...MGMT978 Cross Cultural Management Cultural Management Concepts and Theories Spring 2014 – week 3 Dr. Alison Thirlwall alisonthirlwall@uowdubai.ac.ae Learning Agenda • Recap on Hofstede – what did you find? – do you agree? – what kind of issues did you identify? • Who read “The Country of the Blind?” – What did it tell you? • Seven dimensions of cultural difference – Trompenaars • Ethics for interviewers and interviewees – background – form • Have you completed your project proposal and had it approved? • Group work - assessments 1 and 2 Dimensions of difference • Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (2004) built on the work of Hofstede, resulting in the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Universalism or Particularism Individualism or Communitarianism Specific or Diffusion Neutral or Affective Achievement or Ascription Inner direction or Outer direction Sequential time or Synchronic time Universalism or Particularism • Universalism – Rules, codes, laws, and generalisations • Particularism – Exceptions, special circumstances, unique relations Think: If you were sitting in the passenger seat when your best friend drove his/her car into a pedestrian, would you tell the truth about the accident to the police? Individualism or Communitarianism • Individualism – Focus on the rights, motivations, rewards, and freedom of individuals • Communitarianism – Focus on the care and advancement of the whole community Specificity or Diffusion • Specificity ...
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...Researching cross-cultural differences and values Dimension | United States | Philippines | Power Distance | 40 | 94 | Individualism/Collectivism | 91 | 32 | Masculinity/Femininity | 62 | 64 | Uncertainty Avoidance | 46 | 44 | Long-term Orientation | 29 | 19 | Most Interesting Dimension: Long-term orientation How will this affect negotiations? As the United States and the Philippines are relatively close in this score it is likely that there is not as much difference in expectations between the two countries in this regard. Understanding each other’s reasoning and values by way of having many of the same would be strength for both going in. It also is a weakness for both in negotiations if neither party can compromise or gain leverage somehow. * Before – Preparing should be uncomplicated due to the sharing of so many characteristics in this dimension. * During – Both a strength and a weakness if neither has more leverage than the other or is geared towards a mutually beneficial agreement. That is usually present in closer relationships such as friendships or family, not unrelated business people. * After – Possible animosity or resentment if one side feels that they were treated unfairly or manipulated. Strategy to manage this difference: To begin with I would use role reversal. Given the similarities, I would basically be negotiating their side with myself/team to find any pitfalls or weak points prior to the actual meeting. I would also look at...
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...Cross-cultural Differences in Management If you talk about the culture can tell that it is an issue that causes a great impact on society since each person have different ways of seeing and resolve things, values and habits that we have been implemented throughout our lives, depending on the place where we grew up. This may affect our workplace, because today we live in a globalized society. Human beings have different perceptions about the way in which we work on every day in our work. For example, there are countries where they are used to work collaboratively and in others not prefer to do so individually. We can say that culture is dynamic, since this is something that you can go transforming and molding in accordance with time and experiences that live or that we need to experiment. What should be clear is that there are no social classes in the culture, and we should not be discriminated against by this. From this concept born intelligent culture where we see the adaptability of staff with their environment, to overcome obstacles and be able to adapt to the way of working in a company or in another place, we must not forget that we live in a globalized world. The cultural management is a professional activity that is linked to the existence of a project, facilitating the realization of a fact of any nature. A cultural Manager seeks to promote, encourage, design and/or carry out projects, from any field. Cultural management is not more than the efficient and effective...
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...Five major differences in the following areas create the greatest challenges: Management styles American employees react well to a boss who is friendly and professional with them, treats them as equals, and expects them to be independent and self-motivated. Managers and employees do not expect the boss-subordinate relationship to be strongly hierarchical, or to be one of strongly committed personal loyalty: it is all about mutual respect. This can create a mismatch for employees from India, for whom a more quasi-paternal relationship is more the norm. Job security and compensation structures The US has been through a workplace revolution in which expectations of job security with a lifetime employer has been replaced by loyalty to one's career and the attempt to maximize one's earnings. This results in a common acceptance of modest a base salary but a high bonus-earning potential. A common complaint I have heard from Silicon Valley employers has been about the discomfort of their employees from India with such an arrangement, with a strong preference for security over higher-stake risk. Career development A very common American manager's question to an employee is: "What are your career plans?" This question, which embodies the mutual expectation that employees take independent responsibility for their professional advancement, runs counter to the expectations of work cultures in many other countries, including India, where the expectation is that it is the boss's responsibility...
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...Hahn and Mauer, 2013). In spite of the fact that these attributes can't be viewed as synonymous with psychopathic personality, it could be contended that cultural transmission inside individualistic cultures may make behavioural qualities that in their great sign are components of psychopathic personality. It can be conjectured that individualistic cultures are more inclined to create chattiness and triviality, pomposity, indiscrimination, and various conjugal connections, together with an absence of obligation inside of connections, than are collectivist societies. The intensity that is caused...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspectives 1 Week 5 Cross-Cultural Perspectives ETH/316: Ethics and Social Responsibility University of Phoenix Cross-Cultural Perspectives Cross-Cultural Perspectives 2 McDonald’s is the largest fast food chain restaurant in the world. Ray Kroc founded the franchise in 1955 in California. McDonald’s server millions of customers daily. The company pride itself on their tasty hamburgers and delicious french-fries. McDonald’s is also known for its quick service and its drive through. The company went from one restaurant location, to locations in different states, to a global corporation. McDonald’s continue to thrive on providing meals at a low cost to customers. McDonald’s have more than 30,000 restaurant locations in more than 100 countries around the world. McDonald’s makes billions of dollars each year but they still issues in the global sector (McDonald’s, 2011). McDonald’s established their first restaurant in Japan in 1971 (McDonald’s, 2011). This establishment brought about some issues because of the cultural differences. Some of the issues are food preparation, food organization, and food delivery. Even though McDonald’s way of doing business contradicted with the Japanese ethics, and traditions, through compromise, and social responsibility they have managed to minimized there differences. Besides McDonald’s other businesses have expanded globally such as auto companies like Ford Motor Company. However, their approach was different in comparison...
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...Cultural Sensitivity Company A is headquartered in a regional manufacturing area in the United States. Company A produces engine components that undergo an extra heat-hardening process that provides extended life for engines of heavy-duty trucks, and it provides specialized machined engine components to all major U.S. truck and automobile manufacturers. Company A currently has 5,000 employees in the United States and wants to double its size within the next four years. After establishing through market research that a huge growth potential exists for new entrants of heavy-duty trucks in several target countries, Company A expanded successfully into one European country this past year. The company is now considering expansion into an Eastern Asian market. Senior management believes Company A will more than double company profits with its expansion in the international market. As a member of the expansion team, you will be a key player in ensuring the success of this new venture. You will be responsible for providing assessments, analysis, and written plans for successful furtherance of Company A’s global marketing plan. Your manager at Company A has asked you to submit a detailed marketing approach that the manager will present to the operating committee. Your approach should address any major cross-cultural challenges that may likely surface as Company A expands into an Eastern Asian market. A. Identify one country in Eastern Asia a. After researching a number...
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...thought, it is hard to comprehend it and believe it fully. A very good example is when Bill Bryson visits Sweden. Bryson states that Sweden is a very cold and unfriendly country. Bryson who usually lives in England travels through Europa and in chapter 11 he visits Sweden, Gothenburg. He was very unlucky from the get-go and from his perspective he had a dreadful time in Sweden. He nags and points out all the different things in the Swedish culture that is inferior to his culture, like how swedes usually are very finicky and punctual or how everything is too expensive. To top it off, a quote from Bryson when he summarizes Sweden. “No wonder so many Swedes kill themselves”. On a different note, in the text Swinishness as an Obstacle in Cross-Cultural Interaction by Åke Daun Daun who originates from Sweden talks about how the Swedish Culture may affect us in a bad way. Swedes often hold their feelings to themselves and are not very public about their opinions and beliefs. Different things are taboo in different cultures and in the Swedish culture a lot of things are taboo, even showing a lot of emotions in public is taboo. Daun brings out an example of when a woman is in birth labour, she is expected to not cry or shout out loud. “Zero emotions” is the way to go in Sweden. It can be hard for Swedes to express emotions publicly and this can lead to depression and/or misunderstandings between friends and family. Do not even think about talking politics in Sweden especially not in public...
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...MSc Management Cross-cultural Management module Cross Cultural Study of China and America Name of Student Name of Instructor Dated: Table of Contents S. No. | Topic | Page No. | Cross Cultural Study of China and America | | 1- | Introduction | 3 | 2- | Chinese Culture | 3 | 3- | Leadership styles and skills of China | 4 | 4- | Motivating others | 4 | 5- | Trust Builder | 5 | 6- | Talent retention | 5 | 7- | High Performance team | 5 | 8- | Management Style of China | 5 | 9- | The Guanxi | 6 | 10- | Individualism and collectivism | 6 | 11 | America’s Culture | 6 | 12 | Leadership Styles in America | 7 | 13 | Directive leadership | 7 | 14 | Participative leadership | 7 | 15 | Empowering leadership | 8 | 16 | Charismatic leadership | 8 | 17 | Management Styles of America | 8 | 18 | Ethical issues in cross cultural of China and America | 8 | 19 | Compare and contrast between China and USA | 9 | 20 | Conclusion | 11 | 21 | References | 12 | Introduction: This paper consists of cross cultural study of two developed countries named USA and China. These countries are well developed and exist in the major countries of the world. Both have an entire different culture in reference of behavior, leadership styles and management. China is the part of eastern countries and USA is a western country, both have entirely different environment and too far from each other. There are many roles that are involved in any organization...
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...Research Proposal (Ⅰ) Proposed Title (Ⅱ) Introduction (Ⅲ) Brief Literature Review ·Political, Economic and EMJOS ·Cross-cultural and EMJOS ·Gender and EMJOS (Ⅳ)Methodology ·Pilot and Measurement ·Questionnaires ·Individual Interviews ·Comparative Analysis ·Statistic Analysis (Ⅴ)Proposal Research Time-Table (Ⅵ)References (Ⅶ)Appendix (Ⅰ) Proposed Title The Discussion of Education Migration in Metropolises—Based on Japanese Overseas Students (Ⅱ) Introduction The problem of Education Migration has been becoming an international tendency globally in recent years, especially the Japanese Overseas Students (JOS), particularly in metropolises (this research includes three metropolises: Tianjin, Shanghai and Hong Kong). According to current official statistics, the number of Japanese Overseas Students with a bachelor’s degree at above studying in Tianjin (TJ) accounted for 1,906, 1,681, and 1,971 respectively in 2010, 2011, and 2012, dramatically doubling that of a decade ago. As a result of the above situations, I could not help coming up with the questions like why they are primarily female students and what education migration of Japanese Overseas Students (EMJOS) could bring to the political, economic and cross-cultural aspects of TJ society as well as what attitude we should harbour towards this trend (Appendix 1). I will compare EMJOS with two other metropolises in order to make...
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...writing the memo to share some issues I have with one of my employees. Ten moths ago I hired a salesman with Chinese origin to help the company to take over the Chinese businesses in Plano, Texas. I cannot “click on personal level” with him since the very beginning of our relationship which is causing troubles in our communications. Another reason for our communication problem could be the different cultural background we have and our opposite personalities. I believe employees should be able to connect to their leader to become good followers. I think I am extrovert and should be able to get closer to him over time but there are some other issues that I need to address immediately. I have a problem with Wu’s performance inconsistencies his vision of how things should be done, obviously conflicting with my leadership style. He definitely is able to do “as I say” but not willing - he does not keep daily contact, works outside the office more than normal and his various meetings usually conflict with AccountBack activities and meetings. I do not know if this is based on cross cultural differences or situational leadership. I definitely should consider a mismatch of leadership style and development level of my subordinate. I should reconsider my participating approach towards my employees. It definitely worked for our branch and the financial results are proving it but most of the salesmen were new to the company. In case of salesmen with more experience and high readiness to do the...
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...Cross-Cultural Perspective ETH/316 Brenda J Johnson February 23, 2015 Dr. Richard Trottier Cross-Cultural Perspectives HSBC expresses its corporate ethical policies in the form of promoting diversity inclusion among its employees, implementing a multicultural awareness, it enforces these with a number of policies and rules designed to work toward these goals. HSBC is a global organization with a multinational presence. Their cultural perspective offers professional diversity. It has a footprint in many countries and their purpose is to be where the growth is. “Their network covers seventy-three countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, Africa, North America and Latin America” (www.hsbc.com). With the focus on growth they need a work force to cover the many countries and purposes of their growth. HSBC has a labor force that is diverse and inclusive. It takes pride in having a Diversity and Inclusion program that embraces multicultural area with multicultural races. HSBC was named as one of the Top Global Employers 2015 by Stonewall, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender, LGBT equity charity. (hsbc.com) Diversity Is An Ethical Goal Diversity is an ethical goal that HSBC works to achieve. Diversity in our origins. By offering professional diversity, HSBC has become one of the leading employers with regards to diversity. “We believe that diversity brings only benefits to our customer, to our business and to our people”...
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...uni-erlangen.de 2) University of Melbourne, Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, harzing@unimelb.edu.au Acknowledgements This study was supported by funds from the 'Jubiläumsfondsprojekt Nr. 11618 of the Oesterreichischen Nationalbank'. We thank Professor Gerhard Fink and Dr. Markus Pudelko for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Abstract Using data collected from 25 interviews with Austrian employees in the European Commission, we explore the conditions under which cultural differences do and do not influence interactions. Previous experience with culturally-determined behaviour and experience working in a foreign language is found to foster norms that reduce conflict based on cross-cultural differences. Time pressure, on the other hand, makes cultural differences, specifically the way that criticism is delivered and the extent of relational-versus-task orientation, more explicit. Our...
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...ine Different sociological views on changes in the experience of childhood in the past 50 years (24 marks) According to Aries (1962), childhood can be defined as a social construction. Children were once regarded as ‘little adults’ and an economic asset rather than a symbol of love due to the high death rates making it hard to emotionally invest. However, now, according to Pilcher, a key aspect of childhood is ‘separateness’ from adulthood. Aries definition of childhood as a social construction can be supported by cross-cultural differences and more specifically Punch (2001). Punch studied children in Bolivia and found that at age 5 children were expected to work and take on responsibilities. This cultural variation shows childhood to be a social construction as if it were biological everyone would have the same experiences. There have been several state policies that have constructed and defined childhood, one of which is the children’s act which aimed to give children more rights to make a positive contribution to society. It argues the best place to raise children is at home with their parents which brought about the social view that it is essential for children to spend time with immediate family in order to grow up to be independent. In addition to this, another state policy was the Factory Act which saw the removal of young children from work, strict hours placed upon adolescents and compulsory education put into place. This effected society by presenting...
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