...I consider discussion 3, causes and correlations, my strongest example of writing for two reasons: counter-arguments and passion for helping. After reading Mr. Malcolm Gladwell’s chapter on “The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes”, I was given the opportunity to challenge Mr. Gladwell’s theory. I feel I excelled at countering his arguments. My responses were sound and strong. I touched on every point Mr. Gladwell made reference to in his chapter, and successfully countered them with examples of my own. I took the advice my teacher gave, and pretended I was in a podium addressing a group of policy makers. This visualization helped realize this is the chance to save lives (without being over dramatic), In other words I showed passion for the...
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...While isolated cases of failure by armed personnel exist, evidence suggests that implementing comprehensive gun control measures, including background checks and restrictions on gun access, can contribute to a significant reduction in overall gun-related incidents. Striking a balance between individual rights and public safety is paramount.To counter arguments against comprehensive gun control, it is essential to examine the broader impact of such measures. One key aspect is the correlation between stricter gun control laws and a decrease in overall gun-related incidents. According to the CDC, in 2021, close to 49,000 gun deaths occurred in the United States, with only a small fraction attributed to mass shootings. “The CDC reported that in 2021, there were close to 49,000 gun deaths in the United States; of those, only a small fraction were caused by mass shootings (Michael Issitt).” This statistic serves as a crucial rebuttal, demonstrating that the majority of gun-related deaths are not the result of mass...
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...Systematic design of 3-bit counter with D flip-flops • Follow same procedure as before, building up the transition table • The difference is in the inputs needed for the flip-flops: the behaviour of a D flip-flop is much simpler: - Qn+1 = D - i.e. Q output after clock transition = D input at transition (which depends on the present states of the flip-flops) - value of Qn (before clock transition) has no direct effect - it is just a simple memory cell (latch) • There are no “don’t care” inputs for a simple counter, which leads to more complicated logic. State transition table for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops The ‘present state’ and ‘next state’ columns are the same as for the JKs present state label 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 A 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 next state C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 B 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 A 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 inputs needed DC 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 DB 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 DA 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Because the D flip-flops are simple memories, the inputs needed are identical to the next state. Simply copy the columns across — that’s all there is to it! K-maps for 3-bit counter with D flip-flops BA DC C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 1 BA 0 1 1 0 0 1 There are no “don’t care” entries here. DC = A ⋅ C + B ⋅C + A ⋅ B ⋅C = ( A + B )⋅ C + A ⋅ B⋅ C = ( A⋅ B) ⋅C + ( A⋅ B) ⋅C = ( A⋅ B) ⊕ C DB = A⋅ B + A ⋅ B = A⊕ B DB C 0 1 00 01 11 10 0 0 BA 1 1 0 0 1 1 DA C 0 1 00 01 11 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 DA = A Compare expressions for JK and D flip-flops J=K A B C D 1 A...
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...COUNTERS A counter is simply a device that counts. Counters may be used to count operations, quantities, or periods of time. They may also be used for dividing frequencies, for addressing information in storage, or for temporary storage. Counters are a series of FFs wired together to perform the type of counting desired. They will count up or down by ones, twos, or more. In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flop, and a wide variety of classifications exist: • Asynchronous (ripple) counter – changing state bits are used as clocks to subsequent state flip-flops • Synchronous counter – all state bits change under control of a single clock • Decade counter – counts through ten states per stage • Up/down counter – counts both up and down, under command of a control inputMontgomery • Ring counter – formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a ring • Johnson counter – a twisted ring counter • Cascaded counter • modulas counter. Each is useful for different applications. Usually, counter circuits are digital in nature, and count in natural binary. Many types of counter circuits are available as digital building blocks, for example a number of chips in the 4000 series implement different counters. Occasionally there are advantages to using a counting sequence other than the natural binary sequence—such as the binary coded decimal counter, a linear feedback shift register counter, or aGray-code...
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...Analysis of New England Foundry In this analysis of New England Foundry we need to make a comparison with each of the models or layouts, the first combined counter with the new mentioned model with separated counters, for the determination of time saved with the new layout and then the amount that could be saved per hour with the same. For the layout with combined counter there is 2 servers with a single waiting line, the queuing model that is being used is the M/M/s, because of this queuing pattern consists of single phase and multiple servers. The arrival rate of 7 (4+3) per hour and service rate of 5per hour, which gives the average time in the system W=0.3922hours or 23.53minutes (refer to Excel) the time taken per trip is as follows: For maintenance people it will be 23.53+6 (walking time taken) =29.53minutes. For molding people 23.53+2= 25.53minutes. For the new layout with separate counters, Bob for the maintenance shop and Pete for pattern shop both of them follow M/M/1 model with single-server and single-waiting line. Bob providing for the maintenance people, serves 6per hour at an arrival rate of 4per hour, giving the average time in the system W=0.50hours or 30minutes(shown in A5) with the time taken for trip is 2minutes 30+2=32minutes, this is an increase of time, 2.47minutes compared with the other layout for maintenance dept. Pete serving the molding people, serves 7per hour at an arrival rate of 3per hour, giving the average time...
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...Lab 9. Counter design. 1. Objectives - Design of the synchronous finite state machine (FSM) with D-flip-flops and multiplexers - Verification of the circuit behavior with a CAD tool 2. Problem description Design the synchronous 4-bit counter which outputs follow the predetermined repeated sequence of states. The sequence of states represents the sequence of decimal digits of your ID number with the following exceptions: (1) digits which appear more than ones have to be deleted; (2) digit 9 has to be added at the end of the sequence if your ID has no 9. For example, for ID number 105123456 the second 1 and 5 are deleted and 9 is added at the end resulting in sequence 10523469. In the binary form the sequence is shown in Figure 1. The initial state is not critical. State 9 should be decoded to generate special signal SYNC shown in denominator in Figure 1. In the prelab: the circuit behavior has to be verified in OrCAD. The maximum clock frequency has to be calculated using timing specs of the flip-flops and multiplexers (logical gates) from datasheet. In the experiment: first, the functionality of the counter has to be tested with a pushbutton that controls the clock and a 7-segment LED display connected to the outputs. Finally, the counter sequence should be demonstrated with the logic analyzer synchronized with SYNC signal, 4inputs of the logic analyzer should be grouped into a bus. 3. Approaches Outputs of four D-flip-flops Q3Q2Q1Q0 serve as outputs of the counter. Next states...
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...this lady a digital camera from the display cabinet. She’s been waiting half an hour and then……” Alright Chris I can help you out for a little while…..” two hours later, Kyle exited the electronics department disheartened. That’s no way for a store manager to spend his afternoon. There’s got to be a logical way to solve this, thought Kyle. He walked back to his office and wrote down the facts as he knew them. 6. Store policy allows customers to check out other items at the electronics counter if they are making purchases in that department. {This makes sense especially if the customer wants to write a check for the entire purchase.} Sebenarnya pelanggan layak membuat pemeriksaan sebelum dan selepas membeli. Ini kerana pelanggan mempunyai hak untuk mendapatkan barang dan perkhidmatan yang terbaik. 7. Store clerks must monitor the locked cabinets and stay with a customer who wants to view an item from the cabinet. 8. Because of the size of the enclosed department, only two checkout counters will fit in electronics. 9. Moving the electronics department to the front of the store would not be wise because shoppers tend to pick up impulse items on their way to the center of the...
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...1- Implement Asynchronous Counters Theory: 1. What makes a counter asynchronous? The counter is asynchronous because its clock is only applied to a single flip-flop. 2. What is the modulus or count range of the following counter? 16 cycles will count from 0-15 Planning: 3. What is the purpose of the ELVISmx Dig In instrument? display the output of the counter Test Procedure: 4. Record the observed values from Lab 5 Table 5-1. Record the state number, the value of QDQCQBQA, the hexadecimal and decimal values. StateNumber | DataLine 7 | DataLine 6 | DataLine 5 | DataLine 4 | Hexadecimal | Decimal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | A | 10 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | B | 11 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | C | 12 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | D | 13 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | E | 14 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | F | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------------------------------------------- Part 2- Implement Synchronous Counters Theory: 5. What makes a counter synchronous? Because its clock is applied to each of the flip-flops. 6. What is the purpose of the ~U/D control signal for the 74191 Synchronous Counter? when low, counts up, when...
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...1(a) F(w,x,y,z) = wʹxʹyʹzʹ + wʹxʹyzʹ + wxʹyʹzʹ + wʹxyʹzʹ + wʹxyz + wʹxyzʹ + wxʹyzʹ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minimal sum of products form: F(w,x,y,z) = x’z’ + w’z’ + w’xy (b) F (w,x,y,z) = xz’ + w’z’ + w’xy (using Only NAND Gates) F F (c) (i) | | | | | | | | S (p,q,r) = p | | | | | | | | T (p,q,r) = pq’ + p’q = p XOR q | | | | | | | | U (p,q,r) = q’r + qr’ = p XOR r (ii) (d)(i) Multiplexer How it works: * A multiplexer is a combinational circuit which connects multiple input lines to a single output, allowing only a single selected input signal to be passed to the output line at a time. * An Input signal is selected to be passed to output based on selection code which is implemented as two select lines. Typical Inputs and Outputs: * Consider a 4 -to -1 Multiplexer, typical inputs include four input lines labelled C0, C1, C2 and C3, along with two select lines labelled S0 and S1. * Output include single output line labelled F. Labelled diagram of 4-to-1 Multiplexer: (ii) Jk Flip Flop How it works: * A JK flip-flop is a sequential circuit which has two inputs that are similar to that of an S-R flip-flop, however all possible combinations of input values are valid...
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...Asynchronous Counter: 2 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 1 12/11/2013 MODULUS OF A COUNTER: The modulus of a counter is the number of unique states that the counter will sequence through. The maximum possible number of states (maximum modulus) of a counter is 2n. Where n is the number of flip-flops in the counter. TRUNCATED SEQUENCES: Counters can also be designed that have a number of states in their sequence that is less than the maximum of 2n.the resulting sequence is called a truncated sequence. Muhammad Usman Arif 3 12/11/2013 ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER: To obtain a truncated sequence, it is necessary to force the counter to recycle before going through all of its possible states. For example, the BCD decade counter must recycle back to the 0000 state after the 1001 state. One way to make the counter recycle after the count of nine (1001) is to decode count ten (1010) with a NAND gate and connect the output the clear (CLR) input. 4 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 2 12/11/2013 ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER: 5 Muhammad Usman Arif 12/11/2013 PARTIAL DECODING: Notice in the figure that only Q1 and Q3 are connected to the NAND gate inputs. This arrangement is an example of partial decoding; in which the two unique states (Q1 = 1 and Q3 =1 ) are sufficient to decode the count of ten because none of the other states (zero through nine) have both Q1 and Q3 HIGH at the same time. When the counter goes into...
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...Timers and Counters Exercise 2.2 1. Define the following timer bits: timer enable, timer timing, and timer done. ANSWER: Timer enable bit: The enable bit is true when the rung input logic is true, and the enable bit is false when the rung input logic is false. When the EN bit is true the timer accumulator is incrementing at the rate set by the timer time base. Timer timing bit: indicates when timing action is occurring and can be used to control timed events in automation applications. Timer done bit: the end of the timing process by changing states from false to true or from true to false depending on the type of timer instruction used. 2. Compare and contrast the true and false states of the timer timing bit for the on-delay timer, the off-delay timer, and the retentive timer. ANSWER: In the true states for all three have the accumulator value is less than the preset value, but for off-delay timer the timer rung is false unlike the retentive timer and on-delay that the timer rung is true. In the false states for all three have the accumulator is equal to or greater than the preset value. Like the true state retentive timer and on-delay timer both have the same condition and that are false if the timer rung is false, but the on-delay timer has other condition that are false if the timer done bit is true. The off-delay has a condition that are false if the timer done is false. 3. What is the difference between a retentive timer and a non-retentive timer? ...
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...วงจรนับ (Counter) วงจรรีจีสเตอร์ (Register) 1. บทนำ วงจรนับและรีจีสเตอร์เป็นการประยุกต์เอา ฟลิปฟลอป มาใช้งาน วงจรนับเป็นวงจรที่เกิดจากการนำ ฟลิปฟลอปมาต่อรวมกันหลายตัว เพื่อทำหน้าที่นับจำนวน คล๊อก (Clock) หรือพัลซ์ (Pulse) ที่ป้อนเข้าทางอินพุต หรือบางที่อาจเรียกว่าวงจรหารความถี่ ส่วนรีจีสเตอร์ก็เช่นเดียวกันโดยจะประกอบด้วย ฟลิปฟลอปเป็นพื้นฐาน ใช้ทำหน้าที่เก็บข้อมูลก่อนนำไปประมวลผลและใช้เลื่อนข้อมูล ซึ่งเรียกว่า ชิฟรีจีสเตอร์ (Shift Register) ในบทนี้จะได้กล่าวถึงรายละเอียดต่อไป วงจรนับแบ่งได้เป็น 2 ชนิด ได้แก่ วงจรนับแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ (Asynchronous) และวงจรนับแบบเข้าจังหวะ (Synchronous) 2. Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) วงจรนับแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ โดยพื้นฐานจะใช้ J-K Flip Flop มาต่อเรียงกันดังวงจรในรูปข้างล่าง สถานะเอาท์พุตของ ฟลิปฟลอปแต่ละตัว (ฟลิปฟลอป 1 ตัว จะแทนเลขฐานสองได้ 1 บิท) ขึ้นอยู่กับสถานะเอาท์พุตของฟลิปฟลอปตัวก่อนหน้า คือ ฟลิปฟลอปตัวแรกจะส่งสัญญาณ (Pulse ) จาก Q ไปกระตุ้น (Trigger) ที่ Clk ของฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สอง และฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สองจะส่งสัญญาณไปกระตุ้น (Trigger) ที่ Clk ของฟลิปฟลอปตัวที่สาม ไปเรื่อย ๆ ตามลำดับ การทำงานของวงจรแบบนี้มีลักษณะไหลเป็นระลอก จึงทำให้มีชื่ออีกอย่างหนึ่งว่า วงจรนับแบบริบเปิล (Ripple Counter) 3. Binary Counter Binary Counter เป็นวงจรบันเลขฐานสอง ตัวอย่างวงจรข้างล่างเรียกว่า วงจรนับเลขฐานสองแบบไม่เข้าจังหวะ (Asynchronous Binary Counter) ใช้ J-K ฟลิปฟลอป และ ฟลิปฟลอปทุกตัวต่อในอยู่ในสถานะ Toggle คือ ให้ J และ K เป็น "1" เพื่อเตรียมพร้อมที่จะให้ ฟลิปฟลอป เปลี่ยนสถานะเอาท์พุต เมื่อมีคล็อก (Clock) ชนิดขอบขาลง...
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...Formal Fallacy < Logical Fallacy Form: Any validating form of categorical syllogism with an ambiguous middle term. For a short introduction to categorical syllogisms, see the entry for syllogistic fallacy. Example Counter-Example All human fetuses are human. Any human is a being with a right to life. Therefore, all human fetuses are beings with a right to life. All dog fetuses are canine. Any canine is an animal that must be on a leash. Therefore, all dog fetuses are animals that must be on a leash. Exposition: A categorical syllogism is, by definition, an argument with three categorical terms occurring within it. Each such term occurs in two statements in the argument, and the middle term is the one that occurs in both premisses but not in the conclusion. Since each term occurs twice in a syllogism, if any term is ambiguous it is possible that it occurs with two different meanings. If the syllogism would be otherwise valid, it is said to commit the syllogistic four-term fallacy―that is, a single word may ambiguously stand for two terms. In effect, such an argument has four terms, which violates the definition of "categorical syllogism". Moreover, if a word or phrase in such an argument ambiguously represents two terms, the argument commits the informal fallacy of Equivocation. For instance, in the Example above, the three terms are "human fetus", "human", and "being that has a right to life". "Human" is the middle term, because it occurs in both premisses...
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...goes on by breaking several of these words down to their base meaning and then places them into context, for example “virtually spotless” a claim made on nearly every dish and laundry cleaning product on the market. The word virtually is used by advertisers as a almost guarantee but actually by definition means not in fact. Several of these weasel words are brought to trial and put to the sword in the same fashion. William Lutz's logos is very powerful in the argument using the words own definition and the advertisements writers lack of context to let it defeat itself. His use of pathos is strong points to warn his readers to look deeper at words such as “like magic” and “helps...”. His ethos in the argument do relay a sense of reliability in the piece, but could be called into question by a more conservative reader for his use of a comical but slightly out of place rewriting psalms 23rd. One problem With These Word I Can Sell You Anything, is a lack of counter argument, or even having room where a counter argument can come into play. An advertiser could argue two strong points ageinst Lutz. One that advertisements aren't written to solely to mislead consumers, and that words like...
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...Unit READING ……………………………………. 2 3 5 Overview exercise ……………………………. Article …………….……………………… Close study exercise ……………………. 4 2 7 WRITING (Argument) ………………............... Suitable Topics for an Argument ……………. Elements of an Argument ……………………. Rational or Emotional Appeal ……………. Dealing with your Opponents ……………. Discovering the Pros & Cons ……………. Organization of an Argument ……………. Strong Argument ……………………. Balanced Argument ……………………. Writing tips ……………………………. Being Concise ……………………………. Using Specific Detail ……………………. 7 7 10 10 11 13 13 16 20 20 23 REMEDIAL WORK Review ………………………... 25 ……………………………………. 25 VOCABULARY ………………………............ 31 Academic Word List (AWL) 6 ……………. 31 Word Formation 4 ................................ 32 PRESENTATIONS ……………………...… 33 Argument ……………………………………. 33 READING The article on the following pages is taken from the Science & Technology page of the BBC website. Dated 19 July 2010, the article expresses one point of view in the continuing debate about GM food, which is a significant part of the biotechnology industry. “GM” stands for “genetically modified.” Exercise 1 Overview Answer the questions below to obtain an overview of the article. Many questions can be answered by reference to the topic sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. What kind of science does Jonathan Jones specialize in? He is writing in the BBC’s “Green Room.” What is that? Read the article synopsis. What does Professor Jones think about GM food crops? Read the whole of the introductory...
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