of Psychology * Clinical Psychology * Organizational Psychology * Health Psychology * Family Psychology * Experimental Psychology * Environmental Psychology * Educational Psychology * Developmental Psychology * Counseling Psychology * Community Psychology Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences * Linguistic Intelligence * Mathematical-Logical Intelligence * Spatial Intelligence * Intrapersonal Intelligence * Kinesthetic Intelligence * Interpersonal Intelligence * Naturalist Intelligence * Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence Maslow Theory of Human Needs * Hierarchy * Physiological needs * Safety needs * Love and belonging * Esteem * Self-actualization * Self-transcendence DEFINE PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS HISTORY? DEFINITION Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior that includes the study of mental processes that influence overt behavior. Psychology is a science like biology, physics, or chemistry. Psychologists use scientific techniques to build a body of knowledge about behavior and mental processes. HISTORY Today, psychology is largely defined as "the study of behavior and mental...
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...dimension of human existence, particularly in the selfdestructive antithesis of instinctual conflict. The locus of these destructive impulses is internalized in the individual and not merely derivative from civilization. In this respect, Freud’s portrayal of the human condition has more depth than romantic humanism and yields significant points of correlation with the Christian understanding of sin, guilt, and the need for redemption. Regarding Freud’s theory of personality, there appears to be no unified structure or functional unity between the id, the ego, and the superego, and these personality components are described in intuitive and literary terms that elude scientific analysis. Instead, they are often personified as homunculi that operate in monochromatic ways, yielding a theory that does not adequately account for the richness, complexity, and diversity of human personality. In spite of his commitment to a scientific world view, Freud’s ideas were less objective and scientific than he liked to think. His theory was based more on clinical impressions than on controlled empirical methods. The accumulation of data and presentation of conclusions is...
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...neurologist Jean Charcot at Salpetriere, the famous Paris hospital for nervous diseases. So far Freud’s work had been entirely concentrated on physical sciences but Charcot’s work, at that time, concentrated more on hysteria and hypnotism. Freud’s studies under Charcot, which centered largely on hysteria, influenced him greatly in channelising his interests to psychopathology. In 1886, Freud established his private practice in Vienna specializing in nervous diseases and soon afterwards got to his fiancée Martha Bernays, who came from a well-known Jewish family in Hamburg. In 1888, Freud started using hypnotism in his practice. But, later he dropped it and started using a method, which was being used by Dr. Josef Breuer. The method was based on the assumption that hysteria was a product of psychical trauma, which had been long forgotten by the patient,...
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...Psychology Not to be confused with Phycology, Physiology, or 1 Etymology Psychiatry. Further information: Outline of psychology and Index The word psychology literally means, “study of the soul" of psychology articles (ψυχή psukhē, “breath, spirit, soul” and -λογία -logia, “study of” or “research”).[10] The Latin word psycholoPsychology is an academic and applied discipline that gia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist involves the scientific study of mental functions and Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione anbehaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of imae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th understanding individuals and groups by both establish- century.[11] The earliest known reference to the word ing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit in The Physical Dictionary which refers to “Anatomy, society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified the Soul.”[12] as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. 2 History Psychologists explore concepts such as perception...
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...sure that employee satisfaction is high among the workers, which is a precondition for increasing productivity, responsiveness, quality, and customer service. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the level of employee satisfaction and work motivation in Supermarket Prisma in Mikkeli. It also deals with the effect the culture has on employee satisfaction. The theoretical framework of this thesis includes such concepts as leadership, job satisfaction, motivation, rewards and cultural differences. The empirical part of the thesis and the questionnaire were created according to the mentioned concepts. The questionnaire also included parts where the questions about expectations of the employee, work environment and job organization were asked. Based on the research it can be said that the level of employee satisfaction in Prisma Mikkeli is high, although there is still a room for improvements. One of the biggest strength of the organization is the relationship and communication between the employees and the managers. The biggest improvement is needed in the field of the financial rewards, because most of the employees are not showing high...
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...provide summary answers to three main questions about transformational leadership. What is it? How is it applied? What are some of its key weaknesses? In the course of the discussion, the following pages also provide a brief background to the origins of transformational leadership theory and point quickly to a possible theoretical future for a transformed transformational leadership. Transformational Leadership TheoryAccording to Cox (2001), there are two basic categories of leadership: transactional and transformational. The distinction between transactional and transformational leadership was first made by Downton (1973, as cited in Barnett, McCormick & Conners, 2001) but the idea gained little currency until James McGregor Burns’ (1978) work on political leaders was published. Burns distinguished between ordinary (transactional) leaders, who exchanged tangible rewards for the work and loyalty of followers, and extraordinary (transformational) leaders who engaged with followers, focused on higher order intrinsic needs, and raised consciousness about the significance of...
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...sure that employee satisfaction is high among the workers, which is a precondition for increasing productivity, responsiveness, quality, and customer service. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the level of employee satisfaction and work motivation in Supermarket Prisma in Mikkeli. It also deals with the effect the culture has on employee satisfaction. The theoretical framework of this thesis includes such concepts as leadership, job satisfaction, motivation, rewards and cultural differences. The empirical part of the thesis and the questionnaire were created according to the mentioned concepts. The questionnaire also included parts where the questions about expectations of the employee, work environment and job organization were asked. Based on the research it can be said that the level of employee satisfaction in Prisma Mikkeli is high, although there is still a room for improvements. One of the biggest strength of the organization is the relationship and communication between the employees and the managers. The biggest improvement is needed in the field of the financial rewards, because most of the employees are not showing high...
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...Karin-mod Style CONTENTS Learning unit PREFACE SECTION 1 A theoretical framework 1 The pastoral role of the educator in South African public schools: a theoretical framework SECTION 2 Practical examples 2 Understanding cultural diversity in my public school classroom 3 The ABC of building schools for an integrated South African society à diverse people unite 4 Education for human rights and inclusivity 5 Child abuse: an educator's guide for the Senior Phase and FET 6 HIV/AIDS education at school 7 Educators' pastoral role in their schools and communities: an opportunity to care SECTION 3 Crisis and trauma in adolescence 8 Crisis: the theory 9 The crisis intervener and the person in crisis: prevention, prejudice and the intervener 10 Crisis intervention: general models 11 The skills for ensuring a positive relationship and interview between the crisis intervener and the adolescent in crisis SECTION 4 The religious world of the learner 12 Understanding religious diversity in my school 186 122 136 144 168 16 24 41 57 81 92 Page (iv) 2 EDPHOD8/1/2012±2014 (iii) PREFACE The study material for this module comprises four sections. Section 1: The theoretical framework for the pastoral role of the educator (see learning unit 1) Section 2: Practical examples to illustrate the applied competence of the community, citizenship and pastoral role (see learning units 2 to 7) Section 3: Knowledge, skills, values and attitudes pertaining to the handling of crises and trauma in adolescent...
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...the following terms refers to educating, instructing, and training subordinates? A) mentoring B) coaching C) appraising D) grading E) recruiting Answer: B Explanation: Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding. Recruiting refers to searching for job candidates. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344 Chapter: 10 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 2) The process of advising, counseling, and guiding employees is known as ________. A) coaching B) appraising C) assessing D) mentoring E) training Answer: D Explanation: Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding. Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates. Both coaching and mentoring skills are needed for appraising employees, but appraising and assessing refer to rating an employee. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 344 Chapter: 10 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 3) ________ focuses on helping an employee make long-term career plans, while ________ addresses an employee's short-term job skills. A) Mentoring, coaching B) Coaching, mentoring C) Recruiting, coaching D) Recruiting, mentoring E) Mentoring, recruiting Answer: A Explanation: Mentoring means advising, counseling, and guiding an employee towards long-term career goals. Coaching means educating, instructing, and training subordinates in performing short-term job-related skills. Recruiting refers to searching for job candidates. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 344 Chapter: 10 Objective:...
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...Organizational Behavior - MGT502 VU MGT - 502 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Lesson 1 OVERVIEW OF COURSE This subject/course is designed to teach the basic language of organizational behavior to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of organizational behavior whether you intend to work in any field of interest. Organizational behavior offers both challenges and opportunities for managers. It recognizes differences and helps managers to see the value of workforce diversity and practices that may need to be changed when managing in different countries. It can help improve quality and employee productivity by showing managers how to empower their people as well as how to design and implement change programs. It offers specific insights to improve a manager’s people skills. In times of rapid and ongoing change, faced by most managers today, OB can help managers cope in a world of “temporariness” and learn ways to stimulate innovation. Finally, OB can offer managers guidance in creating an ethically healthy work climate. Managers need to develop their interpersonal or people skills if they are going to be effective in their jobs. Organizational behavior (OB) is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within an organization, and then applies that knowledge to make organizations work...
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...This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2007, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2487-4 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com CONTENTS xvii Dedicated to My Parents Shri Gopalrao and Gayabai Kondalkar This page intentionally left blank Preface Globalisation, technology advancement, open market system and desire of human beings to excel in the field one works has increased competitiveness and resultant work stress. Management of human behaviour and chanalizing it into correct direction has become important. Application of motivational theories, art of leadership and skill of redesigning jobs and modification to organisational structure is an on going process that facilitates positive work environment leading to increased job satisfaction of employees, greater productivity and organizational growth. Due to scientific advancement managing human resources is more challenging. It has been observed that everybody...
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...Library and Information Center Management Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon CenTeR ManageMenT Seventh Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran Library and Information Science Text Series Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stueart, Robert D. Library and information...
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...Instructor’s Manual Jane Murtaugh College of DuPage BUSINESS IN ACTION 3rd Edition COURTLAND L. BOVEE JOHN V. THILL & BARBARA E. SCHATZMAN Introduction This Instructor’s Manual brings together a set of completely integrated support materials designed to save instructors the trouble of finding and assembling the resources available for each chapter of the text. 1. Course Planning Guide Included in the guide are suggestions for course design, classroom activities, and supplemental teaching aids. 2. Learning Objectives and Summary of Learning Objectives For each chapter, learning objectives and the summary of the learning objectives are listed. 3. Brief Chapter Outlines For each chapter, a brief chapter outline is provided. 4. Lecture Notes and Chapter Outlines For each chapter, a comprehensive outline is provided, as well as a variety of stimulating lecture enrichment materials. 5. Real-World Cases At least two real-world cases related to chapter material are included for each chapter. 6. Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Answers to the end-of-chapter questions are provided, as well as suggested teaching tips when appropriate. 7. Answers to See It on the Web Exercises Following the end-of-chapter questions, answers to the See It on the Web Exercises can be found, along with tips for the instructor. Answers to Boxed Features In each chapter, students are presented with at least two supplemental “boxes,” both containing questions about the material discussed. Answers...
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...subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people working for you, in both cases you will be dealing with people. To be understandable and lively means that we need to communicate you. We start every chapter with learning objectives. The most important thing you will get out of this course are the basic skills required to succeed in today’s environment which are, you must be able to communicate, think creatively, plan effectively and deal with people. Copyright © Virtual University of Pakistan 1 Human Resource Management (MGT501) INTRODUCTION TO HRM After studying this chapter, students should be able to understand the following: Describe HRM? Explain why are we concerned about HRM? Discuss Road-map of HRM VU Lesson 1 LESSON OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the students with the basic concepts of the human resource management (HRM). During the lecture, we will be discussing the three main things, i.e. the introduction to HRM, the importance of HRM, and a brief discussion of the Resource topics that will follow today’s lecture. A basic concept of management states that...
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...1 LESSON NO. 1 ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR INTRODUCTION Org. Behaviour (in short called as OB) is concerned with the study of the behaviour and interaction of people in restricted or organised settings. It involves understanding people and predicting their behaviour, and knowledge of the means by which their behaviour is influenced and shaped. Organisations are bodies or entities created for a stated purpose They may consist of one or more people. In the case of a sole trader or single operator, he needs to build relationships with suppliers, contractors, customers, clients, and the community. For those that consist of more than one person, internal as well as external relationships have to be created and maintained. Organisations therefore consist of individuals, groups, and relationships. Objectives, structures, systems and processes are then created to give direction and order to activities and interactions. OB is thus of great concern to anyone who organises, creates, orders, directs, manages, or supervises the activities of others. It is also of concern to those who build relationships between individuals, groups of people, different parts of organisation between different organisation, for all these activities are founded on human interactions. OB is therefore concerned with:1. The purposes for which organisations are created 2. The behaviour of individuals, and an understanding of the pressures and influences that cause them to act and react in particular ways. 3. The qualities...
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