...EJ Shelby The Shroud of Turin Report Dr. Michael Harbin March 9, 2014 The Shroud of Turin The Shroud of Turin is the alleged burial cloth of Jesus Christ. The Gospels in the New Testament states that after the Crucifixion, Jesus Christ was wrapped in a linen cloth. The most fascinating aspect of this cloth is the image of Jesus Christ formed on this cloth. There are a number of significant details on the cloth that seem to correlate fully with what was said happened to Jesus Christ during his Crucifixion. The Shroud clearly shows the marks, particularly on the back of the body. I say this because in the video they state that the weapon they use to whip him had three prongs attached to it. Based upon the shroud you see these marks quite a few times. Growing up I was always told that Jesus Christ was nailed to the cross through his palm but as I got older I’ve learned that he was nailed through the wrists. The Shroud actually confirms this, with large noticeable blood flows present in both areas of the cloth. The Shroud of Turin is very complicated. It was first recorded to be in France but then moved to Italy. In 1532, the shroud suffered damage from a fire in the chapel where it was stored. A drop of silver from the box that it was in melted from the heat of the fire onto the cloth. In 1978 NASA asked scientist which made up the STURP team to go and investigate the shroud. The STURP examination yielded a wealth of information that began to appear in scientific journals during...
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...For the next 60 seconds, set aside whatever you're doing and take this opportunity to read, please! At the age of 33, Jesus was condemned to the death …At the time crucifixion was the "worst" death. Only the worst criminals were condemned to be crucified. Yet it was even more dreadful for Jesus, unlike other criminals condemned to death by crucifixion Jesus was to be nailed to the cross by His hands and feet. Each nail was 6 to 8 inches long. The nails were driven into His wrist. Not into His palms as is commonly portrayed. There's a tendon in the wrist that extends to the shoulder. The Roman guards knew that when the nails were being hammered into the wrist that tendon would tear and break, forcing Jesus to use His back muscles to support himself so that He could breath. Both of His feet were nailed together…Thus He was forced to support Himself on the single nail that impaled His feet to the cross. Jesus could not support himself with His legs because of the pain so He was forced to alternate between arching His back then using his legs just to continue to breath. Imagine the struggle, the pain, the suffering, the courage. Jesus endured this reality for over 3 hours. Yes, over 3 hours! Can you imagine this kind of suffering? A few minutes before He died, Jesus stopped bleeding. He was simply pouring water from his wounds. From common images we see wounds to His hands and feet and even the spear...
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...not argue for the inerrancy of the word or the reliability of the Word or the one who wrote it. The author states, Minimal facts approach considers only two data that meet two criteria 1. The data are strongly evidenced. 2. The data are granted by virtually all scholars on the subject, even the skeptical ones The minimal fact approach to the resurrection question is. Jesus died by crucifixion It was reported in all four gospels that Jesus was executed by crucifixion. Even some none-Christian sources report the event as well such as historians as Josephus, Taticutus, Lucian, Talmud all agreed to Jesus death by crucifixion is a historical fact support by considerable evidence. Tacitus referred to it as “the extreme penalty”. Josephus writes when Pilate, upon hearing him accused by men of highest standing among us, had him condemned to death. Talmud reports that on the eve of Passover Yeshu was hanged. Lucian poked fun at the followers of Christ calling them “poor wretches” who revealed their gullibility. The above accounts refute any claim that Jesus was not crucified. Eyewitnesses: Jesus mother and the woman. The centurion solider, the disciples and other that was...
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...History through the 15th Century Introduction Art is an interesting aspect of life that a society cannot afford to lose. Art has been practiced for many years and is still under practice because of its rich heritage and many other importance’s that cannot be overruled. The collection and perseveration of pieces of art is a noble undertaking and those that have been given the responsibility of ensuring that a piece of art has to be preserved should not hesitate in doing that. The history of art will not be complete without mentioning the names and artistic work of characters such as Donatello in the medieval period and Carlo Crivelli of the Gothic period. The two artists have many pieces of arts among them the “Mary Magdalene’’ and “Crucifixion’’ respectively. The preservation of pieces of arts is of much importance, pieces can be analyzed descriptively while at the same time it is important to appreciate that social, political and religious beliefs influence the design, the function, the purpose and the symbolic message in a piece of art. This essay will describe the two pieces of art and also explain the cultural significance of art. Medieval Period Art: Donatello’s Art-Mary Magdalene Many pieces of arts were produced by several artists during this period. The pieces of arts were rich in content and beauty. Donatello is among the famous artists of this period that came up with a number of pieces of art that are still currently discussed and analyzed hence the importance of...
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...Running Head: THE CRUCFIXION OF JESUS CHRIST The Crucifixion of Jesus Jesus is Crucified Crucifixion was a very common form of punishment. The Egyptians, Romans, and Persians, to name a few used it, and of course the Jews. In all probability the Jews borrowed it from the Romans, although there may have been a few isolated instances of it before. It was unanimously considered the most horrible form of death, worse even then burning, since the “cross” precedes “burning” in the law-books. The scarlet robe, crown of thorns, and other insults to which Jesus was subjected, were not only illegal, they arose from the spontaneous petulance of the brutal soldiery. The punishment properly commenced with scourging, after the criminal had been stripped. It was inflicted, not with the comparatively mild virgae, but the more terrible Roman flagellum. Into these scourges the soldiers often stuck nails, pieces of bone, etc., to heighten the pain. In our Lord’s case, however, this infliction seems neither to have been the legal scourging after the sentence nor yet do the examination by torture but rather a scourging before the sentence, to excite pity and procure immunity from further punishment. The criminal carried his own cross, or, at any rate, a part of it hence the term crucifer, cross-bearer (Isaiah 9:6), “the government shall be upon his shoulder”. They were sometimes scourged and goaded on the way. The place of execution was outside the city often in some public...
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...or Christ’s crucifixion and His final hours (Wikipedia, 2012). Newman’s series is purely abstract; there are fourteen scenes that were painted over the course of eight years. The artist used a palette of only black, raw canvas, and white. He wanted to work in such a way that “the whole canvas would become color and have a sense of light.” It appears that Barnett Newman was improvising new composition for each painting instead of working systematically. As he said: “work grow out of work; a human scale for the human cry.” (Philadelphia Museum of Art, n.d.). Newman painted The Stations of the Cross in terms of his gesture, he was taking possession of the traditional theme on his own terms, but these terms included his tribute to the original content. His concern with religious and mythical concept never delivered an idol but a presence. The presence is one that the artist shared with any induced hero or God because it is in his work that the presence was constructed and revealed (Alloway, 1996). Fourteen painted panels from Notre-Dame-des-Champs, Avranches is a traditional form of The Stations of the Cross. They are portrayed in the following order: Jesus is condemned to death; Jesus carries the cross; Jesus falls the first time; Jesus meets his mother; Simon helps Jesus to carry the cross; Veronica wipes the face of Jesus; Jesus falls the second time; Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem; Jesus falls the third time; Jesus’ clothes are taken away; Crucifixion; Jesus’ death; Disposition;...
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...The Crucifixion, a painting created between 1465 and 1470, is one of many that gives the onlooker a view into what Northern painting style was like and how it was different from that of Southern painting style. It is not a regular rendition of the crucifixion because of its Northern origin which allows the onlooker to become more involved with the artwork through detail and composition. As one walks up to the painting situated on the museum wall one can see right away that this isn’t just another painting of the crucifixion. This crucifixion is set in contemporary time. Northern painters had a way of combining secular and religious elements into their paintings, something Southern painters wouldn’t do. This main aspect allows one to understand right away that what they are looking at is indeed a Northern painting. The meaning of combining secular and religious elements was to allow the onlooker to believe that what is happening in the painting is something that could happen to them in their everyday lives. In that sense people could become more involved with the painting. Even though the painting is set in contemporary time it is still understood that the subject is the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The amount of detail found on the faces and body of Jesus help to further understand this. In the very front of the painting there is a woman in all blue that is shown to be falling over, her posture and the use of a bright distinct color, blue, allows the onlooker to realize that...
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...Online 29 July 2008 Death and Resurrection of Jesus To get a clear understanding of the complicated events that took place leading up to the death and resurrection of Jesus, it is first necessary to understand the background. Lots of things have been written about these courses of events. But it is sometimes difficult to combine all the details into a single story. The events of some days follow each other in calm sequence, while others are more of a swirling, splashing stream. Lots of things happen around the same time. We are dealing with two levels of events: things that actual happen and the intention behind the action. Along with the events leading to the death and resurrection, we also have divergent interests at work: interests of Judas, the Sanhedrin, the people and the disciples. Sometimes things coincide, sometimes they become entangled. For the sake of organizational purposes, we will interact: the plot against Jesus, the Passover Feast, Jesus’ trial, his approach to death and crucifixion, and the resurrection of Jesus. At first we might be lead to think only the plot to have Jesus arrested by means of a traitor (Judas). If you do more in depth studying, you will see that this does not do justice to the facts. After facing much opposition for his teaching, Jesus is betrayed by Judas Iscariot. Judas, like the other disciples expected Jesus to start a political rebellion and overthrow Rome. As...
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... one that no artist could better” (www.romeinfo.com). This flawless work of art features the body of Jesus placed on the lap of the Virgin Mary after the savior’s crucifixion. The entire process of creating this sculpture only lasted over a year (www.totallyhistory.com). This dimensionally full round sculpture stands 69 inches in length by 78 inches in height. The method of execution is subtractive, as a chisel was used to chip away the marble. The structure of the Pieta is pyramidal with the vertex coinciding of the Virgin’s head, the figure then amplifies down in an increasing manner (www.totallyhistory.com). Through the bright color intensity and positive space, Mary’s face reveals majestic acceptance and serenity. The frailty of Jesus’ body lying across Mary’s arm is an essential portion of this sculpture as it includes the feelings of loss that she was feeling as a mother. This also gives the relationship that is evident between Jesus and his mother in this sculpture a more natural feeling, while incorporating the obvious need, too. The marble used in the creation of this spectacular work has been smoothed to a level that gives a glossy appearance. The distorted proportions of the figures in Pieta serve to illuminate the idea that Michelangelo was not interested in depicting the suffering experienced by Christ, because even under scrutiny the crucifixion marks that should be so readily present are hardly visible. Clearly, Michelangelo certainly did not want this...
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...Twenty-eight Prophecies Fulfilled On the Crucifixion Day On the day of Jesus’ crucifixion, all the prophecies concerning His suffering were fulfilled in every detail—a lasting testimony that Jesus truly is the Messiah. The first prophecy, the oldest of all, had been given by God at the time of Adam and Eve’s sin: 1) The serpent would bruise the seed of the woman. Prophesied: “And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He will bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel” (Gen. 3:15). Fulfilled: “ ‘Now is the judgment of this world. Now shall the prince of this world be cast out. And if I be lifted up from the earth, I will draw all to Myself.’ But He said this to signify by what death He was about to die” (John 12:31-33). 2) The Messiah would be cut off, but not for Himself, as prophesied by Daniel. Prophesied: “And after sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off but not for Himself” (Dan. 9:26). Fulfilled: “ ‘Nor consider that it is better for us that one man die for the people, than that the whole nation should perish.’ Now he did not say this of himself, but being high priest that year, prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation; and not for the nation only, but also that He might gather together into one the children of God who were scattered abroad” (John 11:50- 52). 3) The betrayal of Jesus by Judas was foretold by David. Prophesied: “Even a man, my close friend in whom I trusted, who ate of my bread, has lifted up ...
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...dictionaries). 2. Describe the mockery Jesus received from the soldiers. (Think: What was the purpose of this treatment?) 3. What verdict did Pilate repeat regarding Jesus in v4? List other places where Pilate said this about Jesus. 4. What did the people say when they saw Jesus, and what did Pilate tell them to do (vv 5,6)? 5. What did the Jews say then that made Pilate afraid (vv 7,8)? (Think: Why would this statement bother Pilate? 6. What power did Pilate claim to have over Jesus? 7. What did Jesus say about Pilate’s power over Him? (Think: What did Jesus mean by this and by His statement about who had “greater sin”?) 8. What did the Jews say about Pilate’s duty to Caesar, and what was their point? 9. Where did Pilate bring Jesus next, and when did this happen? 10. What commitment did the Jews make that finally led Pilate to crucify Jesus (v15)? (Think: In what way was this statement hypocritical?) 11. How did Pilate’s verdict (v4) compare to the sentence he gave (v16)? 12. Describe crucifixion (study cross-references, dictionaries, etc.) 13. Where was Jesus crucified and who was crucified with Him? (Think: What kind of men were these and what does that tell you about crucifixion — see other accounts?) 14. What title did Pilate write above Jesus on the cross, and in what languages? 15. What did the Jews think of this and how did Pilate respond? (Think: why would this bother the Jews?) 16. Describe what happened to Jesus’ clothing, and what Scripture did this...
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...This article was written in 2004 shortly after the movie directed by Mel Gibson, The Passion of the Christ, had made its way into theaters. This movie allowed people to see and experience Jesus’ death in a new way that portrayed the crucifixion as much more than just a victory; rather it showed how Jesus suffered on the cross. Through reading this article it is evident that Jesus’ death is a controversial topic; yet no matter how much debating takes place, everyone can see that Jesus had to die. The only question left it, why? One way to begin answering that question is through understanding atonement. During Jesus’ time on earth people offered sacrifices to the Lord hoping to receive atonement for their sins. When Jesus died on the cross he...
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...faith and perseverance, he comes out victoriously. The novel is enriched with significant religious overtones such as the characters, events and symbols, which have created a deeper meaning. “The Old Man and the Sea has engendered some lively debate in literary circles. Critics have concentrated on everything in the novella from the verity of Rigel’s early evening appearance over Cuban skies in September (Weeks 192) to William Faulkner’s judgment that Hemingway discovered God while writing”(Bradford 158-62). “Biblical imagery literally abounds in The Old Man and the Sea according to Donald Heiney. Santiago as a Spanish name translates to Saint James, likewise San Pedro that translates to Saint Peter. James and Peter were disciples of Jesus. In addition, these disciples were fishermen in the bible precisely The New Testament. “Santiago de Compostela is the patron saint of Spain and is also greatly revered by Cuban Catholics” (Hemingway86). The fish also produced biblical images as well; Santiago addresses the fish as a “brother”… (Hemingway 48), however, he was determined to capture and kill the marlin. This scenario reminds me of Cain and Abel in the bible, when Cain deliberately killed Abel even though they were brothers....
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...length of linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. Nobody actually knows how this image was crowd. Many people believe it is the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth although it was placed in the medieval period. Its origins are hardly debated by theologians, historians and researchers. Many theories have been proposed but nobody actually knows for a fact the complete description of the Shroud of the Turin. In 1978, an examination performed by American Scientists, called STURP found literally no evidence of how the image was produced. Even other sample tests didn’t add up. This is truly one of the most puzzling mysteries in history. A reason is because the details of the image on the shroud are extremely hard to see by the naked eye and was first captured by an amateur Secondo Pi a on May 28, 1898. It is best seen in a negative mode because the regular mode is hard to see. The historical records for the shroud can be broken up into two time periods: before 1390 and 1390 to present. Even the periods are debated between historians. There are no historical records concerning the shroud now at Turin Cathedral before the 14th century. The religious perspective is one of the most important things about the shroud. To Roman Catholics, it is proof to non-believers that Jesus of Nazareth actually existed and did all the teachings that were told in the...
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...In the 13th chapter of his book, Principles of Christian Theology, Macquarrie insists that while reviewing the work of Christ, we should not separate his life and death. He notes the tendency among Christians to give superior emphasis to Christ’s death as opposed to His life which ends up subordinating the works which lead the crucifixion. There are two main themes which recur in the works of Christ. The first is obedience where Jesus fulfills the divine will by being “delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God”. The second theme is absolute self-giving where Jesus became both priest and victim in order to win all humanity to God. According to Macquarrie, Christians should avoid viewing Christ’s atonement as a “once-for-all” event in history that is symbolized by his death on the cross. Instead, they should put emphasis on the significance of this event which was an instrument through which God revealed His divine will for human beings. God’s reconciliatory efforts with humanity should therefore not be viewed merely as a historical event but rather as a fact that is present in all his activity. To further illustrate this point, Macquarrie mentions the parable of the prodigal son in which the father has a constant longing to be reunited with his son. This only happens when the son recognizes the disorder that characterizes his life and seeks a better way. In the same way, God eagerly awaits human beings to turn from their wicked ways and be reconciled...
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