...A Research about The Traditional and The New Criticism What is Literary Criticism? Literary criticism or literary analysis can be defined as, “An informed analysis and evaluation of a piece of literature”. Or A written study, evaluation and interpretation of a work of literature”. * The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature * A theory founded upon the term “critique” (an analysis of written or oral discourse) * Literary Criticism is usually in the form of a critical essay (though book reviews may sometimes be considered literary criticism) The literary criticism is a concept, formed on the basis of critical analysis and primarily estimates the value and merit of literary works for the presence or quality of certain parameters of literary characteristics. Literary Analysis on the Basis of Literary Theory The literary theory is a boarder concept incorporating various strict senses and merits for the systematic study of the nature of literature and provides a complete set of methods for analyzing literature. * There are several "schools" of criticism which I will begin to examine Traditional Criticism The traditional criticism approach examines you examine how the author’s life, his/her biographical information, contemporary times and effect of his life circumstances on his inspiration and their reflection in his works.It Connects an author’s life events with the ideas presented in a text * Believes that authors use their own life experiences to craft...
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...of Literary Criticism Ronan McDonald, a lecturer in literature at the University of Reading, has written a book named “The Death of the Critic”, in which he described how the role of the literary critic has changed over the centuries, ultimately leading to "death" in the latter half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, to proclaim the death of the critic at this moment is still too early. What deserves more attention than this exaggerated title is the fact of decline of criticism. Literary criticism has always been viewed as an ivory tower in the eyes of the common people, mainly due to its professionalization. Certainly there are peaks in artistic creativity and troughs. In a period of increasing literary creativity, as T.S. Eliot famously said, the old works are seen in a new light. We are now rather in a trough of literary creativity, probably not only because the rise of varieties of competing media, but that less exciting work was generated for literary critics to start a literary revolution. That also means the present literary criticism needs to complete an operation performed by the best “doctors” and go through a major transformation. To be sure, literary criticism is not all negative. “Critic” is etymologically related to “criteria”, so the job of a literary critic is a judge, not a denouncer. The essence of literary criticism is therefore to evaluate. But there remain two problems when it comes to evaluation. Firstly, it is because literary criticism is evaluative...
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...APPROACHES IN LITERARY CRITICISM 1. Moral / Philosophical Approach - Critics believe that the larger purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues. - Many poets have strong ethical or religious convictions, but the moralist critic usually has a broader interest. Literature has a humanizing or civilizing mission, and the critic values work which furthers that end: promotes tolerance, social justice, sensitivity to individual wishes and talents, etc. 2. Topical/Historical/Biographical - Critics see works as the reflection of an author's life and times (or of the characters' life and times). They believe it is necessary to know about the author and the political, economical, and sociological context of his times in order to truly understand his works. - Poems are placed in their historical context — to explain not only their allusions and particular use of words, but the conventions and expectations of the times. The approach may be evaluative (i.e. the critic may suggest ways of responding to the poem once the perspective is corrected), or may simply use it as historical data. - a poem may be used to illuminate the writer's psychology, or as biographic data. No less than the correspondence, remembered conversations, choice of reading matter, the poem is analyzed for relevance to its author. 3. New Critical Formalist - A formalistic approach to literature, once called New Criticism, involves a close reading of the text. Formalistic...
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...Marxist literary criticism has, as the name indicates, its basis in the theories of Karl Marx and his associates. The main idea of Marxism is that “instead of making abstract affirmations about a whole group of problems such as man, knowledge, matter, and nature, he examines each problem in its dynamic relation to the others and, above all, tries to relate them to historical, social, political, and economic realities” (BO). Marx argued that the real foundation of society was the economic structure, that political and legal superstructures rose from this base, and that “[i]t is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness” (BO). The most fundamental argument of Marxist literary and cultural theories is that they do not see art as something that is separate from society – art is, as Eagleton says, “part of the ‘superstructure’ of society” (5) – and the central concern of Marxist literary criticism is the relationship between the economy and the literature. Marxist critics argue that art is social because it is produced and received in concrete contexts, and because the creator is someone with a class, gender and racial identity – the author is, unavoidably, “part of her own context” (Haslett 8). Art, in Marxist readings, “is interpreted as a material practice, perhaps because it relies on ‘technology’… is concretely realised in situations which themselves are material… ...
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...Chrystal Hemphill Dr. Kilpatrick ENG 500 10/12/2015 The Role of Knowledge and Preference in Literary Criticism Some argue that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, while others argue that there are scientific and social factors that contribute to a clear definition of beauty. The same type of argument comes into focus when one considers literature. Dictionary.com defines literature as “written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit,” but this brings into question how one is to judge whether a work has greater or enduring artistic value. This question is addressed in Plato’s Ion. In Ion, Plato addresses whether it is through experience and skill or through divine intervention that Ion judges the merit of works. Through an explication of the text, one can consider whether it is knowledge or preference that leads to determining value through literary criticism. The dialogue opens with Socrates speaking to Ion who is a rhapsodist, or a professional performer of epic poetry. The reader learns that Ion is a skilled rhapsodist as he has just won first place among competitors at the festival of Asclepius. It is upon this knowledge and skill that Ion bases his affinity for Homer. Ion makes the claim that Homer is a superior poet and because of this, Ion is better able to interpret his works as compared to his inability to interpret other poets’ works. When this claim is made, Socrates goes through a series of deductions in order...
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...Anonymous Mrs. Buckley Eng102 15 May 2015 I Kill Giant Criticism: New Perspective from Different Point Of View In the graphic novel I Kill Giant, Joe Kelly has written a story about a young girl name Barbara, the protagonist of the story that’s trapped in her own imaginary world. Unable to accept the fact that her mother is slowly dying from cancer, Barbara creates her own world with the goal to destroy all the giants in order to save her mother from the death. Using the second world as her defense mechanism, Barbara disconnects from the real world and totally immerses in her journey to defeat her mother's sickness. As the Dungeon's Master in Dungeons and Dungeons gameplay, Barbara maximizes her imaginary world filled with fairies, flying animals, and giants. Because she's constantly intertwining with the real world in her own world, Barbara labels as an outcast in the ordinary world. To better understand the meaning and hidden ideas in the graphic novel, the use of literature criticisms is critical for deeper analysis. Reader – Response Criticism When I was eight years old, I used to go out into my backyard and pretend that I was a wizard who was granted with the most powerful power. I danced around and read weird spells and often I wasn't aware of my surroundings because it would be embarrassing if others saw it. My childhood was always full of imagination and the love for my family is what makes me who I am today. When I read the graphic novel I Kill...
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...Worksheet for Viewing The Arts of Criticism . . . Giving and Receiving Name: __Rahul Anantoju____________________________ After viewing the video, please answer the following questions: 1. What is the purpose of the self-test for someone giving criticism? To think about giving criticism making sure criticism is legitimate or not, to make situation better for everybody, to help. 2. Which comes first, your self-test or the EPM formula? Self-test 3. Have you seen others criticize like Everett did the first time? What happened? Yes I did, and my boss was angry at a colleague for not attending a meeting, and criticized. My colleague defended, as a result, things did not work well between the two. 4. Have you ever taken criticism personally? What did you do? I haven’t taken any criticism personally and always learnt from it. 5. What did Beverly have to gain from listening to the criticism? It was hurting Beverly’s career and the company, added cost and nearly lost the client for one project 6. What does EPM stand for? E-empathize P-pin point problems M-move forward 7. Read the following scenario and fill in E, P, M: a. Carlos, who has a desk close to yours, often borrows items from your desk while you are away. When he returns these items, they are often damaged – the stapler is broken, or the policy manual has pages missing. You’ve kept silent about it for several months, but now you are especially upset because the batteries are...
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...Jenia De Silva, M.Ed NAV 501 16 March 2016 Is Criticism Beneficial? In every part of the organization, there will always be criticism involved from someone else whether that criticism is regarding business, politics, sports and among others. Most of the time people consider criticism in a negative aspect since it usually creates anger, resentment, frustration and among others to the one who usually received the criticism. Therefore, whenever we receive criticism from someone else, we immediately create an unfavorable outcome towards that person. But did you know that not all criticisms are harmful or produced a negative consequence; in fact, it would still be beneficial to the person who received the criticism? There are two types of criticism namely constructive and destructive criticism. Constructive criticism is the one that intends only to give feedback for improvement/suggestion whether positive or negative about a particular product, service or event/performance. On the contrary, destructive criticism does not intend to give feedback for improvement/suggestion to someone else’s work but rather it intends to harm someone’s feelings by giving direct insult to his/her work or personality. Both types of criticism can be beneficial; it just depends on how it was handled by someone else when the situation arises. The criticism if properly managed can give several benefits to someone who usually received the criticism from other people such as it can help improve...
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...teaching students how to professionally critique fellow classmates work and how to handle criticism of their own work. Most classes require students to present their assignments or projects to the entire class and students are encouraged to give their opinions and thoughts on the presented work. This is where I’ve noticed that many students struggle or fall short. Many are afraid to comment on others work, either because that is their friend or because they feel if they say something that isn’t boosting the presented work then others would do the same when it comes to his or her turn. Students need to able to give constructive criticism in a professional manner and not be concerned about it sounding harsh or “I did not want to hurt his/her feelings”. In the real world being able to criticize presented artwork or design work in the right manner is very important as it shows knowledge in the topic and being able to make one understand where him or her can get better. The same goes for accepting criticism. I experienced a situation where a student got so upset that she started crying because not everyone in the class thought her work was executed right. Students need to be taught on how to accept criticism and use it to better themselves rather than taking it negatively. Upon talking to a few students I’ve noticed that their main concern is they feel that their work didn’t deserve the criticism and it...
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...11. Demonstrating Communication Skills: Giving and Receiving Criticism Throughout a supervisor’s career, he or she will be expected to critique an employee’s performance and provide feedback. In addition, he or she will be the object of criticism, both in job performance and the way in which he or she responds to the employees. A supervisor may feel that it is only the intent of the message that matters, but proper delivery is important as well (Chambers, 74). A good critique must be necessary to the employee’s performance. It should be noted that it is a waste of time to criticize factors that are not important to the job. This evaluation should also be fair and positive and intended to improve one’s job performance. This communication should be tactful, fair and kept in a positive light. The supervisor should also be able to receive criticism. He or she should remember that these comments are intended to improve performance and to help develop a better relationship with employees. Developing Effective Listening Skills A supervisor needs to be an effective listener. In order to be effective, one must want to be effective. The first suggestion for improving this skill is to engage in active listening practices, such as repeating the information in order to confirm understanding (Chambers, 162). One might also want to time the discussion so that it takes place during the peak of the day’s energy (such as first thing in the morning). Most importantly, an individual with good...
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...Game Journal 6 The school of criticism that made the most sense to me was by far the biographical critique. In my opinion the vast majority of the other critiques read as though the author was simply trying to find examples for that particular type of critique where there was probably very little intentioned meaning behind it. Some of the meaning behind the game that was analyzed seemed as though it was forced. The biographical critique, however, analyzes the author’s intent behind the game using quotes from the author himself. This lends more authority to the critique and prevented it from feeling as though meaningless aspects of the game were being critiqued. In the biographical critique for Katamari Damacy the critic uses the author’s own words to describe how the author intended the game to affect his audience. This is information straight from the source and thus allows for the game to be looked at in a new light. The author intended the game’s peaceful, fun, game that is almost devoid of conflict to brighten the lives of everyone that played it and thus make the world better. The critic in a more thorough analysis could then have described whether the game is successful in doing that, and if so by how much. The biographical critique provided the author’s motivations behind making the game. This is a strong basis on which to critique the game. Analyze the author’s intent behind making the game along with how well the game imparts the author’s message. By doing this...
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.... 7) “Write a critical study of a recent Spanish or Latin American film or play that you have seen, and that has made a social or political impact in the country in which you are living. You should bring into your study criticism and reviews, both from the press and, where possible, from academic sources, and…discuss the ways in which the film has been received and analysed, making comparisons with other films where appropriate.” Almodóvar ’s 2001, La piel que habito, received mixed reviews from Spanish critics, one favourably calling it an “irracionalidad transcendida” whereas Spanish film critic Carlos Boyero called it a “notable idiotez”. However, most critics agree that this film merits a second viewing in order to appreciate the rich texture of the film, in which a lonely and haunted plastic surgeon (Banderas) becomes dangerously entangled with his personal experiment, Vicente, or “Vera” (Anaya) whom he believed had assaulted his mentally ill daughter, provoking her suicide. The film is the director’s first exploration of science fiction, containing an amalgamation of themes concerning gender and sexuality identity, whilst at the same time exploring the prison house of the self. In this essay I will discuss the ways in which these main themes are manifested in the plot and cinematography, their effect and finally the way in which Spanish critics have received Almodóvar’s latest work. Entrapment, or, the prison house of the self, is the confinement that all...
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...complain about our pay cuts, loss of benefits, and our work conditions. I also hear about how much our job has changed, how benefits and work related rules that protect and alleviate our work conditions seem like a dream, a thing from the past. When I go to the supermarket, or even attend church I hear, my congregation complaining. It seems hard to get away from all of this negativity, and at times, trying to stay positive and non-reactive can feel almost impossible. Yes its bound to happen, we all encounter difficulties in our lives, most of them unexpectedly. I can affirm and confirm that most of us, during these difficult times will feel the need to complain, and allow ourselves to be part of this negative wave that can drive us to criticism as well as negative thinking and complaining. We often hear that famous proverb, “misery likes company.” Can this be true? Are we all compelled day-by-day to act and react?...
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...Originally, redaction criticism was restricted to the synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), but it has been applied to other areas of Scripture. Being the successor of form criticism, its main concern is to discover the contributions which the evangelists themselves have made to the Gospel tradition. Norman Perrin in his book What is Redaction Criticism? states, “The prime requisite for redaction criticism is the ability to trace the form and content of material used by the author concerned or in some way to determine the nature and extent of his activity in collecting and creating, as well as in arranging, editing, and composing.” The emergence of redaction criticism was anticipated long ago by New Testament scholarship in both Germany...
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...First Essay Discovery Draft “Young people need models not critics,” has got to be everything I’ve ever tried to explain to other adults in six simple words. I feel as though it’s in an adult’s nature to judge the younger generation in ways that no one would like to be judged. Although their assumptions could be true some assumptions are literally ridiculous. Some adults criticize our every move, some not as much as others, but for the ones who do there’s a pattern in their behavior. After they point out our flaws and mistakes, adults switch up and do the same thing they never told us to do. Now I completely understand when an adult wants us to do the right thing and not follow in their footsteps, but a lot of the younger generation goes with the slogan “seeing is believing.” In my own opinion talk is cheap, and I would rather see something actually happen in the case of critiquing. Fix yourself before you try and fix somebody else’s mistakes. Being the age that I am, I’m only speaking from the younger generation’s side. I may be wrong but my opinion on “Young people need models not critics” still holds. I do however slightly understand when adults want us to know right from wrong, and know to do the right thing. My problem with this is after or in some occasions before they preach to us about being the best we can be, they demonstrate the total opposite. Being part of the younger generation I’m not sure if I’m speaking for myself when I say we don’t need a how to. What we...
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