...45 minuets on this question. • Q.2 is a method in context question. Part a) is for 9 marks [could also be a 3 and 6 mark question] and part b) is for 15 marks. You should spend 30 minuets on this question. • Q.3 is a theories essay for 33 marks. THIS QUESTION IS SYNOPTIC! You should spend 45 minuets on this question. Below is a list of all the areas and studies you need to know for each section of the exam. Don’t worry if you don’t know all the studies, each college/school are likely to teach slightly different ones, just make sure you know about that amount for each section. Q.1 For the first two pure crime parts you need to know: Functionalist theories of crime and deviance Durkheim – Social control, social regulation including suicide Merton-Strain theory, blocked aspirations Cohen – Status frustration Cloward and Ohlin – Deviant subcultures New Right/Right Realism James Wilson – Strict law enforcement needed Wilson and Kelling – Broken windows, zero tolerance Murray – Cultural deprivation, single parents and ineffective, the underclass Erdos – Families without fathers Subcultural theories Cohen – Delinquent subcultures Cloward and Ohlin – Delinquency and opportunity, criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures Willis – pupil subcultures (learning to labour) Patrick – Gang culture (Glasgow gangs) Humphreys – Gay subcultures and covert participant observation Miller – Focal concerns...
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...Assess the Usefulness of Official Crime Statistics to a Sociological Understanding of Crime The Government publishes official statistics on crime in Britain annually. The main source of these statistics are gathered from recorded crimes by the police and courts and through the British Crime Survey (BSC) which is a large-scale victim survey conducted annually by the Home Office. The combination of both of these statistics should provide a picture of the full extent of crime in Britain, however, sociologists believe there are a number of factors that influence these figures and that these official statistics do not reflect a true representation of crime in Britain today. We shall explore these factors and perspectives further to assess whether the official statistics do serve a purpose in the reporting of crime in Britain. From the functionalist perspective Emile Durkheim stated that deviance is a necessary part of all societies and that police and the courts are necessary to keep deviance in check and to protect social order. Durkheim argued that crime is an inevitable part of society and that all social change begins with some form of deviance and in order for change to occur, and that yesterday’s deviance must become today’s normality. That a limited amount of crime is necessary and beneficial to society and that society could not exist without some form of deviance and it marks the boundaries of society. page 353 Haralambos and Holborn [2000] The most fundamental limitation...
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...Chapter 1: Media Research Rhetoric Tradition-deals with conviction and persuasion Semiotic Tradition- deeper meaning by various words and actions Socio psychological-deals how human interaction influences people Socio Cultural Tradition-bond of society. Allows to study the role of communication in maintaining or changing the current social order. Critical Tradition-May be very oppressive Chapter 2: Media Ethics, Culture, Education and Society Formal or aesthetic aspects. Students are familiarised with the conventions of the language of different media. As a result students will be able to “read" the media. Content aspect Students are also empowered to assess critically the message that the media present and be able to judge the values and life styles portrayed. Societal aspects Students learn that media messages are produced by organizations with definite ownership structures and which operate according to particular production techniques. These organizations work within a society which influences the media while it is itself influenced by the media. Production aspects Students are helped to "write" with the media by being given the possibility and the opportunity to express themselves through their own productions Chapter 3: Good News is No News Inverted pyramid- a good hard news story Boyd keys to success believes that one must believe in himself, has a passion for what he does and have a balance in order to succeed. Chapter 4: Journalism Censorship...
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...March 21, 2012 Effects of the Transition to a Visual Culture Lucinda Whitfield Western Governor University The world has begun to move to a culture full of visual images, this transition has even had an impact on literature and has shaped our world into a visual culture. In this paper, the writer will investigate the effects of visual literacy on society. Visual images are observed in many facets of global society. Vast amounts of information today is embedded in forms of media that does not solely rely on linguistics causing the new digital generation to have a need to develop new types of literacy skills. Messages that were once conveyed through literary texts are now communicated through other forms of media that are enhanced or supported by visual images. The emergence of a growing visual culture has led to a steady decline in literary culture and has several underlying effects. Mirzoeff argued (1998) “the visual culture defines and delimits the post-modern present in that the culture that we call postmodernism is best imagined and understood visually, just as the nineteenth century was classically represented in the newspaper and the novel” (p.5). Understanding what is seen versus what is read will likely continue to be an important acquired and needed skill for people of all ages. Several trends are believed to be contributors for the need to attain new literacy skills. In a time of reality television, movies, video gaming, and digital billboards, it is rare...
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...the dates and networks of your media sources. First, you should report: 1. The percentage of stories dealing with crime 2. The proportion of different categories of crime presented (violent vs. non-violent, street crime vs. white-collar, et cetera) 3. Pertinent demographic characteristics of the offender(s) and victim(s) Next, you should assess and critically reflect on the representation of crime in the media: 1. Do the media present an accurate picture of the overall crime rate? 2. Do the media tend to focus on a particular type of crime? If so, why might this be the case? 3. Do the media present an accurate picture of offenders? Of victims? What notable differences exist between media representations and official data for these two groups? 4. What are the possible implications of media (mis)representations of crime in society? You may choose to review official statistics on crime here: http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook. This is a resource to be used in writing your response, at your discretion. It is not required. GRADING Your project will be graded on the strength and clarity with which you communicate your analysis of the data. This will be broken down the following ways: · Use of course material · Organization of ideas · Formatting of paper · Quality of conceptual points · Quality of supporting evidence Ethan Salley Sociology 215 Media Project The media has been a source of controversy and speculation in a variety of social issues. Whether it be race, crime...
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...| To critically assess the impact of, what Marshall McLuhan refers to as, ‘electronic cultures’ on contemporary social life, it is necessary to first understand what McLuhan means by, ‘electronic cultures’. McLuhan was a Canadian, professor of English who extensively researched and wrote about the impact of media on society and man. McLuhan believed that to determine the impact of communication on social change the medium required analysis, not the content. He coined the phrase ‘the medium is the message’ that is, it is not the explicit message that has the greatest impact. It is the medium; the medium creates the level of human participation or action, independently of the overt message. Therefore, it is each different medium or method of sending and receiving information that defines the culture. The first is oral culture; communication is transmitted via sound, such as speech and language that requires face-to-face social interaction. The second is writing and printing culture; information is transmitted and received using written and printed word. It is highly visual. The electronic culture is the third (Macionis & Plummer, 2010, p. 764, McLuhan, 1995); it is today's period. A majority of information is transmitted and received by means of electronic mediums. When the medium or the way we receive information changes so does the way the brain receives it and process it. The transition from verbal to printed text, changed not only how we process information internally...
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...| To critically assess the impact of, what Marshall McLuhan refers to as, ‘electronic cultures’ on contemporary social life, it is necessary to first understand what McLuhan means by, ‘electronic cultures’. McLuhan was a Canadian, professor of English who extensively researched and wrote about the impact of media on society and man. McLuhan believed that to determine the impact of communication on social change the medium required analysis, not the content. He coined the phrase ‘the medium is the message’ that is, it is not the explicit message that has the greatest impact. It is the medium; the medium creates the level of human participation or action, independently of the overt message. Therefore, it is each different medium or method of sending and receiving information that defines the culture. The first is oral culture; communication is transmitted via sound, such as speech and language that requires face-to-face social interaction. The second is writing and printing culture; information is transmitted and received using written and printed word. It is highly visual. The electronic culture is the third (Macionis & Plummer, 2010, p. 764, McLuhan, 1995); it is today's period. A majority of information is transmitted and received by means of electronic mediums. When the medium or the way we receive information changes so does the way the brain receives it and process it. The transition from verbal to printed text, changed not only how we process information internally...
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... | |Laboratory experiments |• A laboratory experiment is controlled and is |1. Open systems – Can only |1. Informed consent |• Positivists – experiments are good because of| | |in an artificial environment. |work with science. Society is an open system |2. Harm to subjects - everything, including |their reliability. This is because | | |• There must be two groups , an experimental |where the factors cannot be controlled. |risks, must be explained but what if you are |they can control the variables, produces | | |and control group. |2. Individuals are complex – it |Milgram? |quantitative data and is detached. However, it | | |• We can discover cause and effect |is hard to ‘match’ the members of the control | |can’t be representative. | | |relationships this way. |and experimental group. |...
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...of education'.The remark is some what extreme, in separating out just one factor among many problems that India faces.And yet tagore offers a judgement that is deeply insightful. The role of basic education in the process of development and social progress is very wide and...
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...Social Work and Human Rights Essay Introduction The recent news of the two aboriginal teenagers with their contrasting stories caught my attention. One was of a 17 year old, Ms. Victoria Lansen, an aboriginal single mom, who after facing much struggle, completed her Year 12 graduation from Gunbalanya School in West Arnhem Land on January 21,2016. The second was of another aboriginal teenager from Goldfields-Esperance region, Western Australia, who took his own life just two days after, becoming one of the at least five people in the Goldfields-Esperance region who have committed suicide in the past two months leading up to Christmas. The journey of the 17 year old Ms. Lansen, who comes from a remote Aboriginal town, has not been easy but in the interview to (1) ABC News she stated that she could cope owing to the support from family, friends and range of core local services. Her environment was in contrast to that of the troubled youth whose death highlights the sense of hopelessness, radicalized and economic inequality. The deceased youth’s uncle, Trevor Donaldson, is demanding a safe house set up for troubled aboriginal youth in Goldfields, Western Australia. The human rights issue which can be seen in the light of just these two unbiased media reports is how presence or absence of some core local services can change the direction in which the life takes the Aboriginals in this case. (2) Western Australia leads the Aboriginal suicide rates, with 35.8 per 100,000 Aboriginal...
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...focusing on education in the years after 2010, which is in the third phase of education “Ability-driven Education”, from 1997 to the present. (MOE, 1997) The 21st century competencies include communication, collaboration and information skills, civic literacy, global awareness and cross-cultural skills, literacy skills like media and technology literacy, life skills such as social and leadership skills and lastly, critical and inventive thinking skills....
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of the current paper is to critically review the contributions that two of these studies have made to our understanding of societal perceptions, social support and how it affects breastfeeding attitudes and outcomes. (Kronborg and Vaeth 2004) Defined Social support as the mother's perceptions in relation to the support she receives from peers, family and the society at large. The first paper to be reviewed is written by (Leeming et al. 2013) and entitled 'Socially sensitive lactation: Exploring the social context of breastfeeding'. The second paper is written by (Scott et al. 2015) and entitled 'A comparison of maternal attitudes to breast feeding in public and the association with breastfeeding duration in four European countries: Results of a cohort study. The current paper will summarise the arguments, review the subject matter in both papers and compare and contrast the different methodological approaches taken by the authors with comments on the appropriateness of each method chosen. It concludes by a justified opinion of the subject. (Li et al. 2008), stated that discomfort with the idea of breastfeeding is one of the concerns for some women choosing not to breastfeed or incorporating shorter duration of breastfeeding (Stuebe and Bonuck 2011). Decades of research confirm the benefits of breastfeeding for infants and for maternal health (Cricco 2007) (Tarrant, Dodgson and Wu 2014) (Ingram et al. 2008). 1.1 ARGUMENTS (Leeming et al. 2013)...
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...AS/A Level GCE GCE Physical Education OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Physical Education H154 OCR Advanced GCE in Physical Education H554 version 2 – February 2008 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 QAN 500/2591/0 QAN 500/2587/9 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 4 1.1 6 The Four-Unit Advanced GCE 6 1.3 Qualification Titles and Levels 6 1.4 Aims 7 1.5 2 The Two-Unit AS 1.2 Prior Learning/Attainment 8 9 2.1 AS Units 9 2.2 3 Summary of Content A2 Units 10 12 3.1 AS Unit G451: An introduction to Physical Education 12 3.2 AS Unit G452: Acquiring, developing and evaluating practical skills in Physical Education 24 3.3 A2 Unit G453: Principles and concepts across different areas of Physical Education 31 3.4 4 Unit Content A2 Unit G454: The improvement of effective performance and the critical evaluation of practical activities in Physical Education 55 62 4.1 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment 62 4.2 Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment 63 4.3 Unit Order 64 4.4 Unit Options (at AS/A2) 64 4.5 Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) 64 4.6 Assessment Availability 64 4.7 Assessment Objectives 65 4.8 5 Schemes of Assessment Quality of Written Communication 66 Technical Information 67 5.1 Making Unit Entries ...
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...led to problematic, even dangerous student conduct. If our educational village does not address these issues, the digital culture establishes its own direction, potentially pushing a productive, long-term solution further out of reach. By tapping into the experience of various practitioners and experts in the field this article provides the reader with a number of suggestions that can help the professional to help their students become better digital citizens. Keywords: Digital Citizenship, School Library Media A ccording to Wikipedia (2010), the Nigerian Igbo proverb, “Ora na azu nwa”, translates as “it takes a village to raise a child” (Proverb Question section, para. 6). Whether this popular phrase derives from international cultures or from one’s own experiences in life, it provides a framework for our schools and society to meet a cultural shift in a global society. Creating awareness and enhancing digital citizenship in our society could best be assessed as having reached a pivotal point. Weigel, James, and Gardner (2009) assert that, “the Internet’s potential for learning may be curtailed if youth lack key skills for navigating it, if they consistently engage with Internet resources in a shallow fashion, and/or if they limit their explorations to a narrow band of things they believe are worth knowing. Left to their own devices and without sufficient scaffolding, student...
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...DECENTRALIZATION, GOVERNANCE AND PUBLIC SERVICES THE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Omar Azfar, Satu Kähkönen, Anthony Lanyi, Patrick Meagher, and Diana Rutherford IRIS Center, University of Maryland, College Park September 1999 Table of Contents 1 2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION ON PUBLIC SERVICES: THEORY AND EVIDENCE ............................................................................................2 2.1 Theory.............................................................................................................................................. 2 2.1.a Allocative Efficiency............................................................................................................... 2 2.1.b Accountability ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.c Cost Recovery ......................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Evidence........................................................................................................................................... 3 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE OF DECENTRALIZED SERVICE PROVISION...................................................................................5 3.1 The Political Framework..........
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