...intention to exercise.(c b) H4: Individuals who score high on the intention to exercise questionnaire will report a higher mean rate of having engaged in some exercise. (b d) Results A Chi-square analysis revealed that the proportion of individuals whom engaged in any exercise from the treatment group (13.3%, N=8) was greater than in control the group(5%, n = 3), χ² (1) =2.50a, p = .010. The effect is small, ϕ = .14. Furthermore, an independent samples t-test showed that the attitude towards exercise of those who attended the intensive workshop (M=3.28, SD= 1.38) was slightly higher than those who were in the control group (M=2.88, SD= 1.21), t(100.5)=-1.56, p=0.12. This is a small effect, d= 0.3. As predicted, attitude towards exercise was positively correlated with intention to exercise r = .44, N = 120, p <.001. Lastly, an independent samples t-test revealed that the intention to exercise score for those who engaged in some exercise (M=4.45, SD= 1.37) was higher than those who didn’t engage in any exercise (M=4.12, SD= 1.46), t(118)=-7.31, p=0.47. This is a small effect, d= 0.23. Discussion The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not the Theory of Planned Behaviour could be applied to exercise, such that attitudes about exercise influence intention to exercise, which in turn influences behaviour (exercising or not exercising). As hypothesised, there were a higher...
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...Reduce the Other-Race Effect in Face Recognition As humans, we come into contact with many faces in a day. The capability of these homosapiens to precisely distinguish thousands of faces is incredible seeing that all faces have approximately the similar arrangement. Nevertheless, this “gift” does not spread similarly the same to all faces. Sporer (2001) stated that humans commonly exhibit weaker remembrance for faces of another race compared to own-race faces (as cited in Hancock and Rhodes, 2008). The majority of us must have heard this line, “How am I to know if I have ever seen the person previously? They all look the same to me.” When we hear an individual say this, we’re prone to assume that the individual is racist, but is it possible that there could be a particular theory behind the notion? This occurrence is identified as the Other-Race Effect (ORE) (ORE). Tanaka, Kiefer and Bukach (2004) mentioned that the Other-Race Effect (ORE) states that individuals have a higher probability to recall and identify faces of people who are from their own race rather instead of their own racial group. Extensive evidence has proven that adults are better at distinguishing faces of their own race than those of unfamiliar races (Meissner and Brigham, 2001). The Other-Race Effect (ORE) are not stemmed from the intrinsic variances in the discriminability of diverse populations of faces. Instead, it is due to the different approaches people process own and other-race faces (Rhodes et...
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...experiment done by Meier et al (2004) using the Stroop colour- word task (1935). They used the same words and found that immorality-blackness associations operate quickly and automatically. These associations influenced performance on the Stroop task, so a task that requires identifying colours does not require any moral evaluation and can be performed quickly. The second study was the same as the first but used a new set of words, in order to test whether the moral Stroop effect is susceptible to conditions that make immorality more prominent, this was similar to a study by Zhong and Liljenquist (2006). Alongside this task another small task was introduced where they had to read a story which either had a morally wrong or right answer. After analysis of the results they found that people, who showed no Stroop effect initially, were affected by simply being exposed to unethical behaviour, so they started to associate colour with the morally relevant words. However participants who had shown the Stroop effect at first, decreased this time round, which suggests that over exposure to immoral activities may stop the activation of ideas related to cleanliness. Their final study looked at the general idea of people associating sin with blackness reflects in their concern with its...
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...Journal of Applied Psychology 2003, Vol. 88, No. 5, 852– 865 Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0021-9010/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.852 An Investigation of Race and Sex Similarity Effects in Interviews: A Multilevel Approach to Relational Demography Joshua M. Sacco Aon Consulting Christine R. Scheu, Ann Marie Ryan, and Neal Schmitt Michigan State University This research studied the effects of race and sex similarity on ratings in one-on-one highly structured college recruiting interviews (N 708 interviewers and 12,203 applicants for 7 different job families). A series of hierarchical linear models provided no evidence for similarity effects, although the commonly used D-score and analysis-of-variance– based interaction approaches conducted at the individual level of analysis yielded different results. The disparate results demonstrate the importance of attending to nested data structures and levels of analysis issues more broadly. Practically, the results suggest that organizations using carefully administered highly structured interviews may not need to be concerned about bias due to the mismatch between interviewer and applicant race or sex. There is a large body of literature supporting the notion that demographic similarity affects important outcomes at work (see Riordan, 2000; Williams & O’Reilly, 1998, for a review). For instance, researchers have reported that demographic similarity is positively related to communication...
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...How are race and ethnicity socially constructed? Why do you think racial distinctions persist? Socially constructed race and ethnicity seems to be a permanent feature of the United States culture. The racial distinctions persist because groups or population share a set of genetic characteristics and physical features. Race today is a mixture of races due to migration. For example, my race is Mexican, but I feel there is a mix on my race depending where they were born. One the was born and rise in United States, the second one born in Mexico and choose to come to United Stated legally and last the one that decided to come to the United States breaking the law. Despite being the same race, each group have different cultures and values. It also...
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...When coaches first begin, many times, there’s a tendency to try to prove that “you belong.” and the first inclination is to only equate success with positive race results. Many times, we seem to go overboard with being concerned with our own affirmation that we know what we’re doing. Basically, we let our ego rule the way our brains set up our priority list. If we win, that’s good. If we lose, instead of engaging in a self-analysis of what we, as the coach, might have done wrong and hopefully correcting our mistake, we many times point the blame elsewhere, usually in the direction of the kids on our team. Added to this dilemma, is the contributing fact that if you are still a competitive runner, it only amplifies the ego effect even further. When the gun goes off during one of your own races, you automatically go into competition mode. Add that to the natural inclination of any coach going through the same thing with their team, and it becomes a double dose of adrenaline, which can easily turn into an overly emotional disaster, if and when we “fail.” How am I so sure that this phenomenon is true? What I just described could’ve easily have been me during my first few years in coaching....
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...In culturally diverse societies, like the UK, where various factors, such as culture, ethnicity and races come together, for nurses it is imperative to be aware of how these factors might have an effect on their practice. Hence, through this essay the concepts of culture, race and ethnicity will be explored. Moreover, how to face these challenges during practice developing transcultural and cross-cultural communication and showing professionalism, cultural competence and cultural response will be considered followed by two cultural issues, nursing culture and patient culture. Culture is a set of presumptions, values, ideas, expectations, meanings, norms and practices that have been transmitted and acquired throughout generations (Fernando,...
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...chances of acquiring externalizing disorders such as antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy in adult criminal offenders (Dargis, Newman, & Koenigs, 2015). The study also examines the effects child abuse has on developing juvenile conduct disorder, which is the diagnostic criterion for ASPD. The researchers had three predictions: 1. childhood physical abuse would correlate with all three disorders; 2. emotional and sexual abuse would relate to CD and ASPD, but only the “lifestyle and criminal” aspects of psychopathy; 3. and...
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...Witness Misidentification Freddricka Harris CCJ 4360-001 Monekka Munroe Misidentification can be defined as making a falsely or inaccurate identification. Witness can be defined as one who can give a firsthand account of something seen, heard, or experienced. (American Heritage Dictionary) When you put these two words together, you get witness misidentification which has been referred to as the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions nationwide, with nearly 75% of the convictions overturned through DNA testing. There have been 260 exonerations across the country based on forensic DNA testing with 3 out of 4 involving cases of eyewitness misidentification. (Innocence Project 1999) In 1907 or 1908, Hugo Munsterberg published “On the Witness Stand”; he questioned the reliability of eyewitness identification. As recent as 30 or 40 years ago, the Supreme Court acknowledged that eyewitness identification is problematic and can lead to wrongful convictions. The Supreme Court instructed lower courts to determine the validity of eyewitness testimony based on irrelevant factors, like the certainty of the witness, the certainty you express in court during the trial has nothing to do with how certain you feel two days after the event when you pick a photograph out of a set or pick the suspect out of a lineup. It has been said that you become more certain over time. (The Confidential Resource September 15, 2010) An eyewitness viewing a simultaneous lineup...
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...OBJECTIVES | The objective of this study was to assess associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) stratified by race and gender. | TYPES OF STUDY | Cross-sectional study | SAMPLE SIZE | 4 family SES indicators and STD reports for black and white 7th through 12th graders were examined. | RESULT | STD reports were higher for adolescents not living in 2-parent homes, and lower income was only associated for black males. | MAJOR FINDINGS | Measures indicating lower SES were more consistently related to STD among blacks. Family structure, maternal occupation, and, to a lesser extent, maternal education were associated with STDs among black females and males. For black males, the association of STDs with maternal education and occupation were not statistically significant; however, the magnitudes of the point estimates were comparable to those of black females, suggesting important, but imprecise, effects. In contrast, only nontraditional family structure was associated with STD among white females. Income was generally a poor indicator of STD risk in all groups, as expected. | POLICY | | CONCLUSION | SES is only a weak to moderate marker for adolescent STD risks. The relationship of SES and STDs varies by the SES measure used and differs across race-gender groups. Other individual factors such as risk behaviors or community factors such as income inequality could play a more critical role for adolescent STDs than family...
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...University of michigan By the year 2020, 48% of urban schools will be comprised of students of color, and therefore, there is an increasing need for teachers to exhibit culturally sensitive behaviors in the classroom (Cross, 2003). In order to adapt in such an environment, practitioners must understand that cultural differences do not merely serve as a backdrop- they must be seriously considered in order to achieve success. In fact, key studies have found that individuals who have thrived in these classrooms exhibited a unique combination of personal characteristics (both innate and learned) and were aware of the challenging road ahead of them. Considering the fact that urban schools are made up of such diverse students, the question then arises if teachers of these classroom culturally follow suit. According to one article, 85.6% of urban schoolteachers are white (Cross, 2003). This sort of homogeneous instruction, if not approached properly, could certainly have negative effects towards the effectiveness of equitable education. For example, some students of color may not trust the teacher because they could have been isolated from diversity in their households prior to formal schooling. These urban students may feel an overall sense of detachment from their instructors and this could inevitably harm their enthusiasm and will to learn. Since it is known that most urban teachers are white and most commonly females, how are they supposed to relate to their culturally...
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...Influence of gender, race and socioeconomic differences on depression Introduction According to Link and Phelan (1995), socioeconomic resources are a major determinant of differences in wellbeing of people. This paper draws heavily on the work of Roxburgh (2009) to extend on the fundamental cause perspective by expanding of the definition of resources, examining how race and gender influence the differences in relations between resources and mental health and modeling the relation between social status, gender and race while taking into account any differences in effect of resources across race and gender. While Roxburgh (2009) used a 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) dataset, this study used the 2011 NHIS dataset. According to fundamental cause perspective, socioeconomic resources (education, income and wealth) enables one to access resources which leads to better health outcomes through its influences on attitudes and behavior. According to role theory, the relation between role occupancy and health stems from access to resources, for example, social support which is derived from occupying socially value roles (Simon, 1995). For example, the primary social roles of marriage and employment confer one psychosocial support, social support and economic resources which lead to differences in welfare of individuals. For the case of employment, economic benefit in terms of income and co-worker social support plus the structured working routines encourage healthy...
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...In 1985, the first study was done to evaluate the effects of the police interview, cognitive interview and hypnosis on a witness’ testimony (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). The scholars discovered that the cognitive interview was the best technique at recovering accurate information (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). However, like the other interviewing techniques it does not decrease inaccurate information from the witness. (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). Another system variable involving the police would be the post identification feedback on the witness; it amplifies their confidence – which is not highly correlated to accuracy, and can lead to serious consequences (Bradfield, Wells & Olson, 2002). This helped give the criminal justice system the ability to assess their protocols to get rid of some system variables that effects eyewitness testimony...
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...category, a process which may be prejudice. Age - The age of the eyewitness has been consistently linked to eyewitness identification performance. Pozzulo & Lindsay (1998) studied eyewitness identifications errors in relation to age and found that very young children and the elderly perform significantly worse than younger adults. The findings reveal that when the line-up contains the actual culprit, young children and the elderly perform nearly as well as young adults in identifying the culprit, but when the line-up does not contain the culprit, the young children and the elderly make false identifications at a higher rate than do young adults. Race - Many studies have suggested that people are better able to recognize faces of their own kind rather than faces of other races. This phenomenon is known as the cross race effect or otherrace effect. Malpass & Kravitz...
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...Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists American Psychological Association Approved as APA Policy by the APA Council of Representatives, August, 2002 Copyright, American Psychological Association, 2002 Author Note: This document was approved as policy of the American Psychological Association (APA) by the APA Council of Representatives in August, 2002. This document was drafted by a joint Task Force of APA Divisions 17 (Counseling Psychology) and 45 (The Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues). These guidelines have been in the process of development for 22 years, so many individuals and groups require acknowledgement. The Divisions 17/45 writing team for the present document included Nadya Fouad, PhD, Co-Chair, Patricia Arredondo, EdD, Co-Chair, Michael D’Andrea, EdD and Allen Ivey, EdD. These guidelines build on work related to multicultural counseling competencies by Division 17 (Sue et al., 1982) and the Association of Multicultural Counseling and Development (Arredondo et al., 1996; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992). The Task Force acknowledges Allen Ivey, EdD, Thomas Parham, PhD, and Derald Wing Sue, PhD for their leadership related to the work on competencies. The Divisions 17/45 writing team for these guidelines was assisted in reviewing the relevant literature by Rod Goodyear, PhD, Jeffrey S. Mio, PhD, Ruperto (Toti) Perez, PhD, William Parham, PhD, and Derald Wing Sue...
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